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Galactic bulges of early-type spirals and elliptical galaxies comprise primarily old stars, which account for more than half of the total stellar mass in the local Universe. These stars collectively generate a long-lasting feedback via stellar mass loss and Type Ia supernovae. According to the empirical stellar mass loss and supernova rates, the stellar ejecta can be heated to more than 107 K, forming a very hot, diffuse, and ironrich interstellar medium. Conventionally a strong galactic wind is expected, especially in low- and intermediate-mass early-type galaxies which have a relatively shallow potential well. X-ray observations, however, have revealed that both the temperature and iron abundance of the interstellar medium in such galaxies are unexpectedly low, leading to the so-called “missing feedback” and “missing metal” problems. As an effort to address the above outstanding issues, we have carried out a series of hydrodynamic simulations of galactic bulge feedback on various scales. On galactic halo scales, we demonstrate that the feedback from galactic bulges can play an essential role in the halo gas dynamics and the evolution of their host galaxies. We approximately divide the bulge stellar feedback into two phases: 1) a starbusrtinduced blastwave from the formation of the bulge built up through frequent major mergers at high redshifts and 2) a gradual feedback from long-lived low mass stars. The combination of the two can heat the surrounding gas beyond the virial radius and stop further gas accretion, which naturally produces a baryon deficit around Milky Way-like galaxies and explains the lack of large-scale X-ray halos. On galactic bulge scales, we study the collective 3-dimensional effects of supernovae with their blastwaves resolved. We find that the sporadic explosions of supernovae can produce a wealth of substructures in the diffuse hot gas and significantly affect the spectroscopic properties of the X-ray-emitting gas. The differential emission measure in the temperature space has a broad lognormal-like distribution. Such distribution enhances the X-ray emission at both low and high energy bands. We further show that the SN Ia ejecta is not well-mixed with the ambient medium and the X-ray emission is primarily from the shocked stellar wind materials which in general have low metallicities. These 3-dimensional effects provide a promising explanation to the above “missing feedback” and “missing metal” problems. In addition, we demonstrate that the supernova iron ejecta forms a very hot bubbles, which have relatively larger radial velocities driven by buoyancy, resulting in a smaller iron mass fraction in the bulk outflow. These distinct properties give a natural explanation to the observed positive iron abundance gradient which has been a puzzle for decades.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第24420号 / 理博第4919号 / 新制||理||1703(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)教授 前田 啓一, 講師 LEE Shiu Hang, 教授 太田 耕司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) contamination presents a considerable level of danger in almost all post-conflict environments. Globally there are a vast amount of casualties every year. However, accurate numbers of casualties is hard to obtain both globally and locally. The purpose of this thesis is to examine how UXO affects Human Security in Lao PDR. The methodology used is a theory consuming empirical and heuristic method. The thesis is a case study that does not attempt to generalize but to understand and analyze the relation between UXO and Human Security in the context of Lao PDR. The theory used in the thesis is Human Security based on the concept of the 1994 UNDP Human Development Report. The findings of the thesis make clear the connection between UXO contamination and lack of Human Security in Lao PDR. The direct and indirect consequences of UXO contamination are explored. Finally, the thesis works at a broader societal level where the links to poverty and development are illustrated.

Advances in machine learning for visual recognition and ultra-low surface brightness imaging have made it possible to detect older and fainter historic supernova light echoes (SN LEs). We are particularly interested in the historic core-collapse SN (CCSN) Crab (SN 1054), as it is the only CCSN with records of direct-light observations in the last 1000 years. We have improved the SN LE machine-learning Python package ALED (Automated Light Echo Detection), created by Bhullar et al. 2021, by adding false positive masks as an additional input. ALED is visual recognition software that identifies and locates LEs in difference images. Before the invention of ALED, LE images had to be categorized by visual inspection, which was a very time-consuming task. Additionally, we have developed a method for manufacturing and augmenting LE training sets, which has previously not been applied to LEs. We manufactured Dragonfly Telephoto Array (DTA) LEs by extracting LEs from Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope difference images and overlaying them on DTA difference images. The DTA is a promising tool for LE detection because of its ability to observe ultra-low surface brightness structures. Additionally, we augmented the only existing DTA LE image by overlaying it on other DTA images. Both of these procedures provided options for further augmentation, such as changing the LE's brightness and width. We also created a process to mask the bright star difference artifacts in DTA images. These stars are typically mislabeled as LEs, and hence masking them makes LE identification simpler. We have created an effective DTA training set for ALED, which is prepared to search for LEs around the historic CCSN Crab (SN 1054), once more DTA images in that region are procured. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第25116号 / 理博第5023号 / 新制||理||1716(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)講師 LEEShiu Hang, 教授 横山 央明, 教授 前田 啓一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Angel Jones Artist Statement My mixed media collages address issues concerning the outcast, the overlooked, and the underprivileged. My inspirations come from what I experience and perceive around me. My purpose in life is to use my art to address social issues that involve children. For example, I focus my attention on issues ranging from homelessness to mental illness. I am passionate about how vital these concerns are to our success as human beings. To express my ideas, I layer a variety of materials and textiles. The materials include fragments of photographs, drawings, and objects. The textiles include articles of clothing and fabrics. Recurring symbols and imagery link the individual pieces together. The theme of each work determines the materials and media. While doing research for a piece, new social issues often surface and lead to the next piece.

A associação não aleatória entre alelos de diferentes lócus caracteriza o que é chamado de desequilíbrio de ligação (DL) entre eles. A extensão do DL nas populações humanas pode ser influenciada por muitos fatores, tais como taxa de recombinação, características demográficas (idade, tamanho e taxa de crescimento) e fatores evolutivos (deriva genética, efeito fundador, gargalos populacionais, mutação, seleção e fluxo gênico). Portanto, o conhecimento dos padrões do DL fornecem dados que auxiliam na descrição dos eventos demográficos e evolutivos sofridos pelas populações. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os padrões de DL de quatro populações brasileiras e correlacioná-los com suas respectivas histórias demográficas, uma vez que estas populações experimentaram alguns dos eventos evolutivos que geram ou retardam o decréscimo do DL, como fundação por poucos indivíduos, miscigenação no momento da fundação e posterior isolamento. Foram analisadas amostras de três populações remanescentes de quilombos do Estado do Piauí, Gaucinha (GAU, n = 14), Mimbó (MIB, n = 15) e Sítio Velho (STV, n = 15) e da população urbana de Teresina, Piauí (TES, n = 15), além de sete amostras populacionais do projeto HapMap (CEU, CHB, JPT, ASW, LWK, MKK, YRI, todas com n = 15). Foram genotipados mais de 250 mil SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) utilizando-se o GeneChip® Human Mapping 250K Nsp I Array - Affymetrix® nas amostras das quatro populações brasileiras. Os dados brutos das populações do HapMap para este array foram obtidos na página do projeto. Os genótipos para todas as amostras foram determinados pelo algoritmo CRLMM após comparação com o algoritmo BRLMM, e as análises de DL e determinação dos blocos de haplótipos foram realizadas com o uso do programa Haploview. Considerando-se o número de blocos de haplótipos detectados em cada população estudada, padrão semelhante foi observado em todos os autossomos. Em geral, a população europeia (CEU) e as duas populações asiáticas (CHB e JPT) do HapMap apresentaram os maiores números de blocos, enquanto que os menores números foram observados nos quilombos GAU e MIB e na população TES. As populações africanas LWK, MKK e YRI e a população afro-americana ASW apresentaram os valores intermediários e a população afro-brasileira STV, apresentou um número de blocos apenas inferior a CEU, CHB e JPT. A grande contribuição africana nos quilombos GAU e MIB pode explicar o menor DL observado nestas comunidades. Por outro lado, o menor DL em TES se deve, provavelmente, à sua fundação, que envolveu um maior número de indivíduos e foi seguida por um rápido crescimento. A possível explicação para o maior DL observado em STV, em relação aos demais quilombos, consiste em sua peculiar história demográfica: esta comunidade experimentou uma miscigenação no momento de sua fundação, que foi seguida por um crescimento lento e pouca diferenciação. Assim, foi demonstrado como os eventos demográficos de cada população influenciam seus respectivos padrões de DL. / The non-random association between alleles of different loci characterizes what is called linkage disequilibrium (LD) between them. The LD extent in human populations can be influenced by many factors, such as recombination rate, demographic features (age, size and growth rate) and evolutionary events (genetic drift, founder effects, population bottlenecks, mutation, selection and gene flow). Therefore, knowledge of the LD patterns provides data that assists in describing the evolutionary and demographic events experienced by populations. The aim of this study was to describe the LD patterns of four Brazilian populations and correlate these patterns with their respective demographic histories, since these populations have experienced some of the evolutionary events that produce or retard the LD decrease, such as foundation by few individuals, admixture at the founding moment and subsequent isolation. Samples from three quilombo remnants populations of the Piauí State, Gaucinha (GAU, n = 14), Mimbó (MIB, n = 15) and Sítio Velho (STV, n = 15) and the urban population of Teresina, Piauí (TES, n = 15), and seven population samples from the HapMap Project (CEU, CHB, JPT, ASW, LWK, MKK, YRI, all with n = 15) were analyzed. More than 250 thousand SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) were genotyped using the GeneChip ® Human Mapping 250K Nsp Array I - Affymetrix ® in the samples of the four Brazilian populations. Raw data of the HapMap population samples for this array were obtained from the HapMap homepage. Genotypes for all samples were determined by CRLMM algorithm after comparison with the BRLMM algorithm. LD analyzes and determination of haplotype blocks were performed using the Haploview software. Considering the number of haplotype blocks detected in each population, a consistent pattern was observed for all autosomes. The European population (CEU) and the two Asian populations (CHB and JPT) of the HapMap showed the highest numbers of blocks, while the lowest numbers were observed in the GAU and MIB quilombos and in the TES population. The African populations, LWK, MKK and YRI, and the African-American ASW exhibited intermediate values and the African-Brazilian population STV, presented a number of blocks smaller than that observed for CEU, CHB and JPT. The great African contribution in the GAU and MIB quilombos may explain the lower LD observed in these communities. On the other hand, the lower LD in TES is probably due to its foundation that involved a larger number of individuals and was followed by a fast growth. A possible explanation for the higher LD observed in STV, compared to other quilombos, consists in its particular demographic history: this community experienced admixture at the time of its foundation, which was followed by slow growth and low differentiation. Thus, it was shown how the demographic events of each population influence their respective LD patterns.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-10T19:06:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - In?s de Souza Infante.pdf: 3239235 bytes, checksum: 95b0067e2cbd0e5bc1df6cf05cd0c876 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-10T19:06:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - In?s de Souza Infante.pdf: 3239235 bytes, checksum: 95b0067e2cbd0e5bc1df6cf05cd0c876 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-17 / CAPES / The creation of conservation units is to preserve and / or conserving biodiversity. However, the space reserved for them limits, sometimes, the development and economic growth, which can generate conflicts. To minimize this problem, in 1991, was created in the Paran? Ecological VAT, whose initial goal was to compensate municipalities that had entered its territory in protected areas. Thirteen federal states followed Parana?s example and, with some variations to the adopted criteria for the transfer, also developed and implemented that instrument. Among them is the Rio de Janeiro state, which by Law 5.100 of October 4, 2007, created the Green ICMS. The criteria adopted by Rio de Janeiro take into account the existence of conservation, water quality and management of solid waste in each municipality. The aim of this study is evaluating the potential of Rio de Janeiro?s municipalities to participate in the transfer of Green ICMS from the creation of new conservation areas potential. The methodology adopted in this work simulates the creation of parks and APAs in three different scenarios, using 100%, 75% or 50% of the forest remnants in each of the 92 municipalities of Rio de Janeiro? states. The indexes of municipal protected area and the relative indexes of municipal protected area needed to determine the amount to be transferred to each municipality followed the guidelines in the present Decree 41.844 of May 4, 2009. In 92 municipalities of Rio de Janeiro?s state, 28 have protected areas under their tutelage, and they occupy 98.449ha, equivalent to 8.43% of the remaining forests of the state, and town of Parati is one that contains higher remaining area. In 67 municipalities there are remnants that can be converted into protected areas. The biggest benefit from the creation of parks in 100% of its remnants would be Rio Claro, in 75% and 50% would Angra dos Reis. In the case of establishing APAs using 100%, 75% or 50% of their remaining forest the city to receive greater value would pass Angra dos Reis. / A cria??o de unidades de conserva??o visa ? preserva??o e/ou conserva??o da biodiversidade. Entretanto, o espa?o a elas reservado limita, por vezes, o desenvolvimento e o crescimento econ?mico, podendo gerar conflitos. Para minimizar esse problema, em 1991, foi criado no Paran? o ICMS Ecol?gico, cujo objetivo inicial foi compensar os munic?pios que tivessem inseridas em seu territ?rio unidades de conserva??o. Mais treze estados da federa??o seguiram exemplo do Paran? e, com algumas varia??es em rela??o aos crit?rios adotados para o repasse, tamb?m criaram e implementaram esse instrumento. Entre eles, est? o estado do Rio de Janeiro, que atrav?s da lei n? 5.100, de 4 de outubro de 2007, criou o ICMS Verde. Os crit?rios adotados por esse estado levam em conta a exist?ncia de unidades de conserva??o, a qualidade da ?gua e a administra??o dos res?duos s?lidos em cada munic?pio. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o potencial dos munic?pios do estado do Rio de Janeiro de participa??o no repasse do ICMS Verde a partir da cria??o de novas unidades de conserva??o. A metodologia adotada para a realiza??o deste trabalho consiste em simular a cria??o de Parques e APAs em tr?s cen?rios distintos, utilizando 100%, 75% ou 50% dos remanescentes florestais de cada um dos 92 munic?pios do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Os ?ndices de ?rea protegida municipal e os ?ndices relativos de ?rea protegida municipal necess?rios para determinar o valor a ser repassado a cada munic?pio seguiram as orienta??es presentes no Decreto 41.844, de 04 de maio de 2009. Dos 92 munic?pios do estado do Rio de Janeiro, 28 possuem unidades de conserva??o sob sua tutela, sendo que as mesmas ocupam uma ?rea de 98.449ha, equivalente a 8,43% dos remanescentes florestais do estado, sendo o munic?pio de Parati aquele que cont?m maior ?rea de remanescentes. Em 67 munic?pios ainda h? remanescentes florestais pass?veis de serem convertidos em unidades de conserva??o. O maior beneficiado com a cria??o de Parques em 100% de seus remanescentes seria o munic?pio de Rio Claro, em 75% e 50% seria Angra dos Reis. No caso da cria??o de APAs utilizando 100%, 75% ou 50% de seus remanescentes florestais, o munic?pio a receber maior valor de repasse seria Angra dos Reis.

Submitted by Claudia Rocha (claudia.rocha@udesc.br) on 2017-12-15T16:09:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PGEF17MA084.pdf: 119371 bytes, checksum: 801be2ea2b2097b46bd080a6ed243a0d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-15T16:09:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGEF17MA084.pdf: 119371 bytes, checksum: 801be2ea2b2097b46bd080a6ed243a0d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-23 / FUMDES / The present dissertationaimed to investigate the tree component dynamics in different forest remnants in “Planalto Sul Catarinense Region”. In particular, I seek to understand how edaphoclimatic variables, anthropogenic chronic disturbances, landscape and forest structure could influence the regional scale spatial variation of tree species demographics rates. This information is essential for a better comprehension of forest ecosystems functioning ina contemporary context, marked by frequent chronical anthropogenic disturbances. Thus, I obtained data from permanent plots tree component monitoring and environmental conditions (edaphoclimatic, altitude, landscape and cattle presence) of nine forest remnants in the municipalities of Capão Alto, São José do Cerrito, Lages, Painel, Urubici and Bom Jardim da Serra, in Santa Catarina State. Principal Components Analysis (PCAs) were performed in order to identify regional scale tree component dynamics pattern and ecological gradients. The influence of explicative variables on dynamics patterns was verified by Regression Tree. In the first and second inventory a mean tree density of 1,583 e 1,546 ind.ha-1 were observed, representing a mean net change rate of -0.61%.year-1. For basal area, values of 34.74 m2.ha-1and 35.79 m2.ha-1were observed, represent a mean net change rate of 0.79%.year-1.In regional scale, the Araucaria Forest dynamics varied, mostly, in mortality and basal area loss rates. In general, mortality and basal area loss rates were smaller in well-structured (greater values of basal area) larger fragments with smaller proportion of edge areas. Therefore, I conclude that, in regional scale, anthropogenic fragmentation impacted significantly the tree component dynamics in the study Araucaria Forest areas / A presente dissertação teve como objetivo geral investigar a dinâmica do componente arbóreo em diferentes remanescentes florestais na região do Planalto Sul Catarinense. Em particular, buscou-se compreender a influência de variáveis edafoclimáticas, de perturbações antropogênicas crônicas, da paisagem e estruturação da floresta sobre a variação espacial das taxas demográficas de espécies arbóreas em escala regional. Informações desta natureza são fundamentais para a compreensão do funcionamento dos ecossistemas florestais no contexto da época em que vivemos, caracterizada pela presença marcante de impactos crônicos causados por atividades de origem antrópica. Desta forma, foram obtidos dados de monitoramento de parcelas permanentes do componente arbóreo e de condições ambientais (altitude, variáveis edafoclimáticas, da paisagem e presença de gado) de nove remanescentes de Floresta Ombrófila Mista, situados nos municípios de Capão Alto, São José do Cerrito, Lages, Painel, Urubici e Bom Jardim da Serra, no Estado de Santa Catarina. Visando identificar os padrões de dinâmica do componente arbóreo e gradientes ecológicos em escala regional, foi utilizado uma abordagem multivariada através da Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA). A influência das variáveis explicativas sobre o padrão de dinâmica foi avaliada por meio de Árvore de Regressão. Entre o primeiro e o segundo inventário foram observados, respectivamente, uma densidade média de 1.583 e 1.546 ind.ha-1, o que representou uma taxa de mudança líquida média de -0,61%.ano-1. Para área basal, os valores foram de 34,74 m2.ha-1 e 35,79 m2.ha-1, com mudança líquida de 0,79%ano-1. Em escala regional, a dinâmica das áreas de Floresta com Araucária variou, principalmente, no que se refere as taxas de mortalidade e perda em área basal. De forma geral, fragmentos maiores, com menor proporção de bordas e mais bem estruturados (maior área basal) apresentaram menores taxas de mortalidade e perda em área basal. Assim, conclui-se que, em escala regional, a fragmentação antrópica impactou de forma significativa os padrões de dinâmica observados nas áreas de Floresta Ombrófila Mista