According to the literature, the deterioration of water quality in pipeline networks of water distribution is not solely due to the deterioration of raw water quality outlet from water treatment plants, but primarily due to the multiplication of microorganisms in water distribution pipelines, a phenomenon known as after-growth or re-growth. Presently, the most effective method of a biological stability in treated water for controlling microbial re-growth is by limiting nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon. The content of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) within organic carbon is considered to be the most main factor for controlling the growth of microorganisms in the water distribution systems. The objects of this work were to study the Cheng Ching Lake Water Treatment Plant (CCLWTP) in Kaohsiung and the Gong Yuan Water Treatment Plant (GYWTP) in Chiayi. Water samples were collected once a month from December 2008 to November 2009. The major difference between the study objects was that front one is an advanced water treatment plant, and the other a traditional one. In order to understand the difference in biological stability between these two water treatment plants, AOC meaurement was conducted. The goals of this study were: (1) to understand the water purification process of advanced and traditional water treatment plants, and to understand the concentration in AOC fluctuation in their water distribution networks; (2) to learn about differences in how the two water treatment plants remove AOC, and to know where is improvement ; (3) to use program analysis to produce a simple formula and AOC-related water quality parameters for the two water treatment plants, providing AOC control and management strategies in the future. The results concluded that the raw water of the two water treatment plants was primarily a hybrid of hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules, and the highest values of AOC were found in winter. The CCLWTP had an overall removal rate of 54 %, and the GYWTP had an overall removal rate of 36 %. The CCLWTP conformed to the additions of an advanced water purification unit, but the water treatment process was relatively complex. Its AOC concentration varied considerably during the course of the water treatment process, while that of the GYWTP showed more stable measurements. The CCLWTP used coagulation precipitation, rapid filtration, and biological activated carbon filtration to effectively remove the AOC. The coagulation precipitation unit used by the GYWTP was most effective process in the removal of AOC and rapid filtering was less effective one. The treated water of CCLWTP maintained an AOC concentration under 51 £gg acetate-C/L in its water distribution network, while the treated water of GYWTP mostly kept a concentration of AOC lower than 71 £gg acetate-C/L. Although the CCLWTP water pipe network had lower AOC values, it demonstrated unstable changes in levels of AOC concentration. This shows that oxidation and disinfectants in the water treatment process cannot successfully oxidize all organic matter into AOC. In contrast, the GYWTP showed a more stable removal in AOC content. For the artificial neural network system simulation, the simulation values of CCLWTP water treatment process and water distribution network are correlated less closely with the measured actual value than those of the GYWTP do. This is found to be mostly due to the relatively large fluctuations in AOC in the CCLWTP. The AOC values in the CCLWTP water treatment process and water distribution network are highly correlated to TOC, TDS, and NH3-N. For the GYWTP, AOC values were mostly correlated to TOC, temperature, and NH3-N. Finally, the two common factors for water quality at both water plants were TOC and NH3-N, we recommend that these two items can be taken into consideration to control and manage AOC in water treatment.

Cheng-Ching Lake water treatment plant (CCLWTP), the largest water treatment plant in southern Taiwan serving the Kaoping region, uses the Kaoping River water as the source water. The plant has encountered both technical and managerial challenges to implement advanced water treatment system since 2004 in order to provide high quality drinking water to the residents living in the Kaoping metropolitan area and to meet future stringent drinking water standards. Granular activated carbon (GAC), derived from wood, bituminous coal, lignite, or other carbon-containing materials, and is the most widely utilized adsorbent for treating water and wastewater. It is usually used after the sand filtration process in water or wastewater treatment plant; the exhausted GAC is re-activated by a combustion process. Moreover, biological activated carbon (BAC) filtration (biofiltration) has become one of the advanced treatment techniques applied in the water treatment plant. In general, BAC offers a large internal surface area for the adsorption of taste, odor, and color compounds, excess chlorine, toxic and mutagenic substances (e.g., bromide, chlorinated organic compounds, including trihalomethanes), trihalomethane precursors, pesticides, phenolic compounds, dyes, toxic metals, and substances that cause biological after growth. After the biofiltration process, a final disinfection is necessary to ensure the microbial quality of the treated water. Because biofiltration is usually not capable of removing biorefractory substances, pre-oxidation with ozone is usually applied for oxidizing the most biorefractory organic matters and also improving their biodegradability before the water is treated in the BAC process. Hence, using ozone pre-oxidation will greatly enhances the effectiveness of the subsequent BAC process. The CCLWTP effluent meets the current drinking water quality established by Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (TEPA). However, the microbial regrowth due to the residual minute quantity of organic carbons causes pipe corrosion, and the formation of disinfectant by-products (DBPs) in the distribution system leading to potential contaminations of the clean water after it enters into the distribution system. Thus, monitoring the water quality in water distribution systems necessity to develop appropriate strategies for managing both the treatment plant and following distribution systems. Chlorine is often used in municipal water treatment plant for disinfecting drinking water; it can react with naturally occurring organic matter to form trihalomethanes (THMs), e.g. chloroform, bromodichloromethane, chlorodibromomethane and bromoform that causes long-term health hazards to consumers through oral ingestion, dermal absorption and inhalation. The lifetime cancer risk and the hazard index of THMs through oral ingestion, dermal absorption, and inhalation exposure from tap water in 9 districts in Kaohsiung City are estimated. In the first part of this study, water samples were periodically collected from each treatment process of Cheng-Ching Lake Water Treatment Plant (CCLWTP) to assess the AOC (assimilable organic carbon) removal. In the second part of this study, the role of BAC filtration used in advanced water treatment plant and its capability to remove pollutants (AOC, bromide, bromate, and iron) were evaluated. Additionally, the efficiency of biofiltration process using GAC and anthracite as the fillers was also assessed with a bench-scale GAC adsorption column. In third part of the study, the distribution system of CCLWTP was selected for conducting the case study for understanding the fate and transport of water quality indicators in the distribution system. The last part of the study concentrated on undertaking multipathway exposure assessment based on the concentrations of various THMs found in the water samples collected at various locations of Kaohsiung City water supply system. The AOC removal efficiency of the advanced water treatment processes of the CCL was assessed using data collected in the field during the first phase of this study. However, the effect of two different filling materials on the efficiency of biofiltration process was evaluated using a laboratory bench-scale column study. Results of both laboratory study and field investigation show that a significant AOC removal efficiency was achieved by the BAC system implemented in CCLWTP. Conclusions of this study are summarized as follows: 1. Significant AOC removal efficiency was achieved in CCLWTP and the AOC concentrations in the effluent could meet the current established standards. 2. The increased AOC concentrations after the treatment of preozonation and chlorination may be caused by the oxidation of organic matters to more biodegradable and assimilable products. 3. The removal of AOC is correlated with the decrease in concentrations of other drinking water indicators, e.g., coliform, TPC, TDS, and particle counts). 4. The addition of sodium thiosulfate in water samples could enhance the performance of the AOC analysis (the accuracy and reliability). 5. The BAC filtration has been demonstrated to play an important role in the removal of the trace AOC. Thus, the application of BAC for AOC removal is feasible and should be included as a required treatment unit in the advanced WTP. The field study completed in the second part assessed the removal efficiencies of AOC and other water quality indicators in CCLWTP, while the effects of using two different filling materials on the efficiency of biofiltration process and microorganisms growing were evaluated using a laboratory bench-scale column study. Conclusions of this study include the following: 1. The BAC filtration system is capable of removing trace pollutants including organics and metals. 2. Significant overall treatment efficiency can be achieved in the CCLWTP, and concentrations of the water quality indicators in the effluent will meet the drinking water standards established by TEPA. 3. The increased AOC concentrations after ozonation and chlorination processes may be caused by the oxidation of organic matters into more biodegradable and assimilable organic products. 4. GAC is a more appropriate filling material than anthracite in the biofiltration system for the removal of AOC. 5. More microorganisms were observed in GAC column than in BAF column. This may be due to the effect that GAC has more specific surface area than anthracite. Additionally, more microbial growth was observed at depth of 5 cm than 0 and 40 cm in both columns indicating that 5 cm below the column surface is rich in both dissolved oxygen and biodegradable that causes higher microbial populations. 6. The BAC filtration plays an important role in the removal of the trace AOC; it should be included as a required treatment unit in future advanced WTP. Additionally, the BAF filtration column filled with anthracite is not as effective as the GAC-filled column in removing AOC. Thus, GAC should be used for the proposed BAF filtration unit. 7. The oxidation process using ozone will increase the amount of carbonyl group organics in the oxidized water leading to poor biological stability. Therefore, the oxidation should be combined with a subsequent GAC or biological process to minimize the AOC formation potential. The third study, Using the oxidation/reduction potential (ORP) along with other water quality parameters to indicate the water quality in the CCLWTP distribution systems was assessed and focused. Behavior of water quality parameters by monitor and investigate was made a replacement of corrosive pipe line. The results reveal that the treated water leaving CCLWTP (clear water) meets the drinking water standards in Taiwan. However, the water is re-contaminated by a number of factors including the corrosion of old pipes while it is flowing in the distribution system. Major conclusions of this study are summarized in the following sections: 1. The free residual chlorine concentration in CCLWTP distribution system is adequate to meet the drinking water standards established by TEPA. 2. The residual AOC concentration is well correlated with the TOC concentration in the samples collected at various sites in different administrative areas. 3. Ratios of AOC/TOC in six administrative areas were higher than 9%, indicating that the biofilms were fall and increased organic matter of tap water distribution systems. 4. The average AOC concentrations were increased with followed variations of UV-254 value. 5. A number of factors (AOC, pH, redox potential, TOC, UV-254, and chlorine residual) control the growth of microorganisms on pipe surfaces. 6. DO have a negative relationship between THMs and HAAs concentrations. Because that oxygen have higher electronegative than chlorine and bromine, and apt utilization of organic carbon. 7. Results were shown of pH, DO and ORP had a positive relationship (Need to be more specific about the correlationship. 8. Major chemical reactions in the distribution system involve both electrons and protons transfers; they are pH- and Eh (ORP)-dependent. Therefore, chemical reactions in pipe net often can be characterized by pH and Eh together with the activity of dissolved chemical species. 9. The results reveal that the non-scaling water in LSI of distribution systems of CCL close to saturation (LSI = 0) (Cannot be understood). As show the other results, located K and M1 areas in LSI¡@were -0.002 and -0.012, respectively. The appearance of the pipe in K and M1 areas were corrosion and undersaturated with CaCO3 (needs to be re-written). 10. The RSI value was between 7.0 and 7.5 showing potential corrosion and prioritizes replacement of the pipe. 11. The DO value has a correlation with the reverse in Fe and Fe3+ concentrations. 12. High oxidation conditions and elevated Fe3+ concentrations of exist inside the corrosion scales of the corroded water distribution pipes. 13. The Fe concentrations in the samples collected in various administrative areas exceed the TEPA drinking water standards. 14. The appearance of CCL distribution system of shows severe corrosive and oxidized conditions. The last part of this study concentrated on evaluating the association between trihalomethanes (THMs) exposure through three different pathways and long-term health risks. The results show that the consumer has a higher risk of cancer through Inhalation route. This is different from the results reported by other research. Because most residents living in Taiwan are accustomed to drinking boiled water, the lifetime cancer risks through oral ingestion of water-borne CHBrCl2, and CHBr2Cl in tap water in all 9 districts were higher than 10-6. By oral ingestion the lifetime cancer risk for total THMs was highest in the 7th district, while the lowest lifetime cancer risk for total THMs was in the 4th district. Chloroform poses a higher cancer risk to Kaohsiung City residents through dermal exposure than the other three THMs. This study showed that residents in 7th district had the highest cancer risk through inhalation of chloroform among the 9 districts, and the residents in 6th district had the least cancer risk. Residents in 7th district has the highest risk of cancer due to exposure of THMs during showering and bathing as compared with residents in 4th district Males have a higher cancer risk than females through dermal absorption when exposed to THMs. The results of noncarcinogenic risk assessment for THMs indicate that if the main pathways are through oral ingestion and dermal absorption, 7th district has the highest hazard index of the four chemicals, while 4th district has the lowest hazard index. According to the above results, the quality of drinking water in Kaohsiung City is in general in accordance with the guidelines for drinking water quality as recommended by the World Health Organization. A better drinking water quality can be achieved by reducing the quantity of disinfection by-products (DBPs) through the removal of DBP precursors using modified treatment practices. Coagulation, granular activated carbon, membranes and ozone-biofiltration can all remove natural organic matter. Additionally, source water protection and control are effective non-treatment alternatives to control water-borne precursors. Optimized applications of disinfectants as primary and secondary disinfectants can further be implemented to control DBPs. Although research efforts continue to develop new treatment methods that will reduce the levels of DBPs during disinfection, it is generally accepted that risks to health caused by water-borne DBPs in drinking water are relative small in comparison with risks associated with water-borne diseases due to inadequate disinfection. Thus, it is important that the disinfection process should not be compromised in attempting to control water borne DBPs. The predominant DBPs group has been shown to be THMs, with chloroform and BDCM as the most dominant THMs. Although THMs are only one subgroup of the many DBPs formed during chlorination, they are useful as indicators of the overall DBP formation. It is concluded that, given the current state of knowledge, a risk assessment based on THMs would provide the greatest level of confidence regarding the ability of a drinking water guideline to protect against risks of cancer and other long-term health hazards. In conclusion, in order to reduce the cancer risk and hazard as indexed by THM concentrations in the drinking water, some methods could be used including controlling to reduce THMs precursors and microbial contaminants in raw water, and aged pipeline, optimizing all treatment processes to ensure that concentrations of disinfectant are adequate, using alternative disinfectants and reducing water age in distribution system. The potential human risks associated with drinking water disinfection are largely unknown, even though some information is available from toxicological and epidemiological studies. More research is needed to determine the risks associated with DBPs. The next progress will facilitate a more realistic assessment of risk due to drinking water contaminants without increasing the levels of uncertainty in risk estimates.

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is the most important forage crop in the United States and consistently produces high yields and quality, but harvest frequency is the most significant factor for maximizing forage yield and quality. The objective of this research was to determine forage yield, quality, and regrowth rate among new alfalfa cultivars under four different harvest frequencies. Some of these cultivars have been marketed as having rapid rates of regrowth after cutting to maximize the number of harvests per year. Five cultivars were placed under four harvest frequencies of 25, 30, 35, and 40 days in a split-plot design. There was a significant yield and regrowth rate effect across cultivars and harvest frequencies, but little forage quality effect during the two years of this research. These results confirm previous findings that a 35-d harvest frequency is optimal for forage yield, quality, and stand persistence.

SILVA, Shirlenne Ferreira. Características agronômicas, composição químico-bromatológica e curva de desidratação da Gliricídia sepium. 2015. 55 f. : Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências, Departamento de Zootecnia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia. Fortaleza-CE, 2015. / Submitted by Eric Santiago (erichhcl@gmail.com) on 2016-08-10T12:49:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_sfsilva.pdf: 1131646 bytes, checksum: 0a117fd3971803fb0ff25f686d054ff3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-10T15:18:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_sfsilva.pdf: 1131646 bytes, checksum: 0a117fd3971803fb0ff25f686d054ff3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T15:18:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_sfsilva.pdf: 1131646 bytes, checksum: 0a117fd3971803fb0ff25f686d054ff3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / The study was conducted in order to evaluate the agronomic characteristics, chemical composition and dehydration curve Gliricídia sepium grown under different residues were in relation to the seasons. The experiment was carried out in the Forage Industry Department of Animal Science of the Federal University of Ceará - UFC in Fortaleza, Brazil. The statistical design was a randomized block design with split plots. Plots consisted of three residual heights (70, 90 and 110 cm) and five 4 seasons (fall, winter, spring and summer) with four replications. For dehydration curve used the design in randomized blocks in a factorial 3x7 factorial comprising the three residues were and 7 times (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 h) sample collection gliricídia. Growth variables analyzed were: the diameter of the stem at ground level, number of budding, diameter of shoots and plant height. The chemical composition of the plant variables analyzed were: dry matter, ash, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber. The growth and composition data were subjected to analysis of variance, the dehydration curve underwent regression analysis. Data were analyzed by program SAS version 9.0 and compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. Agronomic characteristics of gliricidia were influenced by harvest time. Significant differences from the residual height (p˂0,05) were observed on plant growth, stem diameter and diameter of the shoots, leaf area index, fresh weight of the total forage dry matter and total forage. The time of greater plant (p˂0,05) growth was recorded in the winter solstice (June). The diameters of the stem and the shoots grew better on the spring equinox, with measures of 6.85 and 2.07 mm, respectively. While the highest number of shoots was observed in the autumn equinox, with 31, 33 shoots. The dry matter, ash, acid detergent fiber and ether extract, were higher (P˂0.05) at the spring equinox (September 2013), summer solstice (December 2013), Winter Solstice (June 2013) and spring equinox (September 2013), respectively. There was a significant interaction between time of cutting and residual height for fiber neutral detergent, crude protein and organic matter. The highest average values of NDF were recorded at the spring equinox and summer solstice, the higher CP values were recorded in spring and autumn equinox and the largest values organic matter focused on the spring equinox. Effect was observed (P˂ 0,05) in the dehydration time on the dry matter and crude protein of Gliricidia in different residues were. The plants were cut at 90 and 110 cm were 80% dry matter in 6.75 and 6.63 hours of sun exposure. With 8 hours of dehydration was observed values of CP 20.16; 20.00; and 20.80% for waste heights of 70, 90 and 110 cm respectively, and observed losses in the PB values around 3.56; 2.84 and 3.69% for residual heights of 70, 90 and 110 cm, respectively. Gliricidia sepium can be cut in the residual height of 70 cm. The time indicated for the greatest dry matter production, plant growth and chemical composition suitable for animal feed is the winter solstice (June). The dehydration process of Gliricidia sepium occurred in 8 hours of sun exposure, with getting the hay with 80% dry matter and 20% crude protein. / O trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar as características agronômicas, a composição químico-bromatológica e a curva de desidratação da Gliricídia sepium cultivada sob diferentes alturas de resíduo em relação às estações do ano. O experimento foi realizado no setor de Forragicultura do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal do Ceará - UFC, em Fortaleza, CE. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso em parcelas subdivididas. As parcelas constaram de três alturas residuais (70, 90 e 110 cm) e as subparcelas 4 épocas do ano (outono, inverno, primavera e verão) com 4 repetições. Para a curva de desidratação utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 3x7, sendo os fatores, três alturas de resíduo e 7 tempos (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 e 8 h) de coleta de amostras de gliricídia. As variáveis de crescimento analisadas foram: o diâmetro do caule ao nível do solo, número de brotação, diâmetro dos brotos e altura da planta. As variáveis de composição químico-bromatológica da planta analisadas foram: matéria seca, matéria mineral, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido e matéria orgânica. Os dados de crescimento e composição foram submetidos à análise de variância, os da curva de desidratação foram submetidos à análise de regressão. Os dados foram analisados pelo programa SAS versão 9.0 e comparados pelo teste de tukey a 5% de probabilidade. As características agronômicas da gliricídia foram influenciadas pela época de corte. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas (p˃0,05) em relação à altura residual sobre o crescimento da planta, o diâmetro do caule e diâmetro dos brotos, índice de área foliar, matéria fresca de forragem total e matéria seca de forragem total. A época de maior crescimento das plantas (p˂0,05) foi registrada no solstício de inverno (junho). Os diâmetros do caule e dos brotos se desenvolveram melhor no equinócio de primavera, com medidas de 6,85 e 2,07 mm, respectivamente. Enquanto que o maior número de brotos (p˂0,05) foi observado no equinócio de outono, com 31, 33 brotos. Os teores de matéria seca, matéria mineral, fibra em detergente ácido e extrato etéreo, apresentaram maiores valores (p˂0,05) no equinócio de primavera (setembro 2013), solstício de verão (dezembro 2013), solstício de inverno (junho 2013) e equinócio de primavera (setembro 2013), respectivamente. Houve efeito de interação (p˂0,05) entre época de corte e altura residual para os teores de fibra em detergente neutro, proteína bruta e matéria orgânica. Os maiores valores médios de fibra em detergente neutro foram registrados no equinócio de primavera (setembro 2013) e solstício de verão (dezembro 2013), os maiores valores de proteína bruta foram registrados no equinócio de primavera e outono (setembro 2013 e março 2014) e os maiores valores de matéria orgânica se concentraram no equinócio de primavera (setembro 2013). Foi observado efeito significativo (p˂0,05) no tempo de desidratação sobre o teor de matéria seca e proteína bruta da gliricídia nas diferentes alturas de resíduo. As plantas cortadas a 90 e a 110 cm atingiram 80% de matéria seca em 6,75 e 6,63 horas de exposição ao sol. Com 8 horas de desidratação foi observado valores de proteína bruta de 20,16; 20,00; e 20,80% para as alturas residuais de 70, 90 e 110 cm respectivamente, sendo observadas perdas nos valores de proteína bruta em torno de 3,56; 2,84 e 3,69% para as alturas residuais de 70, 90 e 110 cm, respectivamente. A Gliricídia sepium pode ser cortada na altura residual de 70 cm. A época indicada para obtenção de maior produção de matéria seca, crescimento das plantas e composição bromatológica adequada para a alimentação animal é o solstício de inverno (junho). O processo de desidratação da Gliricídia sepium ocorreu em 8 horas de exposição ao sol, com a obtenção do feno com 80% de matéria seca e 20% de proteína bruta.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar as caracterÃsticas agronÃmicas, a composiÃÃo quÃmico-bromatolÃgica e a curva de desidrataÃÃo da GliricÃdia sepium cultivada sob diferentes alturas de resÃduo em relaÃÃo Ãs estaÃÃes do ano. O experimento foi realizado no setor de Forragicultura do Departamento de Zootecnia da Universidade Federal do Cearà - UFC, em Fortaleza, CE. O delineamento estatÃstico utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso em parcelas subdivididas. As parcelas constaram de trÃs alturas residuais (70, 90 e 110 cm) e as subparcelas 4 Ãpocas do ano (outono, inverno, primavera e verÃo) com 4 repetiÃÃes. Para a curva de desidrataÃÃo utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 3x7, sendo os fatores, trÃs alturas de resÃduo e 7 tempos (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 e 8 h) de coleta de amostras de gliricÃdia. As variÃveis de crescimento analisadas foram: o diÃmetro do caule ao nÃvel do solo, nÃmero de brotaÃÃo, diÃmetro dos brotos e altura da planta. As variÃveis de composiÃÃo quÃmico-bromatolÃgica da planta analisadas foram: matÃria seca, matÃria mineral, proteÃna bruta, extrato etÃreo, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente Ãcido e matÃria orgÃnica. Os dados de crescimento e composiÃÃo foram submetidos à anÃlise de variÃncia, os da curva de desidrataÃÃo foram submetidos à anÃlise de regressÃo. Os dados foram analisados pelo programa SAS versÃo 9.0 e comparados pelo teste de tukey a 5% de probabilidade. As caracterÃsticas agronÃmicas da gliricÃdia foram influenciadas pela Ãpoca de corte. NÃo foram observadas diferenÃas significativas (p˃0,05) em relaÃÃo à altura residual sobre o crescimento da planta, o diÃmetro do caule e diÃmetro dos brotos, Ãndice de Ãrea foliar, matÃria fresca de forragem total e matÃria seca de forragem total. A Ãpoca de maior crescimento das plantas (p˂0,05) foi registrada no solstÃcio de inverno (junho). Os diÃmetros do caule e dos brotos se desenvolveram melhor no equinÃcio de primavera, com medidas de 6,85 e 2,07 mm, respectivamente. Enquanto que o maior nÃmero de brotos (p˂0,05) foi observado no equinÃcio de outono, com 31, 33 brotos. Os teores de matÃria seca, matÃria mineral, fibra em detergente Ãcido e extrato etÃreo, apresentaram maiores valores (p˂0,05) no equinÃcio de primavera (setembro 2013), solstÃcio de verÃo (dezembro 2013), solstÃcio de inverno (junho 2013) e equinÃcio de primavera (setembro 2013), respectivamente. Houve efeito de interaÃÃo (p˂0,05) entre Ãpoca de corte e altura residual para os teores de fibra em detergente neutro, proteÃna bruta e matÃria orgÃnica. Os maiores valores mÃdios de fibra em detergente neutro foram registrados no equinÃcio de primavera (setembro 2013) e solstÃcio de verÃo (dezembro 2013), os maiores valores de proteÃna bruta foram registrados no equinÃcio de primavera e outono (setembro 2013 e marÃo 2014) e os maiores valores de matÃria orgÃnica se concentraram no equinÃcio de primavera (setembro 2013). Foi observado efeito significativo (p˂0,05) no tempo de desidrataÃÃo sobre o teor de matÃria seca e proteÃna bruta da gliricÃdia nas diferentes alturas de resÃduo. As plantas cortadas a 90 e a 110 cm atingiram 80% de matÃria seca em 6,75 e 6,63 horas de exposiÃÃo ao sol. Com 8 horas de desidrataÃÃo foi observado valores de proteÃna bruta de 20,16; 20,00; e 20,80% para as alturas residuais de 70, 90 e 110 cm respectivamente, sendo observadas perdas nos valores de proteÃna bruta em torno de 3,56; 2,84 e 3,69% para as alturas residuais de 70, 90 e 110 cm, respectivamente. A GliricÃdia sepium pode ser cortada na altura residual de 70 cm. A Ãpoca indicada para obtenÃÃo de maior produÃÃo de matÃria seca, crescimento das plantas e composiÃÃo bromatolÃgica adequada para a alimentaÃÃo animal à o solstÃcio de inverno (junho). O processo de desidrataÃÃo da GliricÃdia sepium ocorreu em 8 horas de exposiÃÃo ao sol, com a obtenÃÃo do feno com 80% de matÃria seca e 20% de proteÃna bruta. / The study was conducted in order to evaluate the agronomic characteristics, chemical composition and dehydration curve GliricÃdia sepium grown under different residues were in relation to the seasons. The experiment was carried out in the Forage Industry Department of Animal Science of the Federal University of Cearà - UFC in Fortaleza, Brazil. The statistical design was a randomized block design with split plots. Plots consisted of three residual heights (70, 90 and 110 cm) and five 4 seasons (fall, winter, spring and summer) with four replications. For dehydration curve used the design in randomized blocks in a factorial 3x7 factorial comprising the three residues were and 7 times (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 h) sample collection gliricÃdia. Growth variables analyzed were: the diameter of the stem at ground level, number of budding, diameter of shoots and plant height. The chemical composition of the plant variables analyzed were: dry matter, ash, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber. The growth and composition data were subjected to analysis of variance, the dehydration curve underwent regression analysis. Data were analyzed by program SAS version 9.0 and compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. Agronomic characteristics of gliricidia were influenced by harvest time. Significant differences from the residual height (p˂0,05) were observed on plant growth, stem diameter and diameter of the shoots, leaf area index, fresh weight of the total forage dry matter and total forage. The time of greater plant (p˂0,05) growth was recorded in the winter solstice (June). The diameters of the stem and the shoots grew better on the spring equinox, with measures of 6.85 and 2.07 mm, respectively. While the highest number of shoots was observed in the autumn equinox, with 31, 33 shoots. The dry matter, ash, acid detergent fiber and ether extract, were higher (P˂0.05) at the spring equinox (September 2013), summer solstice (December 2013), Winter Solstice (June 2013) and spring equinox (September 2013), respectively. There was a significant interaction between time of cutting and residual height for fiber neutral detergent, crude protein and organic matter. The highest average values of NDF were recorded at the spring equinox and summer solstice, the higher CP values were recorded in spring and autumn equinox and the largest values organic matter focused on the spring equinox. Effect was observed (P˂ 0,05) in the dehydration time on the dry matter and crude protein of Gliricidia in different residues were. The plants were cut at 90 and 110 cm were 80% dry matter in 6.75 and 6.63 hours of sun exposure. With 8 hours of dehydration was observed values of CP 20.16; 20.00; and 20.80% for waste heights of 70, 90 and 110 cm respectively, and observed losses in the PB values around 3.56; 2.84 and 3.69% for residual heights of 70, 90 and 110 cm, respectively. Gliricidia sepium can be cut in the residual height of 70 cm. The time indicated for the greatest dry matter production, plant growth and chemical composition suitable for animal feed is the winter solstice (June). The dehydration process of Gliricidia sepium occurred in 8 hours of sun exposure, with getting the hay with 80% dry matter and 20% crude protein.

O manejo do pastejo é fator determinante da eficiência do processo de colheita e condicionante do valor nutritivo da forragem produzida. O presente experimento, conduzido em área do Departamento de Biotecnologia Vegetal do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Campus de Araras, São Paulo, durante o período de janeiro de 2001 a fevereiro de 2002, teve como objetivo analisar e descrever a dinâmica de acúmulo de forragem de pastos de capim-Mombaça submetidos a regimes de desfolhação intermitente. Os tratamentos corresponderam a combinações entre duas condições de pós-pastejo (altura de resíduo de 30 ou 50 cm) e duas condições de pré-pastejo (interceptação luminosa pelo dossel de 95 e 100%). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos completos casualizados, quatro repetições e arranjo fatorial 2 x 2. Foram avaliadas as seguintes respostas: altura do dossel forrageiro, índice de área foliar (IAF), massa de forragem, número e peso de perfilhos individuais, alongamento e senescência de lâminas foliares e hastes, perdas por pastejo e composição morfológica da forragem. As avaliações foram realizadas imediatamente após o pastejo e a cada incremento de 20 cm em altura do dossel até o início de um novo pastejo. A altura do dossel forrageiro se mostrou um bom parâmetro para determinação prática do momento de entrada dos animais nos pastos, uma vez que 95 ou 100% de interceptação luminosa (IL) ocorreram consistentemente a 90 ou 115 cm de altura, respectivamente, durante todo o período experimental, independentemente do estádio de desenvolvimento das plantas (vegetativo ou reprodutivo). Os tratamentos de 95% de IL proporcionaram maior número de pastejos (7,6) que os tratamentos de 100% de IL (5,9) (P<0,10) nos 411 dias de experimento, resultado de períodos de descanso diferenciados (24 e 35 dias, em média, para 95 e 100% de IL, respectivamente, durante a estação de crescimento) (P<0,10). Essa diferença foi suficiente para causar mudanças na produção e composição morfológica da forragem, na dinâmica de acúmulo de massa seca, nos padrões de perfilhamento e nas perdas por pastejo. O acúmulo líquido de lâminas foliares foi 6.300 kg ha -1 de MS maior quando os pastejos foram realizados com 95% de IL. A partir desse ponto, as taxas de alongamento de folhas decresceram (30 para 20 mg perfilho -1 dia -1 ) (P<0,10) e as taxas de alongamento de hastes (0,24 para 0,42 mg perfilho -1 dia -1 ) (P<0,10) e senescência (9,3 para 18,2 mg perfilho -1 dia -1 ) aumentaram consideravelmente (P<0,10), prejudicando a estrutura do dossel na condição de pré-pastejo (maior proporção de hastes e material morto) e dificultando o retorno às condições especificadas de pós-pastejo, particularmente para o resíduo de 30 cm. O tratamento de pastejos realizados com 95% de IL e 30 cm de altura de resíduo resultou na maior produção (25.900 kg ha -1 de MS) e eficiência de colheita de forragem (82%). / Grazing management is a key element determining the utilization efficiency and the nutritive value of the herbage produced. This study aimed at evaluating and describing the dynamics of herbage accumulation in Mombaça grass pastures submitted to intermittent defoliation regimes. The experiment was carried out at Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Araras, SP, from January 2001 to February 2002. Treatments corresponded to combinations between two grazing intensities (30 and 50 cm post-grazing height) and two grazing intervals (grazing initiated at 95 and 100% canopy light interception – LI) and were allocated to experimental units according to a complete randomized block design, in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, with 4 replicates. The following responses were measured in all grazing cycles: sward height, sward leaf area index and herbage mass, tiller population density and tiller weight, leaf and stem elongation and senescence rates, losses due to grazing and morphological composition of the herbage. Measurements were performed immediately after grazing (post-grazing condition) and at 20 cm increments in sward height during regrowth until the next grazing (pre-grazing condition). Sward height proved to be a satisfactory parameter for determining the timing of grazing in field conditions, since 95 or 100% canopy light interception occurred consistently at 90 or 115 cm, respectively, throughout the experimental period regardless of plants physiological state (vegetative or reproductive). The 95% LI treatments resulted in bigger number of grazings (7.6) than the 100% LI treatments (5.9) (P<0.10) during the 411 days of experiment, that being a consequence of the resulting different intervals between grazings (24 and 35 days for 95 and 100% LI, respectively, during the spring/summer period) (P<0.10). This difference was big enough to cause changes in production and morphological composition of the herbage, dynamics of herbage accumulation, tiller demography patterns and losses due to grazing. Net accumulation of leaf dry matter was 6300 kg ha -1 higher when grazings were performed with 95% LI. From this point, leaf elongation rates decreased (30 to 20 mg tiller -1 day -1 ) (P<0.10) and stem elongation (0.24 to 0.42 mg tiller -1 day -1 ) (P<0.10) and senescence rates (9.3 to 18.2 mg tiller -1 day -1 ) increased considerably (P<0.10), influencing negatively the sward structure at the pre-grazing condition (higher proportion of stem and dead material) and increasing the difficulty of accomplishing the specified post-grazing targets, particularly for the 30 cm residue. The defoliation treatment characterized by grazings at 95% canopy light interception (90 cm sward surface height) and 30 cm residue resulted in the highest herbage dry matter production (25,900 kg ha -1 ) and utilization efficiency (82%).

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:48:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana_Claudia_Radis.pdf: 406995 bytes, checksum: 1a46124bebb42d220864083741fb9bc0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-29 / The study was conducted in greenhouse at the Center for Experiment Stations to the Center Agricultural sciences, the UNIOESTE - Campus Marechal Cândido Rondon, in Oxisoil, with evaluate the structural and quality of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã in different ages and heights of cut. The experimental design was a randomized block in factorial arrangement of 4x4 (21, 28, 35 and 42 days regrowth and 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm cutting height), with triplicates. The experiment was installed in January 2009, being conducted by October of the same year. The structural characteristics and production were assessed at the time of the cuts and the composition was determined in the material sampled by when felled. The effects of age of regrowth and cutting heights were compared by analysis regression and the sections were compared using the test Tukey a 5% probability. The highest density of tillers culminated with a higher proportion of leaves in relation to the rods obtained from the fourth cut. Increased issue of tillers with the passage of the cuts generated tiller less vigorous, less height, length and thickness of the pseudostem. For leaf / stem significance was found between the variables, the greater respect leaf / stem was obtained at the age of 35 days from the which possibly had a higher rate of senescence leaves, reducing leaf / stem. At the time of sward there was significance between the interactions; The unfolding of the interaction time and age showed a quadratic positive at 5 cm and linear negative at 10, 15 and 20 cm high in interaction between age and height of cutting was observed quadratic positive the first cut, quadratic negative to the second cut and a positive linear for the fourth cut. For plant height was interaction between cutting height and the number of court where the maximum height observed in this interaction occurred at 10 cm cutting the first cut, which was obtained when 42 cm plant height. The length of stem decreased as the ages of regrowth in relation to cutoffs, where the largest length was obtained to 21 days for the first cut. Was no effect significant interactions of age and height of regrowth cut, regrowth age and time of cutting and cutting and cutting for the variable thickness of stem, generating higher thicknesses in frequent cutting and advanced age. Between nutritional characteristics resulted in higher production dry matter for the second cut in the age 28 and 35 days of growth at 5 and 10 cm cutting height. In levels of mineral matter observed significant differences between interactions height and age, age and height and cutting and cutting; can be observed variation between the levels. Also reported an increase in the FDN in the highest 10 and 15 cm and a decrease in content in the highest 5 and 20 cm. To the ADF was observed between the variables fall studied, with lower production at 42 days, with 20 cm cutting height and the fourth cut. The protein were significantly influenced by interactions age and height, age and height and cut and cut, there higher levels at 21 days of age, between 5 and 10 cm cutting height and the first cut. The ages and heights cutting influence on the structural and nutrition, suggesting that the correct management of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã can be beneficial to increase animal performance and improve the quality nutrition of pastures / O Estudo foi desenvolvido em cultivo protegido do Núcleo de Estações Experimentais pertencente ao Centro de Ciências agrárias, da UNIOESTE Campus Marechal Cândido Rondon, em Latossolo Vermelho Eutroférrico, com o objetivo de avaliar características estruturais e qualitativas do capim Piatã em diferentes idades e alturas de corte. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial de 4x4 (21, 28, 35 e 42 dias de rebrotação e 5, 10, 15 e 20 cm de altura de corte), com três repetições cada. O experimento foi instalado em Janeiro de 2009, sendo conduzido até outubro do mesmo ano. As características estruturais e produtivas foram avaliadas na ocasião dos cortes e a composição bromatológica foi determinada no material amostrado por ocasião do corte. Os efeitos das idades de rebrota e alturas de corte foram comparadas por meio de análise de regressão e os cortes foram comparados por meio do teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. A maior densidade de perfilhos culminou com maior proporção de folhas em relação às hastes obtido no quarto corte. O aumento na emissão de perfilhos com o decorrer dos cortes gerou perfilhos menos vigorosos, com menor altura, comprimento e espessura do pseudocolmo. Para relação folha/caule houve significância entre as variáveis; a maior relação folha/caule foi obtida na idade de 35 dias, a partir da qual, possivelmente, ocorreu maior taxa de senescência de folhas, reduzindo a relaçao folha/caule. Na altura do dossel forrageiro observou-se significância entre as interações; O desdobramento da interação altura e idade demonstrou comportamento quadrático positivo aos 5 cm e linear negativo aos 10, 15 e 20 cm de altura; na interação entre idade e altura de corte observou-se comportamento quadrático positivo ao primeiro corte, quadrático negativo ao segundo corte e linear positivo para o quarto corte. Em relação a altura da planta houve interação entre as alturas de corte e o número de corte onde a máxima altura observada nesta interação deu-se a 10 cm de corte ao primeiro corte, onde obteve-se altura de 42 cm de altura da planta. O comprimento de haste diminuiu conforme as idades de rebrota em relação aos cortes efetuados, onde o maior comprimento foi obtido aos 21 dias para o primeiro corte. Foi constatado efeito significativo das interações idade de rebrota e altura de corte, idade de rebrota e corte e altura de corte e corte para a variável espessura de colmo, obtendo maiores espessuras em cortes freqüentes e idades avançadas. Entre as características nutricionais obteve-se maior produção de matéria seca para o segundo corte nas idade 28 e 35 dias de rebrota aos 5 e 10 cm de altura de corte. Nos teores de matéria mineral observou-se significância entre as interações altura e idade, idade e corte e altura e corte; podendo ser observada variação entre os teores. Foi observada elevação nos teores de FDN nas alturas 10 e 15 cm e decréscimo neste teor nas alturas 5 e 20 cm. Para os teores de FDA observou-se queda entre as variáveis estudadas, havendo menor produção aos 42 dias, com 20 cm de altura de corte e ao quarto corte. Os teores de proteína foram influenciados significativamente pelas interações idade e altura, idade e corte e altura e corte; havendo maiores teores aos 21 dias de rebrota, entre 5 e 10 cm de altura de corte e ao primeiro corte. As idades e alturas de corte influenciaram nas características estruturais e nutricionais, sugerindo que o manejo correto da Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã pode ser benéfica para elevar os índices produtivos e melhorar a qualidade nutricional das pastagens

Water cost is one of the key deterrents in making algal biofuels a feasible alternative to traditional petroleum fuels. Research into recycling of algal media was conducted in a laboratory setting at the California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo. A growth assay was created to allow for algal cultures, specifically Ward’s Chlorella sp., to proliferate in sealed culture vessels. Bold’s Basal Medium (BBM) was selected as the media due to its extensive use with freshwater algal strains. However, this medium can limit algal growth through nutrient limitation and it became necessary to augment the original recipe. 50mM of sodium bicarbonate was added to the media in order to buffer the purging of 100% CO2 into the culture vessel. The resultant pH of the CO2 saturated media was 6.25. The elemental? composition of Chlorella vulgaris was compared with the nutrient content of BBM to estimate possible nutrient limitations which could occur throughout growth (Oh Hama, 1988). From this analysis, the nitrogen and phosphorus concentration in BBM was augmented by a factor of three (BBM3N3P). Further, vitamins, specifically cyanocobalamin, thiamine HCL, and biotin, were incorporated after conducting a comparison growth study with BBM 3N3P. The average maximum specific growth rates for the normal BBM and for the vitamin-enhanced BBM were 0.689 +/- 0.0818 and 0.887 +/- 0.1901 (mean +/- std. deviation) per day, respectively. This difference was proved significant by a t-test with a p-value equal to 0.041. A standardized methodology for conducting a regrowth potential experiment was outlined by the research. One phase of this methodology included reintroduction of nutrients consumed during the first round of growth. Prior to continuing with this methodology the effect of supplementing trace metals and micronutrients into the culture was investigated. At a p-value of 0.0956, there was no significant difference between BBM 3N3P + vitamins and the same media with eight times the trace metal and micronutrient concentration. This allowed for up to seven rounds of regrowth with no inhibition caused from the restoration of these nutrients. A final regrowth was conducted on BBM 3N3P + vitamins + 50 mM bicarbonate. A significant difference existed between both the Round 1 and Round 2 cultures, as well as between the Round 2 cultures and their respective controls. This signified the possible release of allelochemicals by the Chlorella sp.. A preliminary investigation into the possible use of anaerobic digester effluent as a primary source of nutrients for algal cultures was also conducted. The digestate (diluted 50% v/v with a saline make-up) grew significantly faster than the controls (p-value<0.001). Further, after the introduction of trace metals and micronutrients the digestate columns outlived the control columns increasing the feasibility of using digestate to supplemental algal cultures.

During 1980-81, studies with crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum) and fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens) were conducted in controlled environment growth chambers as well as under field conditions to achieve the following objectives: 1. To determine the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on the water use efficiency. 2. To determine the effects of various temperature, water stress and nitrogen treatments on the productivity, nitrogen content and carbohydrate reserves. 3. To determine the effects of N fertilization on fall and spring regrowth. Crested wheatgrass and fourwing saltbush plants were maintained in three growth chambers for 60 days under three temperature regimes (11/7, 19/7 and 27/7 C), two soil moisture stress regimes (-0.3 bars and -15 bars) and three N fertilizer levels (0, 50 and 100 kg of N/ha). During the study, tranpiration and plant biomass data were recorded. During the first week of September, 1980, crested wheatgrass and fourwing saltbush pastures at Nephi, Utah, were subjected to three nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 50 and 100 kg N/ha). After 60 days the fall regrowth was clipped. In the first week of June 1981 spring regrowth of both species was measured. In the fall of 1981, a second experiment was laid out at Nephi where crested wheatgrass and fourwing saltbush plants were subjected to three soil moisture regimes (dry, medium and wet) and three nitrogen fertilizer levels. At the end of a 60 day study period, dry matter yield, root distribution, water content and soil samples at different incremental soil depths were collected. Under controlled environment conditions, the water use efficiency of both species was six percent more with the application of a moderate amount of nitrogen (50 kg/ha). A high temperature regime (27/7 C) and a high water stress regime (-15 bars) increased the water use efficiency of plants by eight and six percent respectively. Results of the growth chamber experiment revealed that nitrogen fertilization had a significant effect on plant biomass, nitrogen percent and total nonstructual carbohydrate reserves of crested wheatgrass and fourwing saltbush. The data further suggested that nitrogen fertilization can substitute for the adverse effects of low temperature and low soil moisture on plant growth. Nitrogen fertilization during fall increased plant biomass, nitrogen percent and total nonstructural carbohydrate reserves in crested wheatgrass and fourwing saltbush. Fall fertilization did not reduce spring regrowth. It is inferred that under limited soil moisture and low temperature during the fall growing season, a moderate amount of nitrogen fertilizer (50 kg N/ha) may increase the forage availability and water use efficiency of crested wheatgrass and fourwing saltbush to the level of plants maintained at moderate temperature and adequate soil moisture. Nitrogen fertilization (50 kg N/ha) of crested wheatgrass and fourwing saltbush during fall does not reduce plant nitrogen percent or carbohydrate reserves which may limit spring regrowth.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第21249号 / 理博第4419号 / 新制||理||1634(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 中野 伸一, 教授 山内 淳, 教授 中務 真人 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM