O operon pst de P. aeruginosa codifica um transportador de fosfato de alta afinida-de e também a proteína PhoU que, em conjunto, atuam como repressores da ex-pressão do regulon Pho dessa espécie. A atividade de PhoU está também associada ao metabolismo de polifosfato (poliP), dado que mutantes phoU nulos apresentam um vasto acúmulo do biopolímero. Ensaios de β-galactosidase mostraram uma alteração na expressão dos genes ppk e ppx, envolvidos no metabolismo de poliP, no mutante phoU. Observou-se que na cepa selvagem, a transcrição de ppk e de ppx não responde às limitações de Pi ou de nitrogênio, sendo esses genes altamente expressos em condições normais de crescimento. Além disso, determinou-se que ppk é co-transcrito com o gene hemB, os quais formam, portanto, um operon. O operon pst também foi analisado. Foi identificado por ensaios de northern blot o transcrito do primeiro gene do operon, pstS, que codifica uma proteína periplasmática. Também, foi identificado um promotor imediatamente a montante de phoU, o gene mais distal do operon, que permitiria sua expressão em condições normais do crescimento bacteriano. Por fim, determinou-se por ensaios de EMSA que as duas sequências consenso Pho box presentes no operon pst são completamente funcionais. / The pst operon in P. aeruginosa encodes a high-affinity phosphate transporter and the PhoU protein, which together act as repressors of Pho regulon of this species. The PhoU activity is also related with polyphosphate (polyP) metabolism, since phoU null mutants have a large accumulation of the biopolymer. β-galactosidase assays allowed to confirm a change in the expression of ppk and ppx genes, in-volved in PolyP metabolism, in the phoU mutant. It was also evidenced that in the wild type strain, the ppk and ppx transcription does not respond to Pi or nitrogen starvation, and that these genes are highly expressed under conditions of normal growth. In addition, it was determined that ppk is co-transcribed with hemB, a gene involved in the synthesis of porphyrins, and they constitute therefore an operon. The pst operon was also examined. Was identified by northern blot the transcript of the first gene in the operon, pstS, which encodes a periplasmic protein. Also, a promoter was identified immediately upstream of phoU, the most distal gene in the operon, allowing its expression in normal conditions of bacterial growth. Finally, it was determined by EMSA that the two consensus sequences Pho box present in the pst operon are fully functional.

Orientador: Andrea Balan Fernandes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T08:19:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pegos_VanessaRodrigues_D.pdf: 41543267 bytes, checksum: 0c6ab77fc1de1527fad27fbf8c4b1e70 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (X. citri) é o causador do cancro cítrico em diversas espécies de citrus, sobretudo, laranjas. As epidemias de cancro cítrico tem causado severas perdas econômicas à citricultura mundial uma vez que não há estratégias de combate efetiva contra essa bactéria no campo. Diversos estudos demonstraram a importância de genes para a patogênese de X. citri, mas ainda não foram investigados genes envolvidos na aquisição e no metabolismo de micronutrientes tais como o fosfato. X. citri conserva o sistema de transporte do tipo ABC de fosfato inorgânico codificado pelo óperon pstSCAB. Adicionalmente a bactéria possui dois outros operons oprO/phoX e phoBR, os quais codificam, respectivamente, uma porina de membrana externa e uma proteína periplasmática ligadora e o sistema dois componentes de sinalização celular, ambos integrantes do regulon de fosfato (regulon pho). Neste trabalho, estudamos a resposta destes operons à carência de fosfato, bem como o papel da proteína ligadora periplasmática PstS, por meio de análises proteômica, metabolômica, estruturais baseadas em cristalografia de raio-X e funcionais utilizando um mutante de X. citri portador de deleção no gene pstS (Xac::pstS). Os dados obtidos foram comparados entre as linhagens selvagem e mutante. Primeiramente evidenciamos que o sistema ABC de fosfato é ativado em carência do íon, incluindo um aumento de expressão de PhoX e PstS de 49 e 33 vezes, respectivamente, e que X. citri apresenta a maioria dos genes do regulon pho. PhoX e PstS são proteínas ligadoras de fosfato que partilham 70% de identidade de aminoácidos e são originadas de uma duplicação gênica. Na ausência de PstS, PhoX parece exercer a função de captação, mas não é capaz de recuperar todos os fenótipos da bactéria selvagem. Adicionalmente, ensaios de transporte de fosfato com as bactérias selvagem e mutante mostraram diferenças no transporte e que o sistema ABC permance constitutivo na linhagem mutante. A deleção de pstS também culminou no retardamento do crescimendo da bactéria em folhas de C. sinensis, mas não interferiu na adesão bacteriana e na produção da goma, estas sim, influenciadas diretamente pela concentração de fosfato no meio. Análises de metabolômica evidenciaram que a carência de fosfato induz mudanças nas rotas bioquímicas, sobretudo na linhagem mutante que utiliza da via das pentoses e do metabolismo do piruvato para a produção de ATP. Este é o primeiro trabalho que evidencia o papel do sistema ABC de transporte de fosfato nesta bactéria e que relaciona de uma forma multidisciplinar, o papel do íon e dos componentes do regulon pho na bactéria X. citri. Adicionalmente, uma vez que o sistema é bem conservado em outras espécies, os resultados obtidos servem como modelo para o gênero Xanthomonas / Abstract: ! Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (X. citri) is the cause of citrus canker in several species of citrus, especially oranges. The citrus canker epidemics have caused severe economic losses to the citrus industry worldwide since no effective combat strategies against this bacterium. Several studies have demonstrated the importance of genes related to the pathogenesis of X. citri, but there is no studies about mechanisms of micronutrients acquisition such as phosphate. X. citri has an ATP-Binding Cassete transport system for inorganic phosphate encoded by pstSCAB operon. In addition, the bacterium has two other operons oprOphoX and phoBR, which encode respectively, an outer membrane porin and a periplasmic binding protein and two-components system. The three operons and other related genes are members of the phosphate regulon (pho regulon). In this work we studied the response of these operons in phosphate deprivation, and the role of periplasmic-binding protein PstS through proteomics analysis, metabolomics, crystallography and functionally based on a X. citri mutant deleted for pstS gene (Xac::pstS). Data were compared between wild type and mutant strains. We showed that the phosphate ABC system is activated during the ion depletion, including PstS and PhoX that showed increased levels of 49 and 30 times, respectively. In addition, we showed that X. citri displays most of the genes of the pho regulon. PhoX and PstS are phosphate binding proteins that share 70% amino acid identity and have origin from a gene duplication. In the absence of PstS, PhoX seems to complement the uptake function, but it is not able to recover all phenotypes of the wild type bacteria. Additionally, phosphate transport assays with wild type and mutant bacteria showed differences in transport and constitutivity of the ABCsystem in the mutant strain. The deletion of pstS also resulted in slowing of bacteria growth in Citrus sinensis leaves, but did not interfere with bacterial adhesion and gum production, two phenomena directly influenced by the phosphate concentration in the medium. Metabolomic analyzes showed that phosphate deprivation induces changes in biochemical pathways, especially the mutant strain that uses the pentose and pyruvate metabolism for ATP production. This is the first work that highlights the role of the ABC system for phosphate in this bacterium and that reveals in a multidisciplinary way, the role of the ion and the pho regulon components in the phytopathogenic bacterium. Additionally, once the system is well preserved in other species, the results serve as a model for the genus Xanthomonas / Doutorado / Genetica de Microorganismos / Doutora em Genética e Biologia Molecular

O adenocarcinoma de ducto pancreático é reconhecido mundialmente como uma doença extremamente agressiva a qual apresenta um prognóstico desfavorável para pacientes sem cirurgia de ressecção. Portanto, é fundamental ampliar o conhecimento sobre os mecanismos biológicos envolvidos no câncer pancreático a fim de permitir a identificação de marcadores moleculares e alvos terapêuticos com o intuito de melhorar o diagnóstico precoce e tratamento. Os fatores de transcrição, reconhecidos por serem os efetores finais de vias de sinalização, regulam diversas funções celulares e, alterações na expressão transcricional destes podem contribuir para a transformação celular bem como para a progressão tumoral. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar os reguladores mestres da transcrição, possivelmente envolvidos no câncer pancreático. Para tanto, utilizamos dados de microarranjos para associar os reguladores mestres com o fenótipo tumoral. As análises foram realizadas no ambiente estatístico R utilizando os pacotes RTN, Limma e Survival. O gene TULP3 foi identificado como um regulador mestre da transcrição em amostras de câncer pancreático. O valor prognóstico de TULP3 foi verificado através de análises de sobrevivência em três coortes independentes. Estas análises revelaram que pacientes com adenocarcinoma pancreático, exibindo altos níveis de expressão do gene TULP3, apresentam uma sobrevida global desfavorável. Os altos níveis transcricionais de TULP3 podem desempenhar um papel fundamental na progressão do adenocarcinoma pancreático e conduzir a um resultado clínico desfavorável. Contudo, este estudo destaca a potencial aplicação de TULP3 como um biomarcador de prognóstico clínico para pacientes com adenocarcinoma pancreático. / Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is world-wide recognized as an aggressive disease with poor prognosis in patients who did not undergo resection. Efforts to better comprehend the biological mechanisms of pancreatic cancer are needed to enable the identification of novel molecular markers and therapeutic targets for improving early diagnosis and treatment. Transcription factors are the final effectors of signaling pathways and regulate a number of cellular functions. Changes in expression of transcription factors may contribute to cellular transformation and tumor progression. Thus, the aim of the present study was to identify transcriptional master regulators potentially involved in pancreatic cancer disease. To achieve this goal, we utilized microarray data to associate master regulators with tumor phenotype. Analyses were performed with RTN, Limma, and Survival packages at R environment. We identified TULP3 as a master regulator of transcription in pancreatic cancer samples. TULP3 prognostic value was accessed in three independent cohort analyses. Our data demonstrate that patients with pancreatic cancer, exhibiting high TULP3 transcriptional levels, show a poor overall survival. High levels of TULP3 expression may play an essential role in pancreatic cancer progression and lead to poor clinical outcome. Our results highlight the potential use of TULP3 as a clinical prognostic biomarker for pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

The physiological process of cold acclimation protects plants native to the temperate regions of the world from the deleterious effects of low and freezing temperatures. This is achieved by a series of transcriptional, regulatory, and metabolic changes that enable continued growth and survival. Within minutes of exposure to temperatures below ca. 10°C, a complex cascade of transcriptional events is initiated to accomplish these changes. The initial alarm phase favors the rapid induction of a library of stress proteins with protective functions (e.g. COR proteins). This is followed by a cold hardened phase, characterized by maximal freezing tolerance, which continues until either the stress is removed, or the plant's metabolic and/or developmental state can no longer support maximal resistance. We have studied some of the important transcription factors and transcriptional changes associated with the initial alarm and later hardened phases of cold acclimation in the herbaceous annual Arabidopsis thaliana and the woody perennial Populus spp. We confirmed the functionality of the CBF-mediated signaling cascade in Poplar overexpressing AtCBF1, but noted that regulon composition and endogenous poplar CBF ortholog induction appeared to be tissue-specific. The lack of statistically significant DRE enrichment in the Poplar AtCBF1 regulons led us to investige cis-element abundance in the cold-associated transcription factor regulons of publicly available microarray data from Arabidopsis, leading to the development of a gene voting method of microarray analysis that we used to test for regulatory associations between transcription factors and their downstream cis-elements and gene targets. This analysis resulted in a new transcriptional model of the ICE1-mediated signaling cascade and implicated a role for phytochrome A. Application of this same method to microarray data from arabidopsis leaves developed at low temperature allowed us to identify a new cis-element, called DDT, which possessed enhancer-blocking function during the alarm stage of cold stress, but was enriched in the promoters of genes upregulated during the later cold hardened stages. As leaf growth and development at low temperature correlated with the enhancement freeze tolerance in Arabidopsis, we compared the transcriptomes of rapidly growing and fully grown poplar leaves at night (when both low temperatures and PhyA status might play important roles in nature), in the hopes of comparing this data with that of cold-treated leaves in the future. We identified the nocturnal mode of leaf growth in Populus deltoides as predominantly proliferative as opposed to expansive, and potentially linked to cellular carbohydrate status.

O adenocarcinoma de ducto pancreático é reconhecido mundialmente como uma doença extremamente agressiva a qual apresenta um prognóstico desfavorável para pacientes sem cirurgia de ressecção. Portanto, é fundamental ampliar o conhecimento sobre os mecanismos biológicos envolvidos no câncer pancreático a fim de permitir a identificação de marcadores moleculares e alvos terapêuticos com o intuito de melhorar o diagnóstico precoce e tratamento. Os fatores de transcrição, reconhecidos por serem os efetores finais de vias de sinalização, regulam diversas funções celulares e, alterações na expressão transcricional destes podem contribuir para a transformação celular bem como para a progressão tumoral. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar os reguladores mestres da transcrição, possivelmente envolvidos no câncer pancreático. Para tanto, utilizamos dados de microarranjos para associar os reguladores mestres com o fenótipo tumoral. As análises foram realizadas no ambiente estatístico R utilizando os pacotes RTN, Limma e Survival. O gene TULP3 foi identificado como um regulador mestre da transcrição em amostras de câncer pancreático. O valor prognóstico de TULP3 foi verificado através de análises de sobrevivência em três coortes independentes. Estas análises revelaram que pacientes com adenocarcinoma pancreático, exibindo altos níveis de expressão do gene TULP3, apresentam uma sobrevida global desfavorável. Os altos níveis transcricionais de TULP3 podem desempenhar um papel fundamental na progressão do adenocarcinoma pancreático e conduzir a um resultado clínico desfavorável. Contudo, este estudo destaca a potencial aplicação de TULP3 como um biomarcador de prognóstico clínico para pacientes com adenocarcinoma pancreático. / Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is world-wide recognized as an aggressive disease with poor prognosis in patients who did not undergo resection. Efforts to better comprehend the biological mechanisms of pancreatic cancer are needed to enable the identification of novel molecular markers and therapeutic targets for improving early diagnosis and treatment. Transcription factors are the final effectors of signaling pathways and regulate a number of cellular functions. Changes in expression of transcription factors may contribute to cellular transformation and tumor progression. Thus, the aim of the present study was to identify transcriptional master regulators potentially involved in pancreatic cancer disease. To achieve this goal, we utilized microarray data to associate master regulators with tumor phenotype. Analyses were performed with RTN, Limma, and Survival packages at R environment. We identified TULP3 as a master regulator of transcription in pancreatic cancer samples. TULP3 prognostic value was accessed in three independent cohort analyses. Our data demonstrate that patients with pancreatic cancer, exhibiting high TULP3 transcriptional levels, show a poor overall survival. High levels of TULP3 expression may play an essential role in pancreatic cancer progression and lead to poor clinical outcome. Our results highlight the potential use of TULP3 as a clinical prognostic biomarker for pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

O adenocarcinoma de ducto pancreático é reconhecido mundialmente como uma doença extremamente agressiva a qual apresenta um prognóstico desfavorável para pacientes sem cirurgia de ressecção. Portanto, é fundamental ampliar o conhecimento sobre os mecanismos biológicos envolvidos no câncer pancreático a fim de permitir a identificação de marcadores moleculares e alvos terapêuticos com o intuito de melhorar o diagnóstico precoce e tratamento. Os fatores de transcrição, reconhecidos por serem os efetores finais de vias de sinalização, regulam diversas funções celulares e, alterações na expressão transcricional destes podem contribuir para a transformação celular bem como para a progressão tumoral. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar os reguladores mestres da transcrição, possivelmente envolvidos no câncer pancreático. Para tanto, utilizamos dados de microarranjos para associar os reguladores mestres com o fenótipo tumoral. As análises foram realizadas no ambiente estatístico R utilizando os pacotes RTN, Limma e Survival. O gene TULP3 foi identificado como um regulador mestre da transcrição em amostras de câncer pancreático. O valor prognóstico de TULP3 foi verificado através de análises de sobrevivência em três coortes independentes. Estas análises revelaram que pacientes com adenocarcinoma pancreático, exibindo altos níveis de expressão do gene TULP3, apresentam uma sobrevida global desfavorável. Os altos níveis transcricionais de TULP3 podem desempenhar um papel fundamental na progressão do adenocarcinoma pancreático e conduzir a um resultado clínico desfavorável. Contudo, este estudo destaca a potencial aplicação de TULP3 como um biomarcador de prognóstico clínico para pacientes com adenocarcinoma pancreático. / Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is world-wide recognized as an aggressive disease with poor prognosis in patients who did not undergo resection. Efforts to better comprehend the biological mechanisms of pancreatic cancer are needed to enable the identification of novel molecular markers and therapeutic targets for improving early diagnosis and treatment. Transcription factors are the final effectors of signaling pathways and regulate a number of cellular functions. Changes in expression of transcription factors may contribute to cellular transformation and tumor progression. Thus, the aim of the present study was to identify transcriptional master regulators potentially involved in pancreatic cancer disease. To achieve this goal, we utilized microarray data to associate master regulators with tumor phenotype. Analyses were performed with RTN, Limma, and Survival packages at R environment. We identified TULP3 as a master regulator of transcription in pancreatic cancer samples. TULP3 prognostic value was accessed in three independent cohort analyses. Our data demonstrate that patients with pancreatic cancer, exhibiting high TULP3 transcriptional levels, show a poor overall survival. High levels of TULP3 expression may play an essential role in pancreatic cancer progression and lead to poor clinical outcome. Our results highlight the potential use of TULP3 as a clinical prognostic biomarker for pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Phosphate is an essential nutrient for all forms of life. Escherichia coli has a PhoR/PhoB two component regulatory system that controls the expression of various genes whose products allow the cell to thrive in low phosphate environments. The signaling mechanism of the PhoR/PhoB system has been studied and the phosphorylation cascade that controls gene expression is well understood. What is still unknown is how PhoR senses the phosphate level of the environment. The PstS, PstC, PstA, PstB, and PhoU proteins play a role in this signal sensing. This work confirms the hypothesis that the PstSCAB complex senses the environmental phosphate and that phosphate signal is passed through PhoU to PhoR. Further, this work characterizes residues important for interaction on PhoU and PhoR and identifies a structural model for interaction. This model points to a potential mechanism for PhoU mediated signaling to PhoR. We tested this model with direct coupling analysis and obtained further confirmation. Further use of these techniques may elucidate more of the interactions necessary for proper phosphate signaling.

<p>Regulatory interactions evolve to incorporate new genomic material and contribute to bacterial diversity. These regulatory interactions are flexible and likely provide bacteria with a means of rapid environmental adaptation. In this thesis, the RpoS regulon is used as a model system to investigate the hypothesis that regulon composition and expression are modified according to environmental pressures. Several novel findings are presented, namely the distribution of RpoS homologs in bacteria, the flexibility of the RpoS regulon, and the effect of diverse environmental pressures on RpoS regulon expression. Based on phylogenetic and reciprocal best hits analyses, RpoS was determined to be conserved in gamma-, beta-, and delta-proteobacteria, likely because it confers a selective advantage in many bacterial niches. Regulon composition, however, was highly flexible. Even between species of the same class, <em>Escherichia coli</em> and <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em>, only 12 of 50 orthologs were regulated in common by RpoS. RpoS regulon flexibility may thus be the result of adaptation to different bacterial habitats. Indeed, mutations in <em>rpoS</em> and differential regulon expression could be identified among environmental <em>E. coli</em> isolates collected from diverse sources. Among environmental <em>E. coli</em> isolates, RpoS mutant frequency was found to be 0.3%, and activity of KatE, a prototypical RpoS regulon member, was undetectable in some isolates despite the presence of functional RpoS. Modulated RpoS regulon expression among environmental <em>E. coli</em> isolates is consistent with environment as a key factor shaping regulatory interactions. Regulon flexibility was similarly apparent in oxidative stress regulons, OxyR and SoxRS, of <em>E. coli</em>. SoxRS regulon function is weakly conserved, possibly due to low selective pressure for a superoxide stress response regulon in some bacterial species. Environment, therefore, is a crucial element that defines the dynamics of regulatory networks.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Les souches d’Escherichia coli pathogènes aviaires (APEC) sont responsables d’infections respiratoires et de septicémies chez la volaille. Le régulon Pho est contrôlé conjointement par le système à deux composantes PhoBR et par le système de transport spécifique du phosphate (Pst). Afin de déterminer l’implication de PhoBR et du système Pst dans la pathogenèse de la souche APEC O78 χ7122, différentes souche mutantes phoBR et pst ont été testées pour divers traits de virulence in vivo et in vitro. Les mutations menant à l’activation constitutive du régulon Pho rendaient les souches plus sensibles au peroxyde d’hydrogène et au sérum de lapin comparativement à la souche sauvage. De plus, l’expression des fimbriae de type 1 était affectée chez ces souches. L’ensemble des mutants Pho-constitutifs étaient aussi significativement moins virulents que la souche sauvage dans un modèle de coinfection de poulet, incluant les souches avec un système Pst fonctionnel. De plus, l’inactivation du régulateur PhoB chez un mutant Pst restaure la virulence. Par ailleurs, l’inactivation de PhoB n’affecte pas la virulence de la souche χ7122 dans notre modèle. De manière intéressante, le degré d’atténuation des souches mutantes corrèle directement avec le niveau d’activation du régulon Pho. Globalement, les résultats indiquent que l’activation du régulon Pho plutôt que le transport du phosphate via le système Pst joue un rôle majeur dans l’atténuation des APEC. / Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strains are associated with respiratory infections and septicemia in poultry. The Pho regulon is jointly controlled by the two-component regulatory system PhoBR and by the phosphate-specific transport (Pst) system. To determine the involvement of the PhoBR regulon and the Pst system in the pathogenesis of the APEC O78 strain χ7122, different phoBR and pst mutant strains were tested for in vivo and in vitro virulence traits. Mutations resulting in constitutive activation of the Pho regulon rendered strains more sensitive than the wild-type to hydrogen peroxide and to the bactericidal effects of rabbit serum. In addition, production of type 1 fimbriae was also impaired in these strains. Using a chicken competitive infection model, all PhoB constitutive mutants were out-competed by the wild-type parent, including strains containing a functional Pst system. In addition, cumulative inactivation of the Pst system and the PhoB regulator resulted in a restoration of virulence. Loss of the PhoB regulator alone did not affect virulence in the chicken infection model. Interestingly, the level of attenuation of the mutant strains correlated directly with the level of activation of the Pho regulon. Overall, results indicate that activation of the Pho regulon rather than phosphate transport by the Pst system plays a major role in the attenuation of APEC.

Les souches d’Escherichia coli pathogènes aviaires (APEC) sont responsables d’infections respiratoires et de septicémies chez la volaille. Le régulon Pho est contrôlé conjointement par le système à deux composantes PhoBR et par le système de transport spécifique du phosphate (Pst). Afin de déterminer l’implication de PhoBR et du système Pst dans la pathogenèse de la souche APEC O78 χ7122, différentes souche mutantes phoBR et pst ont été testées pour divers traits de virulence in vivo et in vitro. Les mutations menant à l’activation constitutive du régulon Pho rendaient les souches plus sensibles au peroxyde d’hydrogène et au sérum de lapin comparativement à la souche sauvage. De plus, l’expression des fimbriae de type 1 était affectée chez ces souches. L’ensemble des mutants Pho-constitutifs étaient aussi significativement moins virulents que la souche sauvage dans un modèle de coinfection de poulet, incluant les souches avec un système Pst fonctionnel. De plus, l’inactivation du régulateur PhoB chez un mutant Pst restaure la virulence. Par ailleurs, l’inactivation de PhoB n’affecte pas la virulence de la souche χ7122 dans notre modèle. De manière intéressante, le degré d’atténuation des souches mutantes corrèle directement avec le niveau d’activation du régulon Pho. Globalement, les résultats indiquent que l’activation du régulon Pho plutôt que le transport du phosphate via le système Pst joue un rôle majeur dans l’atténuation des APEC. / Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strains are associated with respiratory infections and septicemia in poultry. The Pho regulon is jointly controlled by the two-component regulatory system PhoBR and by the phosphate-specific transport (Pst) system. To determine the involvement of the PhoBR regulon and the Pst system in the pathogenesis of the APEC O78 strain χ7122, different phoBR and pst mutant strains were tested for in vivo and in vitro virulence traits. Mutations resulting in constitutive activation of the Pho regulon rendered strains more sensitive than the wild-type to hydrogen peroxide and to the bactericidal effects of rabbit serum. In addition, production of type 1 fimbriae was also impaired in these strains. Using a chicken competitive infection model, all PhoB constitutive mutants were out-competed by the wild-type parent, including strains containing a functional Pst system. In addition, cumulative inactivation of the Pst system and the PhoB regulator resulted in a restoration of virulence. Loss of the PhoB regulator alone did not affect virulence in the chicken infection model. Interestingly, the level of attenuation of the mutant strains correlated directly with the level of activation of the Pho regulon. Overall, results indicate that activation of the Pho regulon rather than phosphate transport by the Pst system plays a major role in the attenuation of APEC.