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FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / Amburana cearensis is a medicinal plant from Northeast Brazil popularly known as âcumaruâ. Its stem bark has an odor characteristic of the presence of coumarin, being used in alternative medicine for the treatment of bronchitis and asthma. The present study investigated the toxicity, as well as the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and smooth muscle relaxant activities of isokaempferide (IKPF, 3-metylflavonol) and amburoside A (AMB, phenolic glucoside), bioactive constituents of the plant. The intraperitoneal administration (ip) of IKPF or AMB, in single doses (50-200 mg/kg), showed low toxicity in mice. In primary hepatocyte cultures, only IKPF (100 ug/ml) reduced significantly the cellular viability, as assessed by the MTT test. ICPF and AMB (12.5- 50 mg/kg, ip) presented anti-inflammatory activities, observed initially by inhibitions of the carrageenan (Cg), prostraglandin E2 (PGE2), dextran (Dx), histamine or serotonin-induced paw edemas. Besides, IKPF and AMB (12.5 â 50 mg/kg) produced 39 and 50% reductions, respectively, of neutrophil migration as assessed by histopathological/morphometric analyses of the Cg-induced paw edema. The increase of vascular permeability induced by Dx in mice was also significantly inhibited by IKPF or AMB. Mice pretreatments (oral or ip) with IKPF or AMB (25 and 50 mg/kg) reduced peritoneal Cg or fMLP-induced leucocytes and neutrophil migrations. Also, IKPF and AMB partially prevented fMlP-induced neutrophil degranulation in human blood, as determined by the decrease in 66 and 52% of activities of the enzymes myeloperoxidase and elastase, respectively. The two compounds were not cytotoxic for neutrophil, as assessed by the MTT test. AMB showed hepatoprotective and antioxidant actions in the model of CCl4-induced liver toxicity in rats, as determined by the liver enzymes activity (AST and ALT), catalase, lipoperoxidation (TBARS assay), reduced glutathione, and histological analysis. In the isolated guinea pig trachea, IKPF (10-1000 Âg/ml) and AMB (10- 3000 Âg/ml) produced a concentration-dependent relaxation of the muscle precontracted by carbacol or KCl. The epithelium removal improved IKPF-induced relaxation, but did not alter the AMB effect. IKPF-induced relaxation was inhibited in 41% by L-NAME; 31 and 50% by ODQ (3 and 33 uM); 31% by propranolol and 37% by capsaicin. In the trachea pre-contracted by KCl (40 mM), the pre-incubation with glibenclamide or iberiotoxin, inhibited the IKPF-induced relaxation by 39% and 38%, respectively. On the other hand, 4-aminopyridine did not significantly influence the effect of IKPF. However, in the muscle pre-contracted with 120mM KCl the relaxant effect of IKPF was significantly reduced and not affected by glibenclamide. In conclusion, results showed that IKPF and AMB present anti-inflammatory, muscular relaxant and/or antioxidant activities, justifying the traditional use of Amburana cearensis in the treatment of respiratory tract diseases that present inflammation, oxidative stress, and bronchoconstriction as pathophysiological characteristics. / Amburana cearensis (Fabaceae) à uma Ãrvore da caatinga nordestina, mais conhecida popularmente como cumaru. Suas cascas (caule) possuem um cheiro caracterÃstico pela presenÃa de cumarina, e sÃo principalmente utilizadas no tratamento da bronquite, tosse e asma. O presente estudo procurou investigar os efeitos tÃxicos e as atividades antiinflamatÃria, antioxidante e relaxante muscular do isocampferÃdio (ICPF, 3-metilflavonol) e/ou do amburosÃdio A (AMB, glucosÃdio fenÃlico) isolados das cascas do caule de A. cearensis. A administraÃÃo intraperitoneal (i.p.) do ICPF ou do AMB em dose Ãnica (50 â 200 mg/kg) mostrou baixa toxicidade em camundongos. Na cultura primÃria de hepatÃcitos apenas o ICPF (100 Âg/ml) reduziu significativamente a viabilidade celular, determinada pelo teste do MTT. O ICPF e o AMB (12,5 â 50 mg/kg, i.p.) apresentaram atividade antiinflamatÃria, observada inicialmente pela inibiÃÃo do edema de pata induzido por carragenina-Cg, prostaglandina E2, dextrano-Dx, histamina ou serotonina e pela reduÃÃo em 39 e 50% respectivamente do infiltrado de neutrÃfilos verificada pela anÃlise histopatolÃgica/morfomÃtrica do edema induzido por Cg. O aumento da permeabilidade vascular induzido pelo Dx em camundongos, foi tambÃm significativamente inibido pelo ICPF ou AMB. O prÃ-tratamento (oral ou i.p.) dos animais com ICPF ou AMB (25 e 50mg/kg) causaram reduÃÃes tanto na migraÃÃo de leucÃcitos quanto neutrÃfilos induzida por Cg ou fMLP no peritÃnio de camundongos. O ICPF e o AMB preveniram parcialmente a degranulaÃÃo de neutrÃfilos humano induzida pelo fMLP, determinada pela reduÃÃo das atividades das enzimas mieloperoxidase e elastase em atà 66 e 52% respectivamente. Os compostos fenÃlicos em estudo nÃo foram citotÃxicos para neutrÃfilos (teste do MTT). O AMB mostrou uma aÃÃo hepatoprotetora/antioxidante no modelo de hepatotoxicidade induzida pelo CCl4 em ratos, determinada pelas enzimas hepÃticas (ALT e AST) e pela catalase, alÃm de TBARS, glutationa reduzida e anÃlise histopatolÃgica. Na traquÃia isolada de cobaia o ICPF (10 â 1000 ÂM) e o AMB (10 â 3000 ÂM) relaxaram de maneira concentraÃÃo-dependente o mÃsculo prÃ-contraÃdo pelo CCh ou KCl. A remoÃÃo do epitÃlio traqueal favoreceu o efeito relaxante do ICPF, mas nÃo modificou o efeito do AMB. O relaxamento induzido pelo ICPF foi inibido em 41% pelo L-NAME; 31 e 50% pelo ODQ (3 e 33 ÂM); 31 % pelo propranolol e 37 % pela capsaicina. Na traquÃia prÃ-contraida pelo KCl (40 mM) a glibenclamida (GLB) ou iberiotoxina reduziram o efeito relaxante do ICPF, enquanto no mÃsculo prÃ-contraÃdo pelo KCL 120mM o efeito do ICPF foi reduzido e nÃo foi afetado pela GLB. Portanto, os resultados apresentados mostram que o ICPF e o AMB possuem atividades antiinflamatÃria, relaxante muscular e antioxidante, o que justifica pelo menos em parte o uso tradicional de A. cearensis no tratamento de doenÃas respiratÃrias onde as caracterÃsticas fisiopatolÃgicas incluem inflamaÃÃo, estresse oxidativo e broncoconstriÃÃo.

Submitted by Clebson Anjos (clebson.leandro54@gmail.com) on 2016-03-30T17:14:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2235188 bytes, checksum: a2603a546030491976e0045d622aff17 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-30T17:14:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2235188 bytes, checksum: a2603a546030491976e0045d622aff17 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-11 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Piptadenia stipulacea (Benth.) Ducke (Fabaceae) is a typical tree of Caatinga, popularly known as “jurema-branca”, “jurema-malícia-da-serra”, “carcará” and “calumbi” and is popularly used as heling agent and antiinflamatory. From its aerial parts was isolated the flavonoid 4’,5,7-triidroxi-3,6-dimetoxiflavona (FGAL) that, in previous studies, inhibited both CCh- and histamine-induced phasic contractions on guinea pig ileum. Thus, the aim of this work was to characterize its relaxant mechanism of action. Isotonic and isometric contractions were recorded to determine and compare the relative efficacy and potency. The myocites viability was measured by the MTT assay, and the cytosolic Ca2+ levels by the analysis of fluorescence of fluo-4. The flavonoid relaxed the ileum pre-contracted with KCl 40 mM (EC50 = 2.6 ± 0.5 x 10-6 M) or CCh 10-5 M (EC50 = 1.8 ± 0.4 x 10-6 M), being more potent when the ileum was pre-contracted with histamine 10-6 M (EC50 = 1.9 ± 0.4 x 10-7 M). In addition, the flavonoid righward shifted the cumulative concentration-response curves of histamine in a non-parallel manner, with maximum effect (Emax) reduction, presenting a profile of non-competitive pseudoirreversible antagonism. To verify if FGAL would inhibit the Ca2+ influx through the voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels (CaV), cumulative concentration-response curves of CaCl2 in depolarizing medium (70 mM KCl) nominally without Ca2+ were obtained in both the absence (control) and presence of different concentrations of FGAL. The flavonoid righward shifted the CaCl2 contraction curves in a non-parallel manner, with Emax reduction. Moreover, FGAL relaxed the pre-contracted ileum with S-(-)-Bay K8644 (3 x 10-7 M), a CaV1 agonist, but with lower potency than with KCl or histamine, indicating an indirect blockade of these channels. Then, in order to verify whether FGAL would be positivelly modulating the K+ channels to, indirectally, block the CaV1, it was employed CsCl, a non-selective K+ channels blocker. The relaxant potency of FGAL was attenauted in the presence of CsCl (EC50 = 1.1 ± 0.3 x 10-6 M) suggesting the involvement of these channels on this relaxant effect. In contrast, the relaxant potency of FGAL was not modified in the presence of apamin, SKCa blocker (EC50 = 1.6 ± 0.3 x 10-7 M), or TEA+ 1 mM, BKCa blocker (EC50 = 2.0 ± 1.0 x 10-7 M), discarding the participation of these subtypes of K+ channels. However, in the presence of 4-AP, KV blocker (EC50 = 1.8 ± 0.2 x 10-6 M), and glibenclamide, KATP blocker (EC50 = 1.5 ± 0.5 x 10-6 M), the relaxant potency of FGAL was attenuated about 10 and 8 times, respectively, confirming that FGAL positivelly modulates these subtypes of K+ channels to relax the guinea pig ileum. In the cellular experiments, the viability of intestinal myocytes was not altered in the presence of FGAL (10-4 M). Furthermore, the fluorescence intensity emmited by fluo-4 of myocytes stimulated with histamine was attenuated by FGAL as a result of [Ca2+]c reduction. Therefore, the relaxant mechanism of action of FGAL on guinea pig ileum involves the positive modulation of KV and KATP, which, indirectly, reduces the Ca2+ influx through CaV1, leading to the reduction of the cytosolic levels of this ion. / Piptadenia stipulacea (Benth.) Ducke (Fabaceae) é uma árvore típica da Caatinga, conhecida popularmente como “jurema-branca”, “jurema-malícia-da-serra”, “carcará” e “calumbi” e é popularmente utilizada como cicatrizante e anti-inflamatório. De suas partes aéreas foi isolado o flavonoide 4’,5,7-triidroxi-3,6-dimetoxiflavona (FGAL) que, em estudos anteriores, inibiu as contrações fásicas induzidas por carbacol (CCh) ou por histamina em íleo de cobaia. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar seu mecanismo de ação relaxante. As contrações isotônicas e isométricas foram monitoradas para determinar e comparar a eficácia e a potência relativas. A viabilidade dos miócitos do íleo foi medida utilizando o ensaio de MTT, e os níveis de Ca2+ citosólicos por meio da análise de fluorescência do fluo-4. FGAL relaxou o íleo pré-contraído com 40 mM de KCl (CE50 = 2,6 ± 0,5 x 10-6 M) ou com 10-5 M de CCh (CE50 = 1,8 ± 0,4 x 10-6 M), sendo mais potente quando o íleo foi pré-contraído com 10-6 M de histamina (CE50 = 1,9 ± 0,4 x 10-7 M). Além disso, o flavonoide deslocou para a direita as curvas concentração-resposta da histamina, de maneira não paralela com redução do efeito máximo (Emax), apresentando um perfil de antagonismo não competitivo pseudoirreversível. Para verificar se FGAL inibiria o influxo de Ca2+ pelos canais de cálcio dependentes de voltagem (CaV), foram obtidas curvas concentração-resposta cumulativas ao CaCl2 em meio despolarizante (KCl 70 mM) nominalmente sem Ca2+ na ausência (controle) e na presença de diferentes concentrações de FGAL. O flavonoide deslocou as curvas de contração do CaCl2 para a direita de maneira não paralela com redução do seu Emax. Além disso, FGAL relaxou o íleo pré-contraído com 3 x 10-7 M de S-(-)-Bay K8644, agonista dos CaV1, porém com menor potência do que com KCl ou histamina, indicando um bloqueio indireto desses canais. Assim, para verificar se FGAL modularia positivamente os canais de K+ para, indiretamente, bloquear os CaV1, utilizou-se o CsCl, bloqueador não seletivo dos canais de K+. FGAL teve sua potência relaxante atenuada na presença desse bloqueador (CE50 = 1,1 ± 0,3 x 10-6 M), sugerindo a participação desses canais no seu efeito relaxante. Diferentemente, a potência relaxante de FGAL não foi alterada na presença de apamina, bloqueador dos SKCa (CE50 = 1,6 ± 0,3 x 10-7 M), ou de TEA+ 1 mM, bloqueador dos BKCa (CE50 = 2,0 ± 1,0 x 10-7 M), descartando-se a participação desses subtipos de canais de K+. No entanto, na presença de 4-AP, bloqueador dos KV (CE50 = 1,8 ± 0,2 x 10-6 M), e de glibenclamida, bloqueador dos KATP (CE50 = 1,5 ± 0,5 x 10-6 M), a potência relaxante de FGAL foi atenuada cerca de 10 e 8 vezes, respectivamente, confirmando que FGAL modula positivamente esses subtipos de canais de K+ para relaxar o íleo de cobaia. Nos experimentos celulares, a viabilidade dos miócitos intestinais não foi alterada na presença de FGAL (10-4 M). Além disso, a intensidade de fluorescência emitida pelo fluo-4 complexado ao Ca2+ dos miócitos estimulados com histamina foi atenuada por FGAL, indicando que o flavonoide reduz a [Ca2+]c. Assim, o mecanismo de ação relaxante de FGAL em íleo de cobaia envolve a modulação positiva dos KV e dos KATP, o que, indiretamente, reduz o influxo de Ca2+ pelos CaV1, levando à redução dos níveis citosólicos desse íon.

La dysfonction endothéliale est associée à plusieurs pathologies, dont l'hypertension artérielle et l'insuffisance rénale chronique. Elle se caractérise par un déséquilibre dans la production des facteurs vasodilatateurs, vasoconstricteurs et de certaines cytokines. Chez le rat en insuffisance rénale chronique, la production du monoxyde d'azote (NO) est diminuée alors que la production de l'angiotensine II (Angll), de l'endothéline-1 (ET-1), du transforming growth factor-f31 (TGF-pl) et du tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) est a ugmentée. Le rôle exact de ces facteurs endothéliaux et de ces cytokines dans le développement de l'hypertension artérielle en insuffisance rénale chronique reste à élucider. À l'aide d'un inhibiteur de la synthèse du NO, nous avons développé un nouveau modèle d'hypertension maligne chez le rat. Nous avons démontré que le traitement avec le Nu-nitro-L-arginine-méthyl ester (L-NAME) induit une hypertension maligne dose-dépendante et des dommages vasculaires et rénaux caractéristiques de la néphroangiosclérose maligne chez le rat Harlan Sprague-Dawley. Nous avons démontré que le traitement de l'hypertension artérielle contribue à ralentir la progression de l'insuffisance rénale chronique et que le blocage des récepteurs ATi de l'AnglI permet d'obtenir une protection tissulaire à long terme. Nous avons également observé que la neutralisation du TNF-a prévient l'hypertension artérielle, l'inflammation et la fibrose rénale chez le rat rendu urémique par réduction de la masse rénale. Ces effets sont associés à une diminution de l'activation du NF-KB et de l'expression de MCP-1, ICAM-1 et VCAM-1 et de la production rénale du TGF-f31 et de 1ET-1. L'ensemble de ces résultats suggèrent que le TNF-a joue un rôle important dans l'inflammation, les dommages rénaux et l'hypertension artérielle associés à l'insuffisance rénale chronique.

Le vieillissement vasculaire est caractérisé par une dysfonction de l’endothélium. De nombreux facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire tels que l’obésité et l’hypertension prédisposent l’endothélium à un stress oxydant élevé aboutissant à une dysfonction endothéliale, celle-ci étant communément accompagnée d’une diminution de la biodisponibilité du monoxyde d’azote. Bien que la fonction endothéliale soit un déterminant majeur de la prédiction du risque cardiovasculaire des patients, son évaluation individuelle reste très limitée. En conséquence, il existe un intérêt scientifique grandissant pour la recherche de meilleurs biomarqueurs. L’Angiopoiétine like-2 (angptl2), une protéine identifiée récemment, joue un rôle pro-inflammatoire et pro-oxydant dans plusieurs désordres causés par une inflammation chronique allant de l’obésité à l’athérosclérose. L’inflammation et un stress oxydant accru ont été établis comme des mécanismes sous-jacents à l’apparition d’une dysfonction endothéliale, c’est pourquoi ce travail met l’accent sur le rôle de l’angptl2 dans la dysfonction endothéliale. Plus précisément, ce travail vise à: 1) déterminer les effets aigus de l’angptl2 sur la fonction endothéliale, 2) caractériser la fonction endothéliale et la contribution des différents facteurs relaxants dérivés de l'endothélium (EDRF) dans plusieurs lits vasculaires, et ce, dans un modèle de souris réprimant l’expression de l’angptl2 (knock-down, KD), et 3) examiner si l'absence d'expression angptl2 protège contre la dysfonction endothéliale induite par un régime riche en graisses (HFD) ou par perfusion d'angiotensine II (angII) chez la souris. Dans la première étude, l’incubation aigue avec de l’angptl2 recombinante induit une dysfonction endothéliale dans les artères fémorales isolées de souris de type sauvage (WT), probablement en raison d’une production accrue d'espèces réactives oxygénées. Les artères fémorales de souris angptl2 KD présentent une meilleure fonction endothéliale en comparaison aux souris WT, vraisemblablement par une plus grande contribution de la prostacycline dans la vasodilatation. Après 3 mois d’une diète HFD, les principaux EDRF respectifs des artères fémorales et mésentériques sont conservés uniquement dans les souris angptl2 KD. Cette préservation est associée à un meilleur profil métabolique, une moindre accumulation de triglycérides dans le foie et des adipocytes de plus petite taille. De plus, l’expression de gènes inflammatoires dans ces tissus adipeux n’est augmentée que chez les souris WT. Dans la seconde étude, l’absence d’angptl2 résulte en une production accrue de monoxyde d’azote dans les artères cérébrales isolées par rapport à celles des souris WT. La perfusion chronique d’angII provoque, seulement chez les souris WT, une dysfonction endothéliale cérébrale probablement par le biais d’une augmentation de la production d’espèces réactives oxygénées, probablement dérivé des NADPH oxydase 1 et 2, ainsi que l'augmentation des facteurs constricteurs dérivés de l’endothélium issus de la cyclo-oxygénase. En revanche, l’apocynine réduit la dilatation cérébrale chez les souris KD traitées à l’angII, ce qui suggère le recrutement potentiel d’une voie de signalisation compensatoire impliquant les NADPH oxydases et qui aurait un effet vaso-dilatateur. Ces études suggèrent fortement que l’angptl2 peut avoir un impact direct sur la fonction endothéliale par ses propriétés pro-inflammatoire et pro-oxydante. Dans une optique d’application à la pratique clinique, les niveaux sanguins d’angptl2 pourraient être un bon indicateur de la fonction endothéliale. / Vascular aging is characterized by changes in the endothelium. Common cardiovascular risk factors, including obesity and hypertension, predispose the endothelium to increased oxidative stress, leading to endothelial dysfunction commonly characterized by diminished nitric oxide bioavailability. Although endothelial function can be a major determinant of cardiovascular risk prediction in patients, individual testing is still limited in clinical settings and thus there is increasing scientific interest in finding better biomarkers. Angiopoietin like-2 (angptl2), a recently identified protein, is a pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative protein involved in chronic inflammatory disorders ranging from obesity to atherosclerosis. As inflammation and increased oxidative stress are established underlying mechanisms by which endothelial dysfunction occurs, this work focuses on the role of angptl2 in endothelial dysfunction, a topic that is largely unexplored. Specifically, this work aims to 1) determine the acute effects of angptl2 on endothelial function, 2) characterize endothelial function and contribution of different endothelium-derived relaxing factors in various vascular beds in a newly generated angptl2 knock-down (KD) mouse model, and 3) examine whether the lack of angptl2 expression protects against endothelial dysfunction induced by either a high-fat diet (HFD) or angiotensin II (angII) infusion in mice. In the first study, we show that a recombinant angptl2 acutely evokes endothelial dysfunction in the femoral artery isolated from wild-type (WT) mice, likely due to increased production of reactive oxygen species. Also in the femoral artery, angptl2 KD mice display better endothelial function compared to WT, which may be a result of greater prostacyclin contribution to vasodilation. After a 3-month HFD, the main respective endothelium-derived relaxing factors in the femoral and mesenteric arteries are preserved in angptl2 KD mice only, which was associated with a better metabolic profile, such as lower total cholesterol-to-high-density lipoprotein and low-density-to-high-density lipoprotein ratios compared to WT mice. After a HFD, KD mice have less triglyceride accumulation in the liver and smaller adipocytes in their mesenteric and epididymal white adipose tissues compared to WT mice, while inflammatory gene expressions in adipose tissues increase in WT mice only. In the second study, we reveal that the lack of angptl2 in KD mice results in greater nitric oxide production compared to WT mice in their isolated cerebral arteries. Chronic infusion of pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative angII results in cerebral endothelial dysfunction only in WT mice, which is acutely ameliorated with either N-acetylcysteine, apocynin, or indomethacin, suggesting increased reactive oxygen species, likely derived from the NADPH oxidases 1/2, and increased cyclooxygenase-derived endothelium-derived contracting factors. In contrast, apocynin reduces cerebral dilation in angII-treated KD mice, suggesting recruitment of a potential compensatory dilatory NADPH oxidase pathway. These studies are the first to explore angptl2 contribution to endothelial dysfunction in different vascular beds, and strongly suggest that angptl2 can directly impair endothelial function by its pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative properties. Translating this to the clinical setting, expression levels of angptl2 may be an indicator of endothelial function, and lowering angptl2 levels could become a potential therapeutic approach in the treatment of chronic inflammatory disorders including cardiovascular diseases.

Abstract The introduction of physiologically and therapeutically effective drugs in anaesthetic treatment has meant a significant change. Their discovery has thus contributed to a minimisation of their negative effects on a living organism. As a result, anaesthesiology has become more controllable and safer. These new drugs translate into more comfort for the patient in the course of anaesthesiology as well as his or her rapid recovery resulting in a shorter period of hospitalisation. The research of new physiologically and therapeutically effective substances is a pre-requisition of a potential higher standard of medical care. Older substances, e.g. Alkuronium and Gallamin, which, due to their undesirable effects, have come out of use, have lost their significance. Nowadays, these substances have been generally replaced by substances with an intermedial effect, e.g. Rokuronium and Cisatrakurium, which, compared with Alkuronium and Gallamin, show a minimum of undesirable effects. One of the foremost objectives of the current pharmaceutical research is to find a replacement of Sukcinylcholin, which, in spite of its known side effects, has had a non-substitutable position in urgent intubation. As a result, its use is limited to out-patient application and a certain selection of patient categories. Let us hope that we shall see a replacement of Sukcinylcholin being introduced in treatment in the near future. This would mean a final solution of problems arising from its side effects limiting its scope of application.

Les canaux potassiques sensibles à l’ATP (KATP) jouent un rôle primordial dans plusieurs processus cellulaires. La modulation de ces canaux par des molécules activatrices constituerait des applications pharmacologiques et médicinales très intéressantes. À cet effet nous avons conçu et synthétisé de nouvelles molécules hybrides cromakalim-diazoxide et diazoxide-amine/aminoacide. Nous avons également, évalué l’activité myorelaxante de ces composés sur l’aorte de rates. Les résultats obtenus ne montrent pas un effet myorelaxant significatif. Des études sur d’autres tissus, notamment les cellules β pancréatiques et le muscle utérin, sont envisagées afin d’explorer une éventuelle sélectivité tissulaire. Par ailleurs, les interactions protéine-protéine jouent un rôle fondamental dans presque tous les processus cellulaires. Elles sont fortement impliquées dans la formation de la structure dimérique de la protéase du VIH-1 et l’agrégation du peptide β amyloïde impliquée dans la maladie d’Alzheimer. L’inhibition de ces interactions serait donc d’un avantage thérapeutique pour le traitement du SIDA et de la maladie d’Alzheimer. Nous avons conçu et synthétisé d’une part, des pinces moléculaires à base de motifs carbonylhydrazides et oligohydrazides (Azatide), et d’autre part, des molécules pentapeptidiques avec un peudoaminoacide central alcoolfluoré. Enfin, nous avons testé la capacité des pinces moléculaires à perturber le feuillet β terminal de la PR du VIH-1 afin d'inhiber sa dimérisation et donc son activité. Nous avons réalisé de même une étude de relation structure-activité et d’après l’ensemble des résultats obtenus, il semblerait que la flexibilité est délétère pour l’activité inhibitrice. Nous avons également évalué la capacité des nouvelles molécules peptidomimétiques alcool fluorées à accélérer ou inhiber l’agrégation du peptide Aβ1-42 dans le but de diminuer la présence de petits oligomères neurotoxiques. Les résultats obtenus sont très prometteurs, nous avons réussi à développer d’une part un pentapeptide capable d’inhiber totalement l’agrégation de Aβ1-42, et d’autre part des pseudopentapeptides capables d’accélérer son agrégation. Nous avons aussi démontré l’influence de l’atome de fluor sur la structuration d’un pentapeptide. Des études par RMN et DC sont en cours. / ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP) play an important role in many cellular processes. The modulation of these channels by activating molecules may constitute very interesting pharmacological and medicinal applications. For this purpose, we have designed and synthesized new hybrid molecules cromakalim-diazoxide and diazoxide-amine/aminoacid. We also evaluated the relaxant activity of these compounds on aorta of rats. The obtained results do not show a significant relaxant effect. Studies on other tissues, including pancreatic  cells and uterine muscle, are envisaged to explore the potency of these compounds and their possible tissue selectivity.Otherwise, Protein-protein interactions play a fundamental role in almost all cellular processes. They are strongly involved in the formation of the dimeric structure of HIV-1 protease and β amyloid peptide aggregation involved in Alzheimer's disease. Inhibition of these interactions would be a therapeutic advantage for the treatment of AIDS and Alzheimer's disease. We designed and synthesized on one hand, molecular tongs based on carbonylhydrazide oligohydrazid (Azatide) fragments and in the other hand, pentapeptide molecules with a central fluorinated and hydroxylated aminoacid. Finally, we tested the ability of molecular tongs to disrupt the terminal β sheet of the HIV-1 PR to inhibit its dimerization and thus its activity. We have also conducted a structure-activity relationship study and According to the results it seems that flexibility is detrimental to the inhibitory activity. We evaluated as well the ability of new fluorinated and hydroxylated peptidomimetics to accelerate or inhibit the aggregation of Aβ1-42 peptide in order to reduce the presence of small toxic oligomers. The results are very promising that we succeeded in developing a pentapeptide able to completely inhibit the aggregation of Aβ1-42, and in the other hand pseudopentapeptides able to accelerate its aggregation. We also demonstrated the influence of fluorine on the structure of a pentapeptides. Studies by NMR and DC are in progress.