by Chan Kwok-kwong Peter. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. / Bibliography: leaves 49-50. / Abstract --- p.ii / Table of Contents --- p.iii / preface --- p.iv / Chapter I. --- Introduction --- p.1-4 / Chapter II. --- principles of Reinsurance --- p.5-19 / Chapter III. --- Property Insurance --- p.20-29 / Chapter IV. --- Marine Cargo Insurance --- p.30-37 / Chapter V. --- Motor Insurance --- p.38-43 / Chapter VI. --- Summary and Conclusions --- p.44-45 / Chapter VII. --- Recommendations --- p.46-48 / Bibliography --- p.49-50

Many insurance and finance activities involve multiple risks. Dependence structures between different risks play an important role in both theoretical models and practical applications. However, stochastic and actuarial models with dependence are very challenging research topics. In most literature, only special dependence structures have been considered. However, most existing special dependence structures can be integrated into more-general contexts. This thesis is motivated by the desire to develop more-general dependence structures and to consider their applications. This thesis systematically studies different dependence notions and explores their applications in the fields of insurance and finance. It contributes to the current literature in the following three main respects. First, it introduces some dependence notions to actuarial science and initiates a new approach to studying optimal reinsurance problems. Second, it proposes new notions of dependence and provides a general context for the studies of optimal allocation problems in insurance and finance. Third, it builds the connections between copulas and the proposed dependence notions, thus enabling the constructions of the proposed dependence structures and enhancing their applicability in practice. The results derived in the thesis not only unify and generalize the existing studies of optimization problems in insurance and finance, but also admit promising applications in other fields, such as operations research and risk management.

Many insurance and finance activities involve multiple risks. Dependence structures between different risks play an important role in both theoretical models and practical applications. However, stochastic and actuarial models with dependence are very challenging research topics. In most literature, only special dependence structures have been considered. However, most existing special dependence structures can be integrated into more-general contexts. This thesis is motivated by the desire to develop more-general dependence structures and to consider their applications. This thesis systematically studies different dependence notions and explores their applications in the fields of insurance and finance. It contributes to the current literature in the following three main respects. First, it introduces some dependence notions to actuarial science and initiates a new approach to studying optimal reinsurance problems. Second, it proposes new notions of dependence and provides a general context for the studies of optimal allocation problems in insurance and finance. Third, it builds the connections between copulas and the proposed dependence notions, thus enabling the constructions of the proposed dependence structures and enhancing their applicability in practice. The results derived in the thesis not only unify and generalize the existing studies of optimization problems in insurance and finance, but also admit promising applications in other fields, such as operations research and risk management.

This dissertation discovers an important development in the life reinsurance market and investigates two problems behind the rapid growth of shadow insurance -- the motivation of shadow insurance activities and the underlying risks. The first part investigates why U.S. life insurance groups use shadow insurance, i.e., reinsure their risks using affiliated, unauthorized, and unrated off-balance-sheet entities rather than traditional reinsurers, and how such activities are allocated to individual group members. We find that regulatory arbitrage through shadow insurance activities is motivated by a large deviation from an insurance group's optimal capital structure and is primarily exercised by larger groups with relatively lower capital adequacy. Rather than smoothing capitalization across firms using affiliated reinsurers' capacity, insurance groups allocate the amount of shadow insurance to only a few highly leveraged, less capitalized, and larger life insurers within the group. The se / Business Administration/Risk Management and Insurance

Thesis deals with security characteristics, legislation, premiums and reinsurance treaty program. An important part of the thesis is to ensure the new arrangements. Here I highlighted the major changes that the new rules provide for entry into the field of insurance. Finally, the thesis focuses on the first specialized undertaking in the Czech Republic. Securing private insurance plays an irreplaceable role. Facilitates the distribution of insurance and reinsurance risks at the global level, increased insurance and reinsurance of the insurance and reinsurance capacity. Reinsurance is important because of the financial stability of insurance and reinsurance, it is an essential element in ensuring the financial soundness and stability of insurance markets.

Essay One examines the asymmetric information problem between primary insurers and reinsurers in the reinsurance industry and contributes uniquely to the separation of adverse selection from moral hazard, if both are present. A two-period principal-agent model is set up to identify the signals of adverse selection and moral hazard generated by the actions of the primary insurer and to provide a basis for corresponding hypotheses for empirical testing. Using data from the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC) and A.M. Best Company, the empirical tests show that the problem of adverse selection exists in the reinsurance market between the affiliated insurers and non-affiliated reinsurers, and even between closely related affiliated insurers and reinsurers. There is no evidence indicating the presence of moral hazard in the reinsurance market. To address the issue of soaring property insurance premiums and coverage availability in states that are subject to hurricane risks, state and federal governments have not only regulated the private insurance market but have also intervened directly into markets by establishing government-funded insurance programs. With coexisting public and private insurance mechanisms and price regulation, the risk of cross subsidization and a subsequent moral hazard problem may arise. By using data from the Florida Citizens Insurance Corporation, the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund, the Flood Insurance and the private homeowner insurance market in Florida from 1998 to 2007, the second essay examines the moral hazard problems arising from government regulation and involvement in the private insurance sector. In sum, the provision of national flood insurance is found to be positively related to the population growth in the state of Florida, which shows that state immigrants can take advantage of the lower cost of flood insurance when relocating in higher-risk areas. Further, we find that national flood insurance and the catastrophe fund complement the development of the private insurance sector, while the residual market hinders the development of private property insurance market.

The number of insurance company has grown rapidly in Taiwan due to insurance deregulation since 1992. The main challenge insurance industry face is the declination of profit due to the increasing of competitors. The operator of insurance company is able to face this question and offer the solution, then a company has better solvency. So we explore two issue, one is to investigate the relationship between asset risk and capital adjustment decision in Taiwan¡¦s life insurance industry from 1993 to 2005, and the other is to provide some empirical evidences of retention limit of excess of loss reinsurance in Taiwan¡¦s property insurance industry. In the first issue, a life insurance company is in less risk and has better solvency when it has more capital or higher ratio of capital; however, this also brings higher opportunity cost which means in long run, the average profit will be lower. There is no conclusion how to balance the relationship between capital adjustment and risk taking decision in life insurance industry though this topic is intensively discussed these days. Therefore, with the methodology of panel data threshold regression, we divide life insurance companies into two categories according to ¡§life insurance and annuity insurance premiums to total premiums ratio¡¨. One is life insurance Company of indemnification, and the other is the one of savings. In conclusion, we identify the negative correlation between capital ratio and risk of life insurance company of indemnification and the positive correlation between capital ratio and risk of life insurance company of savings. In the second issue, because of the increase of natural disaster in Taiwan recently, the property insurance company has to face what the reinsurance companies are not willing to underwriter, so excess of loss reinsurance has become the viable solution in Taiwan¡¦s property insurance industry. We apply extreme value theory to the tail of Taiwan property insurance claim for VaR estimation and calculate retention limit of excess of loss reinsurance. The empirical results show that the distribution of Taiwan property insurance claim is fat-tailed. We suggested using Generalized Pareto Distribution (GPD) to model the data with extreme loss and conclude retention limit of excess of loss reinsurance.

[pt] Nesta dissertação vamos estudar a teoria da ruína considerando o modelo clássico de risco coletivo desenvolvido por Cramér e Lundberg, no qual o número de indenizações que ocorrem até um período de tempo t é modelado por um processo de Poisson homogêneo. Podemos dizer que uma seguradora está em ruína se sua reserva ficar negativa em algum instante t. A probabilidade deste evento ocorrer é chamada de probabilidade de ruína. Devido à dificuldade de encontramos uma fórmula fechada para a probabilidade de ruína eventual de uma seguradora, apresentaremos alguns estimadores numéricos que constam na literatura para a probabilidade de ruína eventual. Também vamos mostrar nesse trabalho como um contrato de resseguro pode influenciar na probabilidade de ruína eventual de uma seguradora. A eficácia dos estimadores da probabilidade de ruína eventual é verificada com dados simulados, onde são assumidos diferentes modelos probabilísticos para as indenizações. / [en] In this dissertation we discuss the Ruin Theory, considering the classic collective risk model developed by Cramér and Lundberg, in which the number of claims that occur until a period of time t is modeled by a homogeneous Poisson process. We can say that an insurance company is in ruin if its reserve became negative at some instant t. The probability of this event to occur is called the ruin probability. Since it is difficult to find an explicit expression for the ruin probability of an insurance company, we present some numerical approaches for its estimation that are available in the literature. Also we show in this work how a reinsurance contract can alter the insurance company’s ruin probability. The effectiveness of the estimators of the ruin probabilities is verified with simulated data, where it is assumed different probabilist models for the claims.

This thesis examines the problem of impact of catastrophic natural events on insurance and reinsurance markets, with special focus on 2005 hurricane Katrina. It aims to analyze and evaluate the consequences of large scale economic loss on global insurance market. First part of the thesis describes the event and its implications. Impact on oil and gas industry and others is discussed. Main section is focused on repercussions of this event for both local and global insurance markets. Influence on selected subjects and new trends observable after Katrina are considered. Changes to alternative risk transfer instruments after 2005 are investigated.

The thesis deals with the theoretical and practical aspects of reinsurance. In the theoretical part the types and forms of reinsurance cover are described including the advantages and disadvantages for each one of them. The thesis also describes the reinsurance from the legal point of view and the explanation of contract clauses is included. Special accounting treatment of reinsurance is described and at the end is the practical part which deals with mapping of processes in the reinsurance department.