Orientador: Reginaldo José Donatelli / Resumo: Devido ao desmatamento e perda de área, a Mata Atlântica e suas fisionomias têm sido alvo de diversos estudos sobre as comunidades de aves em diversos fragmentos. O atual estudo visou registrar a riqueza de aves presentes em dois fragmentos de mata estacional semidecidual: a RNNP Olavo Egydio Setúbal (OES) com 615 ha e no fragmento pertencente à fazenda Igurê (IGR) com 320 ha. Além da análise e comparação da estrutura da avifauna nos dois fragmentos a partir de dados como riqueza e abundância, foram também comparadas as categorias alimentares e estratos de forrageio em relação às riquezas e abundâncias registradas em estudos conduzidos anteriormente nas mesmas áreas. Os levantamentos foram realizados mensalmente em cada fragmento durante um período de 12 meses por meio da metodologia de pontos de contagem. Foi registrado um total 129 espécies de aves nas áreas de estudo, sendo 102 espécies em cada fragmento. Os índices de diversidade e equidistribuição apresentaram-se ligeiramente maiores na OES; ambos locais apresentaram maiores riquezas de espécies insetívoras seguidas por frugívoras; quanto às abundâncias, espécies insetívoras foram mais abundantes nos dois locais, porém, as espécies onívoras apresentaram uma maior abundância em relação a OES. Nos dois fragmentos foram registradas espécies endêmicas da Mata Atlântica e ameaçadas de extinção, sendo na OES 22 espécies endêmicas e duas ameaçadas e na IGR 16 endêmicas e duas ameaçadas. A comparação com estudos anteriores revel... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Due to deforestation and loss of area, the Atlantic Forest and its physiognomies have been the target of several studies on the bird communities in several fragments. The present study aimed to record the richness of birds present in two fragments of semideciduous seasonal forest: Olavo Egydio Setúbal (OES) with 615 ha and in the Igurê farm (IGR) with 320 ha. In addition to analyze and compare the structure of the avifauna in the two fragments from data such as richness and abundance, we also compared the food categories and forage strata in relation to the richness and abundance recorded in studies conducted previously in the same areas. The surveys were carried out monthly in each fragment during a period of 12 months using the methodology of counting points. A total of 129 bird species were recorded in the study areas, with 102 species in each fragment. The diversity and evenness indexes were slightly higher in OES; both sites presented higher richness of insectivorous species followed by frugivores; insectivorous species were more abundant in both sites, however, the omnivorous species in IGR presented a higher abundance in relation to OES. In both fragments endemic species of the Atlantic Forest and threatened with extinction were recorded, being in OES 22 endemic species and two endangered species and in IGR 16 endemic and two threatened. Comparison with previous studies revealed that the species that presented the greatest changes have a higher food specificity such as... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

A obesidade comum é atualmente um dos problemas de saúde pública mais importante no mundo, frequentemente associada a outros distúrbios tais como hipertensão, diabetes, doenças cardiovasculares e câncer. Apesar da alta prevalência de obesidade em diversas populações, muitos dos estudos relacionados aos seus fatores de risco genéticos foram realizados com indivíduos de ascendência europeia ou asiática, mas foram poucos os realizados com populações de origem africana ou nativas americanas. Nosso trabalho tem por objetivo geral investigar potenciais fatores de risco genéticos associados ao sobrepeso e à obesidade em populações afrodescendentes remanescentes de quilombos do Vale do Ribeira - SP, comunidades rurais semi-isoladas, previamente bem caracterizadas do ponto de vista clínico, genealógico e genético-populacional. Nossa amostra constituiu-se de 759 indivíduos, pertencentes a doze populações de remanescentes de quilombos (Abobral, São Pedro, Galvão, Ivaporunduva, Pedro Cubas, André Lopes, Nhunguara, Sapatu, Pilões, Maria Rosa, Poça e Reginaldo), dos quais foram obtidos amostras de DNA, dados clínicos, informações genealógicas e medidas antropométricas. A investigação dos fatores de risco genéticos associados ao sobrepeso/obesidade foi realizada por duas abordagens: (1) estudo de associação baseado em famílias (N = 584, 59 famílias) e (2) estudo de associação populacional com indivíduos não aparentados (N=305). Foram selecionados para estudo nove polimorfismos em oito genes candidatos: LEP rs2167270, LEPR rs1137101, ADRB2 rs1042713, PPARG rs1801282, PLIN1 rs2289487, RETN rs1862513, INSIG2 rs7566605, FTO rs1121980 e FTO rs1421085. As análises de associação baseadas em família indicaram que, nessas populações, apenas o polimorfismo PLIN1 rs2289487 está associado significativamente com o grupo de risco em relação à razão cintura-quadril (RCQ >=0,85 para mulheres e >=0,90 para homens; P=0,013). Aparentemente não existem trabalhos anteriores que verificaram a associação deste polimorfismo com a obesidade por essa metodologia. As análises do estudo populacional com indivíduos não aparentados mostraram associação significativa entre: (i) o alelo G no polimorfismo LEPR rs1137101 e a variação do índice de massa corporal (IMC; P=0,027); (ii) o alelo G do polimorfismo LEPR rs1137101 e o fenótipo de sobrepeso/obesidade (IMC>=25 Kg/m²; P=0,027); (iii) o alelo G no polimorfismo ADRB2 rs1042713 e o fenótipo de risco (IMC>=25 Kg/m²; P=0,029); (iv) o polimorfismo PLIN1 rs2289487 (genótipo GG) e os menores valores do IMC (P=0,025); (v) o polimorfismo FTO rs1121980 (alelo G) e o fenótipo de risco (IMC>=25 Kg/m²), assim como a variação do IMC (P=0,037 e P=0,022 respectivamente); e (vi) o alelo A no polimorfismo FTO rs1421085 e maiores valores da circunferência da cintura (Cc; P=0,016) e da razão cintura-quadril (RCQ; P=0,030). Tomados em conjunto, nossos resultados sugerem a participação dos genes LEP, LEPR, ADRB2, PLIN1 e FTO no aumento da predisposição ao sobrepeso e à obesidade nas populações remanescentes de quilombos. Por fim, as elevadas estimativas de herdabilidade dos três fenótipos investigados (IMC=33%, Cc=33% e RCQ=70%) reforçam a relevância do papel dos fatores genéticos no acúmulo de gordura corporal. O trabalho apresentado é resultado de uma investigação cuidadosa sobre os componentes genéticos associados à regulação do peso corporal em uma população brasileira afrodescendente (com características históricas, ambientais e genéticas peculiares), corroborando a hipótese de que a obesidade comum nas populações quilombolas do Vale do Ribeira é condicionada por um mecanismo poligênico modulado por fatores ambientais importantes como o sedentarismo e a transição nutricional / One of the main international health problems is the common obesity and it is frequently associated with other disorders such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Despite the high prevalence of obesity in many populations, most association studies related to genetic risk factors have been carried out in subjects of European or Asian ancestry, but few studies were performed in African or in Native American populations. The aim of our study was to investigate potential genetic risk factors related to overweight and obesity in African-derived quilombo remnants from Vale do Ribeira region - São Paulo, Brazil. These rural semi-isolated communities were previously well characterized in terms of clinical, genealogical and population data. Our sample was composed by 759 individuals belonging to twelve different quilombo remnants (Abobral, São Pedro, Galvão, Ivaporunduva, Pedro Cubas, André Lopes, Nhunguara, Sapatu, Pilões, Maria Rosa, Poça e Reginaldo), whose DNA samples, clinical data, pedigree information and anthropometrical measures were already collected. The analyses of genetic factors related to overweight and obesity were performed by means of two different approaches: (1) family-based association (N=584, 59 families), and (2) population-based association with non-related individuals (N=305). Nine polymorphisms in eight obesity candidate genes were selected: LEP rs2167270, LEPR rs1137101, ADRB2 rs1042713, PPARG rs1801282, PLIN1 rs2289487, RETN rs1862513, INSIG2 rs7566605, FTO rs1121980 and FTO rs1421085. The family-based association analyses showed that the risk allele G from PLIN1 rs2289487 is significantly associated with the risk group in relation to waist to rip ratio phenotype (WHR >=0.85 for women and >=0.90 for men; P=0.013). Apparently, there have been no previous studies that investigated the association of this polymorphism with obesity by means of this approach. The population-based study showed a significant association between: (i) the allele G of the polymorphism LEPR rs1137101 and body mass index variation (BMI; P=0.027); (ii) the allele G of the polymorphism LEPR rs1137101 and overweight/obesity phenotype (BMI>=25 Kg/m²; P=0.027); (iii) the allele G of the polymorphism ADRB2 rs1042713 and the group of risk in relation to BMI (BMI>=25 Kg/m²; P=0.029); (iv) the polymorphism PLIN1 rs2289487 (genotype GG) and the lower BMI values (P=0.025); (v) the polymorphism FTO rs1121980 (allele G) and the group of risk in relation to BMI (BMI>=25 Kg/m²), as well BMI variation (P=0.037 and P=0.022; respectively); and (vi) the allele A of the polymorphism FTO rs1421085 and the higher values of both waist circumference (WC; P=0.016) and waist to hip ratio (WHR; P=0.030). Altogether, our results suggest that LEP, LEPR, ADRB2, PLIN1, and FTO polymorphisms genes are related to predisposition to overweight and obesity in quilombo remnants population. Finally, the high heritability estimates of the three investigated phenotypes (BMI=33%, WC=33% and WHR=70%) highlight the important role of genetic factors in body fat accumulation. We presented in this work a careful investigation about the genetic component of body weight regulation, using African-derived Brazilian populations (with peculiar historical, environmental and genetical characteristics) as a model. This study strengthens the hypothesis that obesity predisposition in the quilombos from Vale do Ribeira is conditioned by polygenic mechanism, which is modulated by important environmental factors such as sedentary lifestyle and nutritional transition

We utilize a Poisson likelihood in a maximum likelihood statistical analysis to analyze X-ray spectragraphic data. Specifically, we examine four extragalactic supernova remnants (SNR). IKT 5 (SNR 0047-73.5), IKT 25 (SNR 0104-72.3), and DEM S 128 (SNR 0103-72.4) which are designated as Type Ia in the literature due to their spectra and morphology. This is troublesome because of their asymmetry, a trait not usually associated with young Type Ia remnants. We present \emph{Chandra X-ray Observatory} data on these three remnants, and perform a maximum likelihood analysis on their spectra. We find that the X-ray emission is dominated by interactions with the interstellar medium. In spite of this, we find a significant Fe overabundance in all three remnants. Through examination of radio, optical, and infrared data, we conclude that these three remnants are likely not "classical" Type Ia SNR, but may be examples of so-called "prompt" Type Ia SNR. We detect potential point sources that may be members of the progenitor systems of both DEM S 128 and IKT 5, which could suggest a new subclass of prompt Type Ia SNR, Fe-rich CC remnants. In addition, we examine IKT 18. This remnant is positionally coincident with the X-ray point source HD 5980. Due to an outburst in 1994, in which its brightness changed by 3 magnitudes (corrsponding to an increase in luminosity by a factor of 16) HD 5980 was classified as a luminous blue variable star. We examine this point source and the remnant IKT 18 in the X-ray, and find that its non-thermal photon index has decreased from 2002 to 2013, corresponding to a larger proportion of more energetic X-rays, which is unexpected.

The constant flux of cosmic rays that bombard Earth from within our own galaxy are understood to come from both shell-type supernova remnants and pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe). Multiwavelength study of these objects can help us to understand what types of particles are accelerated, and gamma-ray emission is key to understanding the highest energy cosmic rays. In this thesis, I analyze and interpret observations made with the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS), a gamma-ray telescope located in Southern Arizona. LS 5039 and HESS J1825-137 occupy the same field of view on the sky and were observed for about 8 hours with VERITAS. LS 5039 is a gamma-ray binary, and the observations supports theories that the compact object hosts a PWN which is continuously interacting with the nearby star. HESS J1825-137 is a very extended PWN with an extent of diameter greater than 1 degree on the sky. Using the VERITAS observations, I am able to measure the radial profile and compare the gamma-ray luminosity to other PWN. DA 495, a "Crab-like" PWN with unusually strong magnetic fields, was observed for about 70 hours with VERITAS. In this study, results are combined with radio and X-ray spectral information to allow for detailed astrophysical modeling of the region. This broadband spectral modeling places constraints on the properties of the particle population in this PWN and allows for both leptonic and hadronic emission scenarios to be evaluated. Hadronic scenarios instil doubt on the pure PWN interpretation and favor a previously undetected shell-type remnant being present.

Supernovae are known to be the dominant energy source for driving turbulence in the interstellar medium. Yet, their effect on magnetic field amplification in spiral galaxies is still poorly understood. Analytical models based on the uncorrelated-ensemble approach predicted that any created field will be expelled from the disk before a significant amplification can occur. By means of direct simulations of supernova-driven turbulence, we demonstrate that this is not the case. Accounting for vertical stratification and galactic differential rotation, we find an exponential amplification of the mean field on timescales of 100Myr. The self-consistent numerical verification of such a “fast dynamo” is highly beneficial in explaining the observed strong magnetic fields in young galaxies. We, furthermore, highlight the importance of rotation in the generation of helicity by showing that a similar mechanism based on Cartesian shear does not lead to a sustained amplification of the mean magnetic field. This finding impressively confirms the classical picture of a dynamo based on cyclonic turbulence. / Supernovae sind bekanntermaßen die dominante treibende Energiequelle für Turbulenz im interstellaren Medium. Dennoch ist ihre Auswirkung auf die Verstärkung von Magnetfeldern in Spiralgalaxien weitestgehend unverstanden. Analytische Modelle, die auf der Annahme eines unkorrelierten Ensembles beruhen, sagen voraus, dass das erzeugte Feld aus der galaktischen Scheibe herausgedrängt wird bevor eine substantielle Verstärkung erfolgen kann. Mithilfe numerischer Simulationen supernovagetriebener Turbulenz zeigen wir, dass dies nicht der Fall ist. Unter Berücksichtigung einer vertikalen Schichtung und differentieller galaktischer Rotation beobachten wir eine exponentielle Verstärkung des mittleren Magnetfeldes auf einer Zeitskala von 100 Mio. Jahren. Diese selbstkonsistente numerische Bestätigung eines “schnellen Dynamos” erlaubt es, die beobachteten starken Magnetfelder in jungen Galaxien zu erklären. Darüberhinaus stellen wir die Wichtigkeit der Rotation bei der Erzeugung von Helizität heraus, indem wir zeigen, dass ein ähnlicher Effekt basierend auf kartesischer Scherung nicht zu einer Verstärkung des mittleren Magnetfeldes führt. Dies bestätigt eindrucksvoll das klassische Bild zyklonischer Turbulenz.

The following report describes the conceptualization, pre-production, production and post-production of the film The Remnants of Civilization & The Dawn of Anxiety. It also contains the original film script and shooting schedule as supplemental material. / text

Agricultural expansion has transformed and fragmented natural forest habitats at an alarming rate, and dramatic increases in agricultural intensification have since taken place in order to keep pace with human population growth and food demands. This simultaneously poses a considerable threat to biodiversity in agricultural landscapes, as production land is now one of the largest terrestrial biomes on the planet. Therefore, its contribution to biodiversity conservation is critical. Links between the intensification of agricultural systems and ‘in situ’ declines of biodiversity on farmland have been well documented. However, despite growing recognition that system inputs such as fertiliser and livestock can move or ‘spillover’ into adjacent natural habitats, there has been no direct quantification of the extent of impacts in recipient ecosystems. These abiotic and biotic pathways can cause dramatic impacts on the diversity, composition, and functioning of remaining natural ecosystems, and on their ability to provide a variety of essential ecosystem services. Due to concerns regarding future food security, balancing trade-offs between agriculture and conservation has subsequently become a hot topic in ecological research. However, without any direct quantification of the off-site ecological impacts of agricultural intensification in mosaic landscapes, it is inherently difficult to fully evaluate strategies aimed at balancing production and conservation. Using New Zealand farming systems as a case study, this thesis aims to address gaps in our current understanding of how increasing agricultural intensification impacts biodiversity in native forest remnants embedded within production landscapes. The first main chapter explores whether the magnitude of ecological impact in forest remnants (for a suite of 26 response measures) and severity of edge effects, scale with the degree of land-use intensity in surrounding agricultural pastures. This chapter also examines whether ecological responses differ in remnants ‘spared’ for conservation purposes (i.e. where livestock are excluded by fencing). The second chapter uses a model food-chain approach native to New Zealand, to test whether nutrient spillover from agricultural pastures influences plant-herbivore and herbivore-parasitoid interactions in forest remnants. This chapter also includes a large-scale common garden fertilisation experiment using the same tri-trophic system, which was established to examine bottom-up multi-trophic responses to the independent and combined effects of Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and cow dung and urine. The third main chapter uses a novel stable isotope approach for quantifying community-wide incorporation of resources into trophic structure. I test for the first time whether increasing intensity of farming systems drives greater nutrient spillover spatially into adjacent forest remnant soils and examine scaling effects of 15N (as a marker for anthropogenic N) through multiple trophic levels. Beyond finding that agricultural land-use intensity generally has negative off-site effects on biodiversity, the key findings of this thesis were (i) spillover of nitrogen and phosphorus from agricultural systems into adjacent remnant soils is exacerbated by increases in land-use intensity, with (ii) percolating bottom-up effects on plant and insect community dynamics. (iii) The magnitude of ecological impacts in forest remnants scales linearly with increasing land-use intensity, as does (iv) direct anthropogenic N enrichment across multiple trophic levels, which has the potential to severely jeopardise the stability of ecologically important remnant habitats. (v) Although there were stark structural differences in remnants with and without livestock exclusion, impacts of land-use intensity on ecological response metrics were actually comparable across all sites. (vi) Livestock exclusion should be a priority first step towards conserving native forest remnants, however it should be recognised that fencing does not prevent abiotic channels of nutrient spillover (fertiliser drift, overland flow, leaching) in land characteristic of land spared for nature. (vii) Consequently, increasing land-use intensity compromises the effectiveness of the land-sparing trajectory for conserving native biodiversity, which is currently undertaken in New Zealand production systems. Given the overall strength of these findings and the novel, ecosystem-wide and landscape-scale approaches taken to address fundamental questions, the work in this thesis greatly enhances our knowledge of the relationships between agricultural productivity and ecological impacts in spatially-coupled ecosystems. This is highly important, not only in New Zealand but worldwide, as it is anticipated that unstoppable human population growth and food security pressures will cause ecological impacts both on the farm and in adjacent natural ecosystems to become even more severe. Therefore, determining the relationship between land-use intensification and biodiversity loss represents the cornerstone of sustainable agricultural development in the future.

Η διδακτορική διατριβή βασίζεται σε οπτικές παρατηρήσεις που πραγματοποιήθηκαν από τα τηλεσκόπια του αστεροσκοπείου του Σκίνακα (το οποίο βρίσκεται στην Κρήτη) και από το τηλεσκόπιο Ισαάκ Νιούτον (που βρίσκεται στη Λα Πάλμα στα Κανάρια νησιά). Από τις παρατηρήσεις αυτές, (οπτικές εικόνες και φάσματα) ανακαλύφθηκαν σε μία περιοχή εβδομήντα τετραγωνικών λεπτών του τόξου της μοίρας, έξι υπολείμματα υπερκαινοφανών αστέρων τα οποία δεν αναγράφονται σε καμία βιβλιογραφία. Τα υπολείμματα αυτά, λόγω της ίδιας περίπου απόστασης που απέχουν, ενδεχομένως να προέρχονται από αλληλεπιδράσεις υπερκαινοφανών αστέρων, οπού η έκρηξη του ενός αστέρα, επιταχύνει την έκρηξη του πλησιέστερου σε αυτόν αστέρα που βρίσκεται στο τελευταίο στάδιο, όταν το ωστικό κύμα διέλθει από αυτόν, δημιουργώντας έτσι μια φυσαλίδα υπολειμμάτων υπερκαινοφανών. Το σημαντικό με αυτή την μελέτη είναι ότι για πρώτη φορά παρατηρήθηκαν στον Γαλαξία μας, στο οπτικό μέρος του φάσματος, μια περιοχή με τόσα υπολείμματα υπερκαινοφανών, παρέχοντάς μας την δυνατότητα να μελετήσουμε τον ρυθμό των εκρήξεων των υπερκαινοφανών με αυτόν της δημιουργίας των υπολειμμάτων τους, και να εξάγουμε συμπεράσματα για τον ρυθμό αστρογένεσης στον Γαλαξία μας. Παράλληλα μελετώντας την ομάδα Μ81, ανιχνεύτηκε για πρώτη φορά στο οπτικό μέρος του φάσματος, σκόνη στην περιοχή μεταξύ των γαλαξιών. Η μελέτη βασίζεται στην σύγκριση του δείκτη χρώματος των γαλαξιών υποβάθρου, των υποψηφίων περιοχών, με τον δείκτη χρώματος γαλαξιών υποβάθρου σε περιοχές που είναι απομακρυσμένες από την ομάδα Μ81, και αποτελούν πεδία ελέγχου. Η συστηματική ερύθρωση που παρουσίαζαν οι γαλαξίες υποβάθρου στις περιοχές πλησίον της ομάδας Μ81 μπορεί να ερμηνευτεί μόνο με την παρουσία μεγάλων ποσοτήτων σκόνης που εμπεριέχονται στο μεσογαλαξιακό χώρο. Η ποσότητα της σκόνης στις περιοχές αυτές υπολογίστηκε ότι είναι περίπου 50 εκατομμύρια ηλιακές μάζες, όσο δηλαδή και η σκόνη που διαθέτει ένας τυπικός σπειροειδής γαλαξίας. Η προέλευση της σκόνης πιθανολογείται ότι οφείλεται σε ένα μέλος της ομάδας (τον γαλαξία Μ82), ο οποίος είναι ένας γαλαξίας με περιοχές έντονης αστρογένεσης και εκτοξεύει μεγάλες ποσότητες σκόνης στο μεσογαλαξιακό χώρο ή στις παλιρροϊκές δυνάμεις που αναπτύχθηκαν κατά την αλληλεπίδραση των γαλαξιών (που έγινε πριν από 200 εκατομμύρια χρόνια) και εκτόξευσαν στον μεσογαλαξιακό χώρο τεράστιες ποσότητες αερίου και μαζί με αυτό και σκόνη. Οι προβλέψεις για την ύπαρξη σκόνης στις περιοχές αυτές, επιβεβαιώθηκε πρόσφατα από τις υπέρυθρες εικόνες που λήφθηκαν από το διαστημικό τηλεσκόπιο Herschel. / This thesis is based on deep optical CCD images which large have been obtained in the light of Hα+[N II], [O III] and [S II]. The resulting mosaic covers an area of 1.4º ´ 1.0º, where filamentary and diffuse emission was discovered, suggesting the existence of more than one supernova remnants (SNRs) in the area. Deep long slit spectra were also taken at eight different regions. Both the flux calibrated images and the spectra show that the emission of the filamentary structures originates from shock-heated gas, while photo-ionization mechanism is responsible for the diffuse emission. In most case, the optical emission is found to be well correlated with the radio at 1420 MHz and 4850 MHz, suggesting their association. The presence of the [O III] 5007 emission line in one of the candidate SNRs suggests shock velocities into the interstellar "clouds" of >100 Km/s, while the absence in the other indicates slower shock velocities. For all candidate remnants the [S II] λλ 6716/6731 ratio indicates electron densities below 270 cm-3, while the Hα emission has been measured to be between 0.6 to 41´10-17 erg s-1 cm-2 arcsec-2. The detected optical emission could be part of a number of supernovae explosions and the possibility that it is within an OB association can not be ruled out. It will then be the first optical discovery of SRNs within a bubble or superbubble in our Galaxy. Further, the study of those areas, also provides information for the star formation history of the Galaxy. Galactic dust constitutes approximately half of the elements more massive than helium produced in stellar nucleosynthesis. Notwithstanding the formation of dust grains in the dense, cool atmospheres of late-type stars, there still remain huge uncertainties concerning the origin and fate of galactic stardust. In this Letter, we identify the intergalactic medium (i.e., the region between gravitationally bound galaxies) as a major sink for galactic dust. We discover a systematic shift in the color of background galaxies viewed through the intergalactic medium of the nearby M81 group. This reddening coincides with atomic, neutral gas previously detected between the group members. The dust–to–H I mass ratio is high (1/20) compared to that of the solar neighborhood (1/120), suggesting that the dust originates from the center of one or more of the galaxies in the group. Indeed, M82, which is known to be ejecting dust and gas in a starburst-driven superwind, is cited as the probable main source.

Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-04-10T16:08:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Santana Santosseg.pdf: 11132826 bytes, checksum: 2ea8d1c335a229b535da6973b7d64c90 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-04-13T19:51:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Santana Santosseg.pdf: 11132826 bytes, checksum: 2ea8d1c335a229b535da6973b7d64c90 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-13T19:51:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Santana Santosseg.pdf: 11132826 bytes, checksum: 2ea8d1c335a229b535da6973b7d64c90 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Com o acelerado processo de expansão urbana, o conjunto da vegetação natural contido nas grandes cidades vem sofrendo, a cada ano, significativas reduções. Em Salvador, os remanescentes de vegetação natural foram drasticamente reduzidos e em algumas áreas do município a floresta urbana é completamente ausente. Atualmente a maior parte destas se encontra em áreas da cidade protegida pelo poder público. A área de estudo abriga um dos últimos remanescentes florestais de grande porte em propriedade particular no município de Salvador. Inserida entre as regiões Administrativas de Itapuã (RA X) e Pau da Lima (RA XIII) é recortada transversalmente por uma das mais importantes avenidas de Salvador, a Av. Luis Viana Filho. Sofre intensa pressão por ocupação, tanto por parte de movimentos populares, quanto por pelo capital imobiliário. É neste cenário que o presente trabalho objetiva mensurar os impactos da expansão urbana frente aos remanescentes florestais, nos períodos de 1989 – 2002 – 2006. O programa de geoprocessamento ArcView versão 3.3 foi escolhido para o desenvolvimento do trabalho. Fotos aéreas da área de estudo foram digitalizadas e georreferenciadas para posterior composição de um fotomosaico. O programa de geoprocessamento permitiu a delimitação de ilhas de vegetação sobre as fotos digitalizadas. Esta operação foi feita para todos os mosaicos de imagem nos períodos estudados. Para uma melhor classificação dos fragmentos e uma análise mais detalhada do objeto de estudo foi realizada uma subdivisão da área estudada. Assim, foram criadas as sub-áreas Nordeste, Noroeste e Sul. Uma vez encerrada a fotointerpretação, as feições foram classificadas e conferidas nos três períodos estudados. Os dados referentes à área e à classificação das tipologias foram sistematizados em um banco de dados para posterior análise. Por fim, os mapas resultantes da classificação foram elaborados, de forma a auxiliar na análise da evolução urbana nos períodos pré-estabelecidos. O cenário atual da área de estudo é de constante transformação, onde tem ocorrido uma rápida conversão dos remanescentes florestais e áreas úmidas para ambiente construído. Em 17 anos, a área urbanizada contida na poligonal em estudo aumentou em 12,42 % no período compreendido entre os anos de 1989 a 2006, ao passo que as áreas de remanescentes florestais recuaram 11,41 %. Em termos absolutos, no intervalo temporal total (1989 a 2002) foram perdidos 247 hectares de floresta ombrófila densa, dos quais 115 hectares em estágio médio e 132 hectares em estágio inicial. Na totalidade do intervalo temporal avaliado, a tipologia que apresentou maior retração na área estudada foi a floresta Ombrófila em Estágio inicial, com uma taxa de decréscimo de 7,8 hectares ao ano (ha/ano). / Salvador

Submitted by Renata Marques Vianna null (vianna_29@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-23T13:48:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RENATA_M_VIANNA_FINALIZADA.pdf: 2897703 bytes, checksum: fc9974402e013689c974264a24035f5f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-23T17:14:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 vianna_rm_me_bot.pdf: 2897703 bytes, checksum: fc9974402e013689c974264a24035f5f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-23T17:14:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 vianna_rm_me_bot.pdf: 2897703 bytes, checksum: fc9974402e013689c974264a24035f5f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Devido ao desmatamento e perda de área, a Mata Atlântica e suas fisionomias têm sido alvo de diversos estudos sobre as comunidades de aves em diversos fragmentos. O atual estudo visou registrar a riqueza de aves presentes em dois fragmentos de mata estacional semidecidual: a RNNP Olavo Egydio Setúbal (OES) com 615 ha e no fragmento pertencente à fazenda Igurê (IGR) com 320 ha. Além da análise e comparação da estrutura da avifauna nos dois fragmentos a partir de dados como riqueza e abundância, foram também comparadas as categorias alimentares e estratos de forrageio em relação às riquezas e abundâncias registradas em estudos conduzidos anteriormente nas mesmas áreas. Os levantamentos foram realizados mensalmente em cada fragmento durante um período de 12 meses por meio da metodologia de pontos de contagem. Foi registrado um total 129 espécies de aves nas áreas de estudo, sendo 102 espécies em cada fragmento. Os índices de diversidade e equidistribuição apresentaram-se ligeiramente maiores na OES; ambos locais apresentaram maiores riquezas de espécies insetívoras seguidas por frugívoras; quanto às abundâncias, espécies insetívoras foram mais abundantes nos dois locais, porém, as espécies onívoras apresentaram uma maior abundância em relação a OES. Nos dois fragmentos foram registradas espécies endêmicas da Mata Atlântica e ameaçadas de extinção, sendo na OES 22 espécies endêmicas e duas ameaçadas e na IGR 16 endêmicas e duas ameaçadas. A comparação com estudos anteriores revelou que as espécies que apresentaram maiores alterações possuem maior especificidade alimentar como insetívoros e frugívoros. Mesmo apresentando a mesma riqueza, as duas áreas possuem composições específicas distintas, sendo mais espécies de aves especialistas encontradas na OES e na IGR mais espécies generalistas. Apesar de estarem expostas a diferentes pressões, as duas áreas de estudo são de grande importância para a manutenção da avifauna do interior paulista, apresentando a capacidade de manter espécies endêmicas da Mata Atlântica e ameaçadas de extinção cujos níveis de sensibilidade muitas vezes não toleram fragmentos alterados. / Due to deforestation and loss of area, the Atlantic Forest and its physiognomies have been the target of several studies on the bird communities in several fragments. The present study aimed to record the richness of birds present in two fragments of semideciduous seasonal forest: Olavo Egydio Setúbal (OES) with 615 ha and in the Igurê farm (IGR) with 320 ha. In addition to analyze and compare the structure of the avifauna in the two fragments from data such as richness and abundance, we also compared the food categories and forage strata in relation to the richness and abundance recorded in studies conducted previously in the same areas. The surveys were carried out monthly in each fragment during a period of 12 months using the methodology of counting points. A total of 129 bird species were recorded in the study areas, with 102 species in each fragment. The diversity and evenness indexes were slightly higher in OES; both sites presented higher richness of insectivorous species followed by frugivores; insectivorous species were more abundant in both sites, however, the omnivorous species in IGR presented a higher abundance in relation to OES. In both fragments endemic species of the Atlantic Forest and threatened with extinction were recorded, being in OES 22 endemic species and two endangered species and in IGR 16 endemic and two threatened. Comparison with previous studies revealed that the species that presented the greatest changes have a higher food specificity such as insectivores and frugivores. Even though they present the same richness, the two areas have distinct specific compositions, with more species of specialized birds found in the OES and in IGR a higher number of generalist species. Although they are exposed to different pressures, these two study areas are of great importance for the maintenance of avifauna in the interior of São Paulo, presenting the capacity to maintain endemic endangered Atlantic Forest species whose levels of sensitivity often do not tolerate altered fragments.