Les composites renforcés avec des nanotubes de carbone présentent un réel potentiel en terme de renforcement mécanique, d’amélioration de conductivités électrique et thermique des matériaux cependant les effets toxicologiques des nanotubes de carbone sur la santé humaine sont toujours à l’étude, et tout laisse à penser que ceux-ci feront prochainement l’objet de normes et autres législation. C’est pourquoi les fabricants de composites renforcés nanotubes de carbone ont tout intérêt à prendre les devants sur de futures législations en contrôlant le relargage de nanotubes isolés lors de différentes sollicitations de ces matériaux telles que la casse ou l’abrasion. Un bon état de dispersion des nanotubes au sein de la matrice est un paramètre qui améliore les performances du composite et que l’on suppose faire baisser le relargage de nanotubes de carbone isolé dans l’environnement. Le but final de cette étude est donc ici de savoir si la qualité de l’état de dispersion des nanotubes influe sur la nature des particules relarguées suite à une dégradation d’un composites. Il faut savoir si l’on a relargué des nanotubes isolés, ou bien des particules de polymère dans lesquelles des nanotubes seraient complètement enrobés, d’où l’intérêt de bien maitriser cette étape de dispersion. Pour contrôler la dispersion des nanotubes de carbone dans un système polymère, différentes méthode peuvent être utilisées, notamment la microscopie électronique (MEB et MET), mais également des méthodes telles que la caractérisation des propriétés mécaniques, la conductivité électrique, thermique ou encore la rhéologie des suspensions. Ces différentes méthodes étant plus ou moins efficaces et simple à mettre en œuvre pour indiquer si les nanotubes sont individuellement dispersés, en fagots, voire en agglomérats. Une fois l’état de dispersion des composites biens caractérisés, il s’agit de le corréler avec une prédisposition plus ou moins prononcée de ce nanocomposite au relargage. La théorie prédit que l’interface entre un nanotube et le polymère est supposé bien plus forte que celle entre un nanotube entouré par d’autres nanotubes au sein d’un agrégat. Des observations microscopiques de fractures ainsi que la caractérisation des particules relarguées lors des tests en abrasion standardisés (mesures granulométriques combinées à des observations par microscopie électronique) menées sur ces matériaux modèles permettent alors de confirmer les prédictions théoriques et de caractériser les particules relarguées en termes de taille, nombre et nature. Les résultats ne permettent pas d’affirmer que des nanotubes de carbone isolés sont relargués pendant la sollicitation mécanique des nanocomposites, quel que soit l’état de dispersion des nanotubes de carbone. En revanche, les interactions entre les particules de matrice polymère et les nanotubes de carbone observés sur celles-ci, apparaissent extrêmement dépendantes de cet état de dispersion. / Carbon nanotubes (CNT) reinforced polymer-based composites represent a significant opportunity in terms of mechanical reinforcement and electrical and thermal conductivity improvements. However specific issues for nanotubes and related composites on human health are still under studied. It is strongly expected that standards and regulations on carbon nanotubes and on carbon nanotubes composites should appear soon. Due to their high aspect ratio they could migrate into breathing apparatus (because of their small diameter) and remain stuck to the walls (due to their length) causing damages like pulmonary fibrosis or cancer. Exposition of human people to carbon nanotubes must be controlled and an occupational exposure limit must be defined. That is why suppliers of carbon nanotubes have large interest to predict rules in controlling carbon nanotube release during the use of materials prepared from nanotubes, especially under abrasion or other cyclic mechanical solicitations. A key point is to check if a good dispersion state is a required condition to decrease isolated carbon nanotubes release. As the dispersion state of carbon nanotubes in polymer-based nanocomposites was known and controlled, standardized abrasion tests were performed in a glove box in order to simulate the wear use of a nanocomposite during its lifecycle, i.e. to generate particles. Released particles were collected on TEM grids and by particle sizing devices and these ones were analyzed in term of number, size and nature thanks to different characterization methods. Granulometric data, TEM micrographs and EDX measurements were all performed and founded to be influenced by several parameters amongst which the carbon nanotubes dispersion state. Carbon nanotubes were found in the abraded particles but never isolated from other polymer particles but could be linked to released polymer particles via Van der Waals interactions and physical entanglement. It clearly appears that the dispersion state of CNT has an influence on the shape and the aspect of released particles.

No description available.

No description available.

La maladie cardiaque ischémique, la plus commune des maladies qui affectent le cœur, est encore aujourd’hui une importante cause de décès dans les pays industrialisés. Une réponse cardio-métabolique inflammatoire à un changement aigu initié par une modification du métabolisme énergétique du cœur ischémique est accentuée après que l’apport en oxygène ait été rétabli. Parmi les altérations délétères dans le myocarde qui en résultent, sont inclus l’accumulation d’acides gras non estérifiés (AGNE) ainsi que leur oxydation au détriment de l’utilisation du glucose, ce qui amplifie la génération d’espèces réactives de l’oxygène (ROS). Les tissus en périphérie du cœur tel que le tissu adipeux peuvent affecter l’étendue des blessures au myocarde par la relâche en circulation de substances bioactives comme les AGNE et l’adiponectine. Le CD36 est le principal facilitateur de l’entrée d’AGNE dans le cœur et les adipocytes et constitue une importante cible métabolique spécialement lors d’un stress d’ischémie-reperfusion (I/R). Il a été rapporté précédemment par notre groupe qu’un ligand synthétique et sélectif envers le CD36 exerce un effet protecteur puissant sur le système vasculaire. Cependant, aucune étude in vivo n’a rapporté d’effet cardioprotecteur de ligands sélectifs envers le CD36. Ainsi, ce projet visait à évaluer le rôle et possiblement l’effet cardioprotecteur de ligands sélectifs du récepteur CD36 sur la blessure au myocarde en I/R. Des souris CD36+/+ et CD36-/- ont été traitées quotidiennement avec le EP 80317, le CP-3(iv) ou le véhicule pendant 14 jours avant de subir la ligature temporaire de l’artère coronaire antérieure descendante gauche (LAD). Notre première étude a montré que le EP 80317 exerce un effet cardioprotecteur puissant tel que montré par la réduction de la surface des lésions et l’amélioration de la fonction cardiaque in vivo suivant la blessure au myocarde en I/R. De plus, le EP 80317 a réduit l’internalisation totale d’AGNE dans le myocarde, mesurée in vivo par l’imagerie métabolique cardiaque, en accord avec la diminution du niveau circulant d’AGNE. Une réduction de la lipolyse révélée par une perfusion de radiotraceur de palmitate et une augmentation du niveau d’expression de gènes adipogéniques et anti-lipolytiques appuient davantage l’effet du EP 80317 dans la prévention de la mobilisation délétère d’acides gras du tissu adipeux. Notre deuxième étude a investigué le mécanisme cardioprotecteur d’une nouvelle génération de ligands dotés d’une plus grande affinité de liaison envers le CD36. Cette étude a montré que le CP-3(iv) est aussi pourvu d’un puissant effet cardioprotecteur comme le montre la réduction de la taille de l’infarctus et l’amélioration de la fonction cardiaque post-I/R du myocarde qui est fonction d’une signalisation métabolique et anti-oxydante de l’adiponectine. En effet, l’augmentation des principales voies de signalisation régulant la sécrétion de l’adiponectine et des gènes antioxydants a été démontrée dans le tissu adipeux suivant l’I/R du myocarde et un traitement avec le CP-3(iv). L’activation de la protéine kinase B ou Akt dans le myocarde avec la diminution de la génération de ROS et de la signalisation de mort cellulaire appuient davantage le rôle cardioprotecteur du CP-3(iv) dans l’I/R du myocarde. En conclusion, le travail présenté dans cette thèse soutient qu’une signalisation du CD36 par le EP 80317 et le CP-3(iv) pourrait s’avérer être une nouvelle approche thérapeutique dans le traitement de la maladie cardiaque ischémique. Ces ligands synthétiques sélectifs envers le CD36 provoquent un effet salutaire sur le myocarde ischémique par le biais d’une amélioration du profil métabolique dans les premières heures de la reperfusion. Le EP 80317 réduit le niveau délétère d’AGNE et leur internalisation dans le cœur en situation d’excès, tandis que le CP-3(iv) augmente le niveau bénéfique d’adiponectine et son effet cardioprotecteur. / Ischaemic heart disease, the most common cause of heart disease, is still today a leading cause of mortality in industrialized countries. An inflammatory cardiometabolic response to acute changes elicited by energetic substrate shift in the ischemic heart is amplified once the oxygen supply is reinstated. Resulting deleterious alterations include increased myocardial accumulation of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and their oxidation at the expense of glucose, thus enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Peripheral tissues such as the adipose tissue can affect the extent of myocardial injury by releasing bioactive substances such as adiponectin and NEFA into the circulation. CD36 is the main facilitator of the entry of NEFA in the heart or adipocytes and constitutes an important metabolic target especially during an ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) stress. It was previously reported by our group that a selective synthetic ligand of CD36 exerts potent protective effects on the vasculature. However, no study has reported the in vivo cardioprotective effects of selective CD36 ligands. Thus, this project aimed to evaluate the role and possibly cardioprotective effects of selective CD36 receptor ligands on myocardial I/R injury. CD36+/+ and CD36-/- mice were pretreated with EP 80317, CP-3(iv) or vehicle for 14 days prior to undergoing a transient occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. Our first study showed that EP 80317 exerted potent cardioprotective effects as shown by reduced lesion area and ameliorated cardiac function following in vivo myocardial I/R injury. Furthermore, EP 80317 reduced total myocardial NEFA uptake, as assessed by in vivo metabolic cardiac imaging, in agreement with reduced levels of circulating NEFA. Reduced lipolysis revealed by palmitate radiotracer infusion and increased expression levels of adipogenic and anti-lipolytic genes further support an effect of EP 80317 in preventing deleterious fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue. Our second study investigated the cardioprotective mechanisms of a new generation of ligands with increased affinity towards CD36. This study showed that CP-3(iv) is also endowed of potent cardioprotective effects as shown by reduced infarct area and improved myocardial function following myocardial I/R injury which is mediated by an adiponectin metabolic and anti-oxidative signaling pathway. Indeed, main signaling pathways regulating adiponectin secretion and antioxidative genes were shown to be increased in adipose tissue following myocardial I/R and CP-3(iv) treatment. Myocardial protein kinase B or Akt activation along with reduced ROS generation and cell death signaling further support a cardioprotective role of CP-3(iv) in MI/R. In conclusion, work from this thesis support that CD36 signaling by EP 80317 and CP-3(iv) may constitute a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of ischemic heart disease. These synthetic CD36 selective ligands provoke salutary effects on ischaemic myocardium by means of an ameliorated metabolic profile in the first hours of reperfusion. EP 80317 reduces deleterious NEFA levels and their uptake into the heart in time of excess, while CP-3(iv) increases beneficial adiponectin level and its cardioprotective effects.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Ce travail a consisté à analyser, par des approches toxicocinétiques (TK) et mécanistiques, les effets oestrogéniques du Bisphenol A (BPA) sur un biomarqueur précoce et sensible : la sécrétion de l'hormone lutéinisante (LH) chez la brebis prépubère ovariectomisée. La plus faible concentration plasmatique en BPA induisant une inhibition de LH s'est avérée proche des concentrations maximales décrites chez l'Homme. Cette inhibition de LH pourrait impliquer une inhibition des systèmes neuronaux à kisspeptine. L'approche TK comparative d'espèces a montré que la clairance du BPA est toujours élevée, proche du débit sanguin hépatique. Pour une exposition à la dose journalière admissible, cette approche permet de prédire chez l'Homme des concentrations en BPA très inférieures à celles associées à une inhibition de LH dans notre modèle. / The goal of this thesis was to analyse through toxicokinetic (TK) and mechanistic approaches the estrogeno-mimetic effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on a precocious and sensitive biomarker: LH secretion in ovariectomized female lambs. The lowest plasma BPA concentrations associated to an inhibition of LH secretion appeared to be close to the highest one reported in human. LH suppression could be mediated by an inhibition of hypothalamic kisspeptin systems. The multispecies TK approach showed that BPA clearance is always high and equivalent to the liver blood flow. For an exposure scheme corresponding to the tolerable daily intake, this approach allows to predict human BPA concentration much lower than the one associated to LH inhibition in our highly sensitive lamb model.

O hipercortisolismo ACTH-dependente (HAD), também chamado de doença de Cushing, é uma das endocrinopatias mais comumente diagnosticadas na espécie canina. A sintomatologia clínica ocorre, secundariamente, aos efeitos gliconeogênicos, catabólicos, antiinflamatórios e imunossupressores dos glicocorticóides sobre vários sistemas orgânicos. Há uma marcante predisposição da doença na raça poodle e casos familiais têm sido diagnosticados sugerindo uma causa genética. As alterações moleculares que levam ao desenvolvimento do HAD em cães permanecem indefinidas. Dentre os genes implicados no desenvolvimento dos corticotrofos e na regulação do eixo corticotrófico, destacam-se o Tbx19 e o Crhr1, respectivamente. O Tbx19 é um fator de transcrição obrigatório para a transcrição do gene da proopiomelanocortina (POMC) e para a diferenciação terminal dos corticotrofos. Como está presente, exclusivamente, em corticotrofos normais e adenomatosos, foi proposto seu envolvimento na secreção excessiva de ACTH na doença de Cushing. A presença de CRHR1 nos corticotrofinomas na espécie humana e canina levantou a hipótese da sua participação na tumorigênese hipofisária, promovendo uma estimulação celular prolongada, mesmo na ausência de hormônios hipotalâmicos. Um aumento da expressão do CRHR1 foi demonstrado nos tumores corticotróficos, apesar da secreção autônoma de ACTH e dos níveis portais suprimidos de CRH em pacientes humanos e caninos com doença de Cushing. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram pesquisar a presença de mutações germinativas nas regiões codificadoras dos genes Tbx19 e Crhr1 em cães com HAD. Para tanto, estudamos 50 cães da raça poodle com hipercortisolismo ACTH-dependente (33 fêmeas e 17 machos), com idade média de 8,71 anos e 50 cães controle da mesma raça (32 fêmeas e 18 machos) com idade superior a 6 anos (média de 9,38 anos) e sem endocrinopatias. O DNA genômico foi extraído e amplificado através da reação de polimerização em cadeia (PCR), utilizando-se oligonucleotídeos (primers) específicos para os genes Tbx19 e Crhr1. Foi identificada uma nova variante alélica tanto no Tbx19 como no Crhr1, ambas não descritas na literatura. No gene Tbx19, a variante p. S343G foi encontrada em dois cães não aparentados, mas também em dois controles normais, sugerindo tratar-se de um novo polimorfismo. Já a variante p. V97M do Crhr1 foi encontrada, em heterozigose em um animal com HAD, porém não foi observada em cem alelos normais. O códon 97 está localizado no domínio extracelular aminoterminal do gene Crhr1, de extrema importância para a ligação com alta afinidade ao ligante. O estudo molecular da estrutura quartenária da proteína mutada, seguido da avaliação da energia de ligação da superfície de contato entre o hormônio e o receptor revelou um rearranjo estrutural com alteração da superfície de contato entre o CRH e o seu receptor CRHR1, resultando em uma energia de ligação 17% superior à do receptor selvagem. Em conclusão, esse estudo não identificou alterações no gene Tbx19 associadas ao hipercortisolismo ACTH-dependente canino, mas por outro lado, identificou pela primeira vez, uma mutação ativadora no Crhr1, provavelmente responsável pelo hipercortisolismo ACTH-dependente em um cão da raça poodle. / The ACTH-dependent hypercortisolism (ADH), also called Cushing\'s disease, is one of the most commonly diagnosed endocrine diseases in dogs. The symptoms occur due to glucocorticoids excess leading to gluconeogenic, catabolic, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects in multiple organs and systems. There is a high incidence of Cushing\'s disease in Poodles and familial disease has been identified suggesting a genetic involvement. The molecular changes that lead to the development of ACTH-dependent hypercortisolism in dogs remain undefined. Among genes implicated in corticotroph development and in corticotropic axis regulation, we would like to point out Tbx19 and Crhr1, respectively. Tbx19 gene is a transcription factor required for transcription of the proopiomelanocortin gene and for terminal differentiation of the corticotroph. Inactivating mutations in that gene are associated with human isolated ACTH deficiency. Since Tbx19 is present exclusively in normal and adenomatous corticotroph cells, its involvement in the secretion of ACTH in Cushing\'s disease was proposed. The presence of CRHR1 in corticotrophinomas in humans and dogs raised the possibility of its involvement in pituitary tumorigenesis, promoting prolonged cell stimulation, even in the absence of hypothalamic hormones. An increased expression of the CRHR1 mRNA was demonstrated in human and canine ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas, despite the autonomous ACTH secretion and the low portal levels of CRH. The aim of this study was to investigate Tbx19 and Crhr1 coding region mutations in Poodle dogs with ACTH-dependent hypercortisolism. We studied 50 Poodle dogs with ADH (33 females and 17 males) with a mean age of 8.71 years and 50 control dogs of the same breed (32 females and 18 males) older than 6 years (mean 9.38 years) and without endocrinopathies. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood, amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific intronic primers and submitted to automatic sequence. We identified a new allelic variant in the Tbx19 and Crhr1 coding regions. The allelic variant p. S343G in the Tbx19 gene was found in two unrelated dogs, but also in two normal controls, suggesting that this is a new polymorphism. The Crhr1 allelic variant p. V97M was found in heterozygosity in one animal with ACTH-dependent hypercortisolism, but was not observed in one hundred normal alleles. The codon 97 is located in the extracellular amino terminal domain of the Crhr1 and is extremely important for high affinity ligand binding. The molecular analysis of the quaternary structure of normal and mutated proteins, followed by evaluation of the binding energy of the contact surface between the hormone and the receptor showed a structural rearrangement of the mutated protein by changing the contact surface between the CRH and its receptor CRHR1, resulting in a binding energy 17% higher than the wild type. In conclusion, this study did not identify Tbx19 mutations associated with canine ACTH-dependent hypercortisolism, but on the other hand, we first identified a Crhr1 gain-of-function mutation probably responsible for ACTH-dependent hypercortisolism in a Poodle dog of our cohort.

Na busca por novos materiais doadores de óxido nítrico (NO), o presente trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de um filme à base de amido de mandioca, no qual foi incorporado um nitrosilo complexo de rutênio, e o estudo da liberação de NO nesse material. O nitrosilo complexo trans-[Ru(NH3)4(isn)NO](BF4)3 (RuNOisn; isn = isonicotinamida) apresenta a propriedade de liberar NO de forma controlada, por meio de fotólise (λirr = 310-370 nm) e de redução química. A incorporação desse complexo em filmes de amido foi realizada em condições brandas, resultando em um novo material para o armazenamento e liberação de NO, designado como CSx-RuNOisn. Os ensaios espectroscópicos indicaram que a esfera de coordenação do complexo RuNOisn permaneceu inalterada durante a produção dos filmes. A exposição de CSx-RuNOisn à luz (λirr = 355 nm) levou à liberação de NO e provavelmente à formação do fotoproduto trans [RuIII(NH3)4isn(H2O)]3+ no filme. A reação desse aquocomplexo de rutênio(III) com solução aquosa contendo nitrito de sódio regenerou o complexo de partida, RuNOisn. A identificação e quantificação do NO liberado durante a fotólise foi efetuada por meio da reação com oximioglobina. Durante o tempo de irradiação de 17 minutos, foram liberados 5,02 ± 0,12 μM de NO (10, 04 ± 0,24 nmol NO em 2 mL). Os ensaios de liberação de NO desencadeada por redução foram realizados utilizando-se L-cisteína como redutor. O fluxo de NO liberado a partir da reação com cisteína perdurou por mais de 7 horas, alcançando-se concentrações fisiologicamente relevantes, com fluxo médio de 1,9 pmol NO s-1 cm-2 de filme. Esse valor é comparável àquele produzido por células endoteliais, em que o fluxo de NO é de 1,67 pmol s-1 cm-2. Os resultados preliminares de degradação dos filmes in vivo sugerem que o material foi degradado pelo organismo em 30 dias. Todos os resultados alcançados sugerem que o filme CSx-RuNOisn é um candidato promissor para aplicações em meio biológico. Um novo complexo de rutênio contendo o ligante nitrosilsulfito (N(O)SO3 -) foi isolado, trans [Ru(NH3)4(isn)(N(O)SO3)](X) (isn = isonicotinamida, X = PF6- ou SiPF6 2-), e a sua estrutura cristalina determinada por difração de raio-X. A síntese desse complexo foi realizada por meio da reação entre trans-[Ru(NH3)4(isn)(NO)]3+ e íons sulfito (SO32-). O ataque nucleofílico do SO32- ocorreu no nitrogênio do ligante nitrosônio (NO) coordenado ao centro metálico de rutênio ([Ru-NO+]), originando o ligante O=N-SO3-: [RuNO+]3+ + SO32- →[Ru(N(O)SO3)]+. Observou-se que em meio aquoso, no intervalo de pH de 7,4 a 5,2 o complexo trans [Ru(NH3)4(isn)(N(O)SO3)]+ é estável, e a velocidade de decomposição (labilização do ligante isn) variou de k = 0,86 a 3,07 × 10-5 s-1. Em soluções mais ácidas (tampão ácido acético/acetato pH 4,2, 3,9, ou 1,0 M ácido trifluoroacético) o complexo trans-[Ru(NH3)4(isn)(N(O)SO3)]+ decompõe-se formando o respectivo nitrosilo complexo trans- [RuII(NH3)4(isn)NO+]3+. A reação do íon trans-[Ru(NH3)4(isn)(N(O)SO3)]+ com íons hidróxido (OH-) dá origem ao respectivo nitro complexo trans-[Ru(NH3)4(isn)(NO2)]+, que foi caracterizado por RMN de 15N e por espectroscopia eletrônica. As constantes de velocidade para essa reação são k = 6,16 ± 0,22 M-1 s-1 à T = 25oC, e k = 2,15 ± 0,07 M-1 s-1 à T = 15oC. A reação entre o nitrosilo complexo trans [RuII(NH3)4(isn)NO+]3+ e íons OH- também resulta na formação do nitro complexo trans-[Ru(NH3)4(isn)(NO2)]+. Neste caso, a constante de velocidade foi estimada entre k = 47-58 M-1 s-1 à T = 25oC, e o valor obtido experimentalmente à T = 15oC foi de k = 10,53 ± 0,29 M-1 s-1. O espectro eletrônico do íon complexo trans [Ru(NH3)4(isn)(N(O)SO3)]+ em meio aquoso apresentou uma banda larga com λ max = 362 nm (ε ∼6000 M-1 cm-1), atribuída por cálculos teóricos às seguintes transições: transferência de carga do metal para o ligante (TCML) Ru → N(O)SO3 e Ru → isn, e também d → d. Os ensaios preliminares de fotólise (λ irrad = 355 nm) do complexo trans[Ru(NH3)4(isn)(N(O)SO3)](PF6) em solução de tampão fosfato (pH 7,4) sugerem a formação das seguintes espécies nos intervalos iniciais de fotólise: i) NO, ii) SO3 •-, e iii) isn (labilizado do complexo). O mecanismo para a formação desses produtos ainda está sob investigação. / Aiming the production of new nitric oxide releasing materials (NORM), this work reports the development of a cassava starch based film, in which a ruthenium nitrosyl complex was impregnated, and evaluate the NO release from this film. Ruthenium nitrosyl complex trans-[Ru(NH3)4(isn)NO](BF4)3 (RuNOisn; isn = isonicotinamide) is able to release NO in a controlled manner through both photolysis (λirr = 310-370 nm) and chemical reduction. The incorporation of such complex into the starch-based films was performed under mild conditions, yielding a new material able to store and release NO, abbreviated as CSx-RuNOisn. Spectroscopic analysis of CSx-RuNOisn indicated that the coordination sphere of RuNOisn remained intact during film production. Exposure of CSx-RuNOisn to long wave UV-light (λirr = 355 nm) leads to NO release and likely to the formation of the paramagnetic photoproduct trans-[RuIII(NH3)4isn(H2O)]3+ in the film. Reaction of this aquoruthenium(III) complex with aqueous nitrite regenerates RuNOisn in the film. Delivery of NO upon photolysis of CSx-RuNO isn was verified and quantified by trapping with oxymyoglobin. The calculated concentration of NO released from the film was 5.02 ± 0.12 μM (10.04 ± 0.24 nmol NO in a 2 mL) after approximately 17 min of irradiation (500 laser pulses at 2 s intervals). Moreover, NO release upon chemical reduction was carried out using L-cysteine as a reductant. Cysteine-mediated NO delivery from CSx-RuNOisn persisted for more than 7 h, during which physiologically relevant NO concentrations were liberated (average flux of 1.9 pmol NO s-1 cm-2 of film). This value is comparable to that produced by endothelial cells (1.67 pmol s-1 cm-2). Preliminary results about the biodegradation of the films in vivo suggest that the films were completely absorbed by the organism in a period of 30 days. These results suggest that CSx-RuNOisn is a promising candidate for use in biological applications. A new nitrosylsulphito complex bearing the ligand (N(O)SO3-) was isolated, trans-[Ru(NH3)4(isn)(N(O)SO3)](X) (isn = isonicotinamide, X = PF6- or SiPF6-), and its structure was determined by X-Ray crystallography. This complex was obtained by the reaction between trans-[Ru(NH3)4(isn)(NO)]3+ and sulfite ions (SO32-). X-Ray results confirmed that the nucleophilic attack of the sulphite anion (SO32-) was on the nitrogen atom of the nitrosyl ligand (NO) coordinated to the ruthenium center ([Ru-NO+]), yielding the ligand O=N-SO3-: [RuNO+]3+ + SO32- → [Ru(N(O)SO3)]+. Complex trans- [Ru(NH3)4(isn)(N(O)SO3)]+ is stable in aqueous solution from pH 7.4 to 5.2, and the decomposition rates (k) (due to the isn labilization) are in the range of k = 0.86-3.07 × 10-5 s-1. In more acidic conditions, (acetate buffer pH 4.2, 3.9, and trifluoroacetic acid solution 1.0 M) complex trans-[Ru(NH3)4(isn)(N(O)SO3)]+ is converted into the respective nitrosyl trans-[RuII(NH3)4(isn)NO+]3+. Reaction of trans-[Ru(NH3)4(isn)(N(O)SO3)]+ and hydroxide ions (OH-) yielded the nitro complex trans-[Ru(NH3)4(isn)(NO2)]+, which was characterized by 15N NMR and electronic spectroscopy. Rate constants for such reaction are k = 6.16 ± 0.22 M-1 s-1 at 25oC, and k = 2.15 ± 0.07 M-1 s-1 at 15oC. In the case of complex trans-[RuII(NH3)4(isn)NO+]3+, its reaction with OH- also yield the nitro complex trans-[Ru(NH3)4(isn)(NO2)]+. The estimated rate constant for such reaction was k = 46.9-57.6 M-1 s-1 at 25oC, and the experimental value obtained at 15oC was k = 10.53 ± 0.29 M-1 s-1. The ion complex trans-[Ru(NH3)4(isn)(N(O)SO3)]+ showed an intense and broad band at 362 nm (ε∼6000 M-1 cm-1) in aqueous solutions, which was assigned by DFT calculations to the following transitions: metal to ligand charge transfer (MLCT) Ru→N(O)SO3 and Ru→isn, and d→d as well. Preliminary photolysis assays (λirrad = 355 nm) performed with complex trans-[Ru(NH3)4(isn)(N(O)SO3)](PF6) in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7,4) suggests that the following species have been formed (in the initial photolysis period): i) NO, ii) SO3•-, and iii) isn (labilized). The whole mechanism to yield such products is still under investigation.

INTRODUÇÃO: O diagnóstico diferencial da síndrome de Cushing (SC) ACTH-dependente é um dos maiores desafios da endocrinologia, devido ao comportamento clínico e laboratorial semelhante de alguns tumores carcinóides com a doença de Cushing (DC). Assim, testes dinâmicos de secreção de ACTH e cortisol têm sido utilizados com o objetivo de identificar respostas que sejam preditivas e específicas no diagnóstico diferencial. O padrão dessas respostas é atribuído à superexpressão de receptores; entretanto, poucos estudos foram realizados para comprovar tal associação. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se a secreção de ACTH e cortisol em resposta aos testes do CRH humano (hCRH), da desmopressina, e do peptídeo liberador do GH (GHRP-6) é dependente da magnitude de expressão dos seus respectivos receptores (CRHR1, AVPR1B e GHSR-1a) em amostras de tumores de pacientes portadores da SC ACTH-dependente. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: Entre 2002 e 2004, foram avaliados 22 pacientes (20 com DC e dois com Secreção Ectópica de ACTH [SEA], carcinóide de pulmão e timo), idade mediana de 32 anos (15-54 anos), sendo 18 do sexo feminino e quatro do sexo masculino, provenientes da Disciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Os pacientes foram submetidos aos testes do hCRH (100 µg), desmopressina (10 µg) e GHRP-6 (1 µg/kg) com dosagens de ACTH e cortisol e também de GH no caso do GHRP-6. Vinte e um indivíduos controles, pareados por sexo e idade, foram submetidos ao teste do GHRP-6. Durante o ato operatório, fragmentos de tumor foram coletados para posterior extração do RNA total. O estudo da expressão foi feito por meio de PCR quantitativo em tempo real dos genes CRHR1, AVPR1B e GHSR-1a em relação ao GAPDH. Fragmentos de tecidos normais (hipófise, pulmão e timo) procedentes de necropsias foram utilizados como controles. RESULTADOS: Observamos maior expressão de GHSR-1a nos pacientes responsivos ao GHRP-6, tanto naqueles com DC quanto no paciente com carcinóide pulmonar. Não houve maior expressão dos receptores CRHR1 e AVPR1B nos pacientes com DC responsivos aos respectivos testes, observando-se, no entanto, uma forte associação entre respostas in vivo e a expressão desses receptores nos pacientes com SEA. As concentrações de ACTH e cortisol induzidas pela administração de GHRP-6 foram mais elevadas nos pacientes com DC quando comparados aos controles, havendo, no entanto, superposição entre as respostas. Observamos também elevação dos níveis séricos de GH nos indivíduos controles e, em menor intensidade, nos pacientes com DC. CONCLUSÕES: Houve maior expressão do receptor GHSR-1a em pacientes com SC ACTH-dependente responsivos ao GHRP-6, estabelecendo-se uma relação direta entre a expressão do receptor e a resposta in vivo ao secretagogo, tanto em pacientes com DC quanto nos portadores de SEA. Uma associação entre a expressão dos receptores CRHR1 e AVPR1B com a resposta in vivo aos respectivos secretagogos foi observada nos pacientes com SEA e não nos pacientes com DC. Tendo em vista a resposta ao GHRP-6 em paciente com SEA, limita-se o uso desse peptídeo no diagnóstico diferencial da SC ACTH-dependente. / INTRODUCTION: The differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent Cushing\'s syndrome (CS) is one of the major challenges in endocrinology, especially in view of the similar clinical and laboratorial behavior between some carcinoid tumors and Cushing\'s disease (CD). Hence, dynamic tests of ACTH and cortisol release have been carried out with the aim to identify predictive and specific responses for this differential diagnosis. The pattern of the responses has been attributed to receptors overexpression, yet few studies have been undertaken to confirm such association. The aim of the present study was to verify whether ACTH and cortisol release in response to human CRH (hCRH), desmopressin, and GH releasing peptide (GHRP-6) depends on the magnitude of expression of their respective receptors (CRHR1, AVPR1B e GHSR-1a) in samples of tumors from patients with ACTH-dependent CS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty two patients (20 with CD and 2 with Ectopic ACTH Syndrome [EAS], lung and thymus carcinoid tumors) from the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism of University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, median age of 32 years (15-54 years), being 18 females and 4 males, were evaluated between 2002 and 2004. The patients were submitted to dynamic tests with hCRH (100 µg), desmopressin (10 µg) and GHRP-6 (1 µg/kg), with measurement of ACTH and cortisol levels, and also of GH in the case of GHRP-6 stimulation. Twenty one age and sex-matched controls were submitted to the GHRP-6 test. During surgery, tumor fragments were collected and subsequently processed for total mRNA extraction. Gene expression of CRHR1, AVPR1B and GHSR-1a relative to GAPDH was quantitated by real-time qPCR. Tissue samples of normal pituitary, lung and thymus from necropsy were used as controls. RESULTS: Greater expression of GHSR-1a was observed in patients responsive to the GHRP-6 test, both in those with CD and in the one with pulmonary carcinoid tumor. No enhanced expression of receptors CRHR1 and AVPR1B was found in CD patients responsive to the respective dynamic tests, yet there was a strong association between the in vivo responses and the expression of those receptors in the two patients with EAS. GHRP-6 -induced ACTH and cortisol release was more marked in patients with CD as compared with control individuals, but there was overlap of the responses. GH stimulation was observed in control individuals and, to a lesser extent, in patients with CD. CONCLUSIONS: There was greater expression of GHSR-1a in patients with ACTH-dependent CS who responded to GHRP-6, establishing a direct association between receptor gene expression and the in vivo response to the secretagogue in both CD patients and those with EAS. An association between expression of CRHR1 and AVPR1B and the in vivo response to the respective secretagogues was found in patients with EAS but not in those with CD. In view of the response to GHRP-6 in a patient with EAS, we considered the use of this peptide in the differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent CS of limited value.

Das translationell kotrollierte Tumorprotein (TCTP) ist ein bei Eukaryonten vorkommendes hochkonserviertes Protein, das eine Rolle bei der Pathogenese allergischer Erkrankungen spielt. Bei atopischen Kindern vermittelt es eine IgE abhängige Histaminfreisetzung aus basophilen Granulozyten. Die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen sind jedoch unklar. TCTP hat die Eigenschaft, an das Tubulin des Zytoskeletts der Zelle zu binden und besitzt eine hohe Affinität für Kalzium. Seine Synthese wird auf dem transkriptionellen und translationellen Niveau reguliert. Eine früher angenommene spezifische Funktion in Tumorzellen konnte nicht bestätigt werden. Das für TCTP kodierende Gen wird als TPT1 bezeichnet. Um die molekulare Basis für die Kontrolle der Synthese des TCTP zu verstehen, wurden in dieser Arbeit Struktur und Funktion des TPT1-Gens bei Mensch und Kaninchen untersucht. Erstmalig wurde die vollständige Struktur eines Säuger-TPT1-Gens durch Klonierung und Sequenzierung aufgeklärt und die funktionelle Rolle des Promotors analysiert. Das 3,8 kb große Kaninchengen wird durch fünf Introns unterbrochen, und kodiert für zwei mRNAs von 843 und 1163 nt, die sich in der Länge der 3' untranslatierten Region unterscheiden. Sie entstehen durch alternative Polyadenylierung. Vom Human-Gen wurden genomische Rekombinanten isoliert und seine vorläufige Struktur ermittelt. Es besitzt eine identische Intron/Exon Architektur und unterscheidet sich nur geringfügig in der Länge der Introns. Auch bei der Expression des Human-Gens entstehen zwei mRNAs. Hybridisierungsexperimente mit RNA aus 10 Kaninchen- und 50 Human-Geweben zeigten, daß beide TCTP mRNAs in allen untersuchten Geweben in ähnlichem Verhältnis zueinander exprimiert werden. Die Gesamtkonzentrationen der TCTP- mRNAs unterschied sich jedoch in verschiedenen Gewebegruppen bis zum Faktor 100. Dies deutet auf eine ausgeprägte Regulation der gewebsspezifischen Transkription hin. Die Promotorstrukturen von 1,2 kb 5'-flankierender Sequenzen des Kaninchen- Gens wurden mit Computerprogrammen auf Bindungsstellen für Transkriptionsfaktoren analysiert. Für funktionelle Aussagen wurden Promotorfragmente mit dem Chloramphenicol-Acetyltransferase-Gen (cat) gekoppelt und die Promotoraktivität durch Bestimmung der CAT-Enzymaktivität nach Zelltransfektionen ermittelt. Ein minimaler Promotor von 66 bp Länge, der eine TATA-Box enthält, konnte eingegrenzt werden. Die maximale Promotoraktivität, die 90% im Vergleich zum starken Thymidinkinase-Promotor betrug, war mit einem 290 bp langem Fragment assoziiert und enthielt eine SP-1, zwei AP-1/CREB und zwei ETS Bindungsstellen. Diese Konstellation ist ein häufiges Merkmal von Genen, die wie das TPT1-Gen durch Phorbolester und Lipopolysaccharide induzierbar sind. Im Sequenzbereich bis -160 sind die Promotoren des Human- und des Kaninchen-Gens sehr ähnlich (89% Homologie), alle Bindungsorte für Transkriptionsfaktoren sind hier konserviert. Weiterhin wurde im Kaninchengenom eine Vielzahl von prozessierten TPT1- Pseudogenen.gefunden. Sechs von ihnen und ihre genomisch-flankierenden Integrationsorte wurden sequenziert. Sie repräsentierten beide mRNA Typen und waren zu über 99% zu den korrespondierenden mRNAs homolog. Die Leserahmen aller Pseudogene waren intakt, bei zwei Pseudogenen war die Aminosäuresequenz sogar unverändert erhalten. Die durch CAT-Assays getestete Transkriptionsaktivität der 5'flankierenden Region eines Pseudogens zeigte eine Aktivität von über 15% gegenüber dem authentischen TPT1-Promotor. Dies ist ein Indiz für eine mögliche Expression von TPT1 Pseudogenen in vivo. / The translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) is a conserved eukaryotic protein, which is involved in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. In atopic children it has been reported to mediate histamine release from basophilic leukocytes in an IgE dependent way. The underlying mechanism, however, is unknown. TCTP is characterized by an efficient binding to tubulin of cytoskeletal structures and by a high calcium affinity. Its synthesis is regulated at the transcriptional and translational level. A specific function in tumor cells, which was assumed initially, could not be confirmed. The gene coding for TCTP is called TPT1. To understand the molecular basis for the control of TCTP expression structure and function of the human and rabbit TPT1 genes were investigated including their promoter regions. The first mammalian TPT1 gene (rabbit) was cloned and sequenced. It consists of 3.8 kb and is interrupted by five introns. Two mRNAs of 843 and 1163 nt length are transcribed differing in their 3'untranslated regions. They are generated by alternative polyadenylation. Furthermore genomic recombinants were isolated containing the human TPT1 gene and a preliminary structure of the gene was established. The human gene has the same intron/exon architecture as the rabbit gene just differing in the length of its introns. Human multi-tissue dotblots revealed an identical transcription pattern for both mRNAs. The concentration of the TCTP mRNAs differed up to the factor 100 between different tissues, indicating distinct tissue specificity in transcriptional control. 1.2 kb 5'flanking promoter structures were analyzed for transcription factor binding sites. For functional studies TPT1 promoter fragments were fused to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reportergene and assayed by cell transfection and CAT enzyme activity. A basic promoter of 66 bp length containing a TATA box could be defined. Maximal promoter activity of 90% compared to the strong thymidine kinase promoter was associated with a fragment of 290 bp containing a SP-1, two AP-1/CREB and two ETS binding sites. This is a common feature of genes like TPT1, which are inducible by phorbolesters and lipopolysaccharides. Furthermore, numerous processed TPT1 pseudogenes were found spread through the rabbit genome. Six pseudogenes and their flanking genomic integration sites were sequenced. They represented both mRNA types and were at least 99% homologous to the corresponding mRNAs. In all pseudogenes the open reading frames were retained and in two of them the original amino acid sequence was even conserved completely. The 5'flanking region of one pseudogene was tested for transcriptional activity by CAT assays and revealed an activity of about 15% of the authentical TPT1 promoter. This could suggest a possible expression of TPT1 pseudogenes in vivo.