The supervisory relationship is reported to be fundamental in determining whether the goals of supervision are met. Its role is said to surpass any methods or approaches used (Kilminster and Jolly, 2000). In educational psychology the supervisory relationship with trainees has not been explored in any depth. This study aims to explore how both trainees and supervisors experience the relationship. An onus is placed on exploring the effective features of the relationship, with a view to enhance practice. In phase 1, interpretative methodology was applied to identify newly qualified educational psychologists’ experiences of their practicum based supervision when they were in year three of their training. Main themes described are participants needing to feel accepted by their supervisor, the supervisor acting from within professional, personal and nurturing based roles, feeling connected with the supervisor, being open and disclosing with the supervisor and how service culture impacts supervision. The power dynamic between trainee and supervisor appeared to significantly impact on key features of the relationship The themes from phase 1 were presented to supervisor participants in phase 2. Interpretative methodology was used to explore supervisors’ perceptions of these themes. Overall, supervisors appeared to like relationships which were mutual and reciprocal. Implications for practice are explored e.g. the need to facilitate authenticity and open dialogue in the relationship. Limitations of the study include 1) piloting the interview process with a non-educational psychology professional who does not have experience of the context of trainee educational psychology supervision 2) possible disadvantages of knowing some of my participants 3) accessing supervisory experiences related to just year 3 of training and 4) inconsistency in criteria for participation, i.e. not all participants had been working with the same supervisor or trainee for year both years 2 and 3 of the training programme.

Arguably, two conflicting norms may have been activated simultaneously for communal consumers in a service failure. The first norm focuses on self-obligation, that is, because s/he is my good friend, I have to tolerate his/her mistakes. The second norm focuses on other-obligation, that is, because s/he is my good friend, s/he has to provide me with good services. The relative salience of these two conflicting norms may influence communal consumers' dissatisfaction level to be different from exchange consumers. Building on the psychological contract theory (Rousseau 1989), it is proposed that promise breach type would reconcile the original prediction and the reverse finding in study 1. Specifically, communal (vs. exchange) consumers would be less dissatisfied in an implicit promise breach, but the reverse pattern would occur in an explicit promise breach. Moreover, self-construal would moderate the interactive relationship between relationship type and promise breach type on consumer dissatisfaction. In particular, the discrepancy in dissatisfaction between communal and exchange consumers would be larger for interdependents (vs. independents) in both implicit and explicit promise breach conditions. Two additional experimental studies with different consumption contexts provide convergent evidence of the proposed hypotheses. These results have broad implications for theory and practice, and point to fruitful opportunities for future research. / This dissertation examines the impact of relationship type on consumer dissatisfaction in service failures. According to the communal-exchange relationship framework (Clark and Mills 1979), whereas the central norm of communal relationships is to demonstrate a concern for others, that of exchange relationships is to give benefits to others with an expectation of immediate return. It follows that communal (vs. exchange) consumers would be less dissatisfied in service failures because enduring mistakes made by a service provider is more compatible with the communal (vs. exchange) central norm. Surprisingly, this argument was not supported and a reverse result was found in study 1. / Wan, Chun Ying. / Adviser: Hui King Man. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-09, Section: A, page: . / Thesis submitted in: December 2008. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 137-144). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest dissertations and theses, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

I explore the role of participants’ relationships with borrowers and lead arrangers in syndicated lending. I predict and find that these relationships mitigate the information asymmetry problems faced by participants with both borrowers and lead arrangers, and allow participants to take a larger share in the loan. In particular, participants with a borrower relationship take, on average, a 10% larger share of the loan, with the effect being more pronounced when the borrower is informationally opaque or less conservative in its accounting. Similarly, participants with a lead arranger relationship take, on average, a 9% larger share of the loan, with the effect being more pronounced: (i) when the borrower has engaged in accounting irregularities or covenant violations in the past, (ii) when the lead arranger is a repeat lender or a large lender, and (iii) when participants have limited information acquisition capacity. Furthermore, loans with a larger total share taken by participants with a borrower or lead arranger relationship are associated with a smaller lead arranger share, less concentrated loan syndicate structure, a lower loan spread, and a lower upfront fee, consistent with these relationships mitigating information asymmetry. Overall, my study sheds light on how participant-level relationship lending shapes debt contracting.

Uma amostra inicial de 60 crianças de 0-12 meses, inscritas em um Centro de Saúde que serve ao sub-distrito de Vila Madalena, São Paulo, foi acompanhada durante um ano através de visitas domiciliares, objetivando descrever suas casas, suas famílias e alguns aspectos do seu desenvolvimento. Vários recursos metodológicos foram usados na realização desta tarefa, incluindo observação direta, entrevistas semi- estruturas e escalas de desenvolvimento. Dados sobre o aleitamento materno (presença ou ausência de rotina, esquemas controlados pela mãe ou pela criança e idade do desmame) e sobre a idade da marcha independente foram analisados com relação a alguns aspectos da organização física e psicológica do ambiente doméstico, tais como: presença/ausência e característica de \"cantinho do bebê\" (sem berço/berço/berço ornamentado); nível de organização e ordenação do ambiente físico; presença/ausência de condições físicas e condições controladas pela mãe favorecedoras de comportamentos exploratórios (autonomia) da criança. Um esquema de análise é proposto no qual os conceitos de apego e autonomia, relativos à relação mãe-criança, são associados aos conceitos de \"lugar\" e \"espaço\", relativos à organização do ambiente doméstico; e ambas dimensões são compreendidas como expressão de um \"sistema de desenvolvimento que inclui a organização psicológica da díade mãe-criança e sua inerente suscetibilidade ao sistema de crenças e as condições de vida concretas nas quais o desenvolvimento ocorre. Uma comparação com as práticas de criação e a organização ambiental numa sociedade de caça-coleta (os !Kung do deserto de Kalahari) é usada para realçar o conceito de sistema de desenvolvimento. / An initial sample of 60 children aged 0-12 months, attending to a Public Health Center at V.Madalena, S.P., was followed during one year with home visits, aiming to describe their houses, their families and some aspects of their development. Several methodological resources were used to accomplish this task, including direct observation, semi­ structured interviews and developmental scales. Data on breastfeeding (presence or absence of routines, child/mother controled schedules and age of weaning) and on independent walking age were cross-analysed with some aspects of the physical and psychological organization of the home environment, such as: presence/absence and characteristics of a \"baby\'s corner\" (no cradle/ cradle/ ornamented cradle); level of organization and ordering of the physical environment; presence/absence of physical and of mother-controled conditions favouring exploratory behavior by the child. A scheme of analysis is proposed the concepts of attachment and autonomy, relative to the mother-child relationship, are linked to t he concepts of \"place\" and \"space\", relative to the organization of the home environment; and both these dimensions are understood as the \"developmental system\" including the basic expression of a psychobiological organization of the mother-child dyad and its inherent susceptibility to the belief systems and the concrete living conditions with in which development takes place . A comparison w it h t he childrearing practices and environmental organization in a hunter-gatherer society (the Kalahari !Kungs) is used to highlight the concept of developmental sytem.

L’objet de la présente étude est de comprendre comment une entité sociale devient partie prenante d’une entreprise. En effet, les différentes méthodes de détermination des parties prenantes sont critiquées sur leur portée heuristique. Une de ces nombreuses difficultés est leur incapacité à dire "qui" est partie prenante et "qui" ne l’est. Pour le dire autrement, la théorie des parties prenantes manque d’un critère de falsifiabilité. Dès lors, comprendre le processus par lequel une entité devient partie prenante revient implicitement à admettre que cette dernière au préalable ne l’est pas. De ce fait, étudier le processus par lequel un groupe d’individus devient partie prenante d’une entreprise revient à énoncer un critère de falsification puisqu’il devient possible de dire comment être partie prenante comment ne pas l’être. Telle est la problématique générale de ce projet de recherche.Pour comprendre ce processus, la réflexion part donc du postulat qu’une catégorie ne "nait" pas partie prenante mais le devient. La phase empirique de cette recherche repose sur une enquête multi cas. Trois entreprises sont étudiées. Les données traitées selon une analyse de contenu parviennent à faire ressortir une conception de l’entreprise comme nœud de quatre liens. Ces liens sont : un lien partenarial, un lien juridico-politique, un lien commercial et un lien sociétal. Selon le lien par lequel un individu ou un groupe d’individus est lié à l’organisation, il-cet individu- endosse un rôle particulier.Les personnes liées à l’entreprise par un lien partenarial sont des partenaires ou des contractants. Les individus liés à l’entreprise par le lien marchand sont des clients. Le lien juridico-politique met une personne en relation avec l’entreprise via des institutions judiciaires ou politiques. Les individus liés à l’entreprise par le lien sociétal sont des parties prenantes. Tout rôle étant provisoire, alors les individus sont provisoirement des parties prenantes. Le processus par lequel un groupe d’individus peut devenir partie prenante débute par la survenue d’un élément à enjeu (décision, comportement organisationnel). Le processus est aléatoire, imprévisible, contextuel et temporaire puisque tout acte de l’entreprise ne suscite pas de mobilisations. / The purpose of this study is to understand how a social entity becomes a stakeholder. The various methods of determining the stakeholders are criticized on their heuristic value. One of these problems is their inability to say "who" is a stakeholder and "who" is not. In other words, the stakeholder theory lacks a criterion of falsifiability. Therefore, understanding the process by which an entity becomes a stakeholder means that this entity is not a priori a stakeholder. Consequently, studying the process by which a group of individuals becomes a stakeholder of a company returns to state a criterion of falsification. This is the general problem of this research.To understand this process, it is said that any group cannot be considered at beginning as a stakeholder but it can become a stakeholder. The empirical phase is based on a multiple- case study. Three companies are studied. The study reveals three main results. First, the firm is seen as a four-relationship node. Second, all parties cannot be consider as stakeholders. Finally, according to the link through which an individual or group of individuals is related to the organization, it assumes a special role. These links are: the partnership relationship, the legal-political relationship, the commercial relationship and the societal relationship. Persons related to the company by a partnership relationship are partners. Individuals related to the company by the commercial relationship are clients. The legal and political relationship puts a person in connection with the company through legal or political institutions. Individuals related to the company by the societal relationship are stakeholders.The process by which a group of individuals can become stakeholders begins with the occurrence of an element in issue (decision, organizational behavior). The process is random, unpredictable, and temporary because any decision of a company do not cause mobilizations.

Tax authorities utilize a wide range of instruments to motivate honest taxpaying ranging from strict audits to fair procedures or personalized support, differing from country to country. However, little is known about how these different instruments and taxpayers' trust influence the generation of interaction climates between tax authorities and taxpayers, motivations to comply, and particularly, tax compliance. The present research examines the extended slippery slope framework (eSSF), which distinguishes tax authorities' instruments into different qualities of power of authority (coercive and legitimate) and trust in authorities (reasonbased and implicit), to shed light on the effect of differences between power and trust. We test eSSF assumptions with survey data from taxpayers from three culturally different countries (N = 700) who also vary concerning their perceptions of power, trust, interaction climates, and tax motivations. Results support assumptions of the eSSF. Across all countries, the relation of coercive power and tax compliance was mediated by implicit trust, which leads to an antagonistic climate and enforced motivation. The connection from legitimate power to tax compliance is partially mediated by reason-based trust. The relationship between implicit trust and tax compliance is mediated by a confidence climate and committed cooperation. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Uma amostra inicial de 60 crianças de 0-12 meses, inscritas em um Centro de Saúde que serve ao sub-distrito de Vila Madalena, São Paulo, foi acompanhada durante um ano através de visitas domiciliares, objetivando descrever suas casas, suas famílias e alguns aspectos do seu desenvolvimento. Vários recursos metodológicos foram usados na realização desta tarefa, incluindo observação direta, entrevistas semi- estruturas e escalas de desenvolvimento. Dados sobre o aleitamento materno (presença ou ausência de rotina, esquemas controlados pela mãe ou pela criança e idade do desmame) e sobre a idade da marcha independente foram analisados com relação a alguns aspectos da organização física e psicológica do ambiente doméstico, tais como: presença/ausência e característica de \"cantinho do bebê\" (sem berço/berço/berço ornamentado); nível de organização e ordenação do ambiente físico; presença/ausência de condições físicas e condições controladas pela mãe favorecedoras de comportamentos exploratórios (autonomia) da criança. Um esquema de análise é proposto no qual os conceitos de apego e autonomia, relativos à relação mãe-criança, são associados aos conceitos de \"lugar\" e \"espaço\", relativos à organização do ambiente doméstico; e ambas dimensões são compreendidas como expressão de um \"sistema de desenvolvimento que inclui a organização psicológica da díade mãe-criança e sua inerente suscetibilidade ao sistema de crenças e as condições de vida concretas nas quais o desenvolvimento ocorre. Uma comparação com as práticas de criação e a organização ambiental numa sociedade de caça-coleta (os !Kung do deserto de Kalahari) é usada para realçar o conceito de sistema de desenvolvimento. / An initial sample of 60 children aged 0-12 months, attending to a Public Health Center at V.Madalena, S.P., was followed during one year with home visits, aiming to describe their houses, their families and some aspects of their development. Several methodological resources were used to accomplish this task, including direct observation, semi­ structured interviews and developmental scales. Data on breastfeeding (presence or absence of routines, child/mother controled schedules and age of weaning) and on independent walking age were cross-analysed with some aspects of the physical and psychological organization of the home environment, such as: presence/absence and characteristics of a \"baby\'s corner\" (no cradle/ cradle/ ornamented cradle); level of organization and ordering of the physical environment; presence/absence of physical and of mother-controled conditions favouring exploratory behavior by the child. A scheme of analysis is proposed the concepts of attachment and autonomy, relative to the mother-child relationship, are linked to t he concepts of \"place\" and \"space\", relative to the organization of the home environment; and both these dimensions are understood as the \"developmental system\" including the basic expression of a psychobiological organization of the mother-child dyad and its inherent susceptibility to the belief systems and the concrete living conditions with in which development takes place . A comparison w it h t he childrearing practices and environmental organization in a hunter-gatherer society (the Kalahari !Kungs) is used to highlight the concept of developmental sytem.

This study empirically examines the dynamics and conditions of relationship conflict between supervisors and employees in Chinese State-Owned Enterprises. It proposes that relationship conflict has significant effects on leadership in Chinese SOEs, specifically, it threatens leader-member relationships, lowers the possibility of open-minded discussion, influences leadership effectiveness and prevents future collaboration. This study uses Deutsch’s (1973) theory of goal interdependence to understand relationship conflict between supervisors and employees. Specifically, it proposes that three types of goal interdependence affect the experience of relationship conflict and its outcomes. Cooperative goals compare to competitive and independent goals can help reduce relationship conflict between supervisors and employees and in turn lead to quality relationships, open-minded discussions, leader effectiveness, and confidence in future collaboration. A total of 103 face-to-face interviews were conducted in Nanjing and Guangzhou in mainland China, with all the participants from Chinese State-Owned Enterprises. Participants were asked to describe a specific incident in which they engaged in relationship conflict with their supervisors. Details of the incidents including the setting, what occurred, the reasons, and the consequences were also recorded during the interview. Participants also rated specific questions on 7-point Likert-type scale based on the recalled incidents. Results of structural equation modeling and other analyses support the hypotheses and provide statistical evidence to the proposed theoretical model that goal interdependence affects relationship conflict that influence several leadership constructs, named leader-member relationship, open-minded discussion, leadership effectiveness, and future collaboration. The model and the findings also help to broaden understanding of dynamics of relationship conflict and suggest ways it can be alleviated in order to strengthen organizational leadership.

The age of onset for eating disorders (anorexia and bulimia nervosa) among females is typically late adolescence. In the present study, it was hypothesized that the onset of eating disorders is related to the late-adolescent developmental task of identity development. Thirty-three late adolescent and young adult females who met DSM-III-R criteria for an eating disorder (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or eating disorder not otherwise specified) and 33 control females completed the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity status -- 2 (EOMEIS-2). Results of chi square analyses revealed no significant differences between eating disorder and control females with regard to status of identity development. However, when identity status subscale scores were treated as continuous variables, several significant between-group mean differences emerged. In line with expectations, eating disorder subjects scored higher on ideological diffusion and moratorium, and they scored lower on ideological achievement. Eating disorder subjects also scored higher on interpersonal diffusion and lower on interpersonal achievement. In addition, there were significant correlations between ideological diffusion and measures of depression and anxiety. Unexpectedly, there were also significant correlations between ideological moratorium and measures of depression, anxiety, social alienation, family discord, and borderline personality symptomatology. The possible implications of these results for understanding frequently occurring, co-morbid symptoms in eating disorder subjects are discussed.

Retention of first-year students was a problem at a private 4-year university in the Southeastern United States. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to examine the reasons entering first-year students who were part of the Promise Program withdrew from the university during their first year. Tinto's model of student attrition provided the conceptual framework for the study. Research questions addressed students' rationale for selecting the school, their perspectives on the main causes of first-year attrition, their expectations of campus support services, and their recommendations for how to decrease student attrition. Data were collected from semistructured interviews with 7 students from the spring 2016 and fall 2016 semesters. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed using manual coding and coding software. Findings indicated that students' sense of belonging was the most influential factor in their decision to withdraw from college. Recommendations included a training program for administrators and staff on customer service techniques. This study can bring positive social change to the profession by seeking out systemic changes to promote entering freshmen's college completion. Conclusively, the implications of positive social change is most benefical to students when more students are able to earn a degree, and better their livelihood. The university would benefit by graduating more students and the success of their college graduates could be seen as their own success of addressing student's social and academic needs. Finally, the positive social change for externalities would benefit from the investment in human beings and human capital as a critical input for change and innovations to society.