CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Para a realizaÃÃo deste trabalho, foi utilizada a tÃcnica da eletrocoagulaÃÃo (EC) para o tratamento de efluente de piscicultura. Um reator de EC em escala de laboratÃrio, com capacidade de 1,5 L foi montado, utilizando um conjunto de quatro placas de eletrodos de alumÃnio, um agitador mecÃnico de alto torque microprocessado, fios condutores com garras de jacarà e uma fonte de tensÃo com potÃncia regulÃvel. Os eletrodos foram arranjados dentro da cÃlula eletrolÃtica de forma monopolar, em paralelo e a uma distÃncia de 11 mm. O efluente utilizado neste estudo foi coletado em tanques de piscicultura do centro de criaÃÃo de peixes do Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca da Universidade Federal do CearÃ. Para a determinaÃÃo da melhor condiÃÃo de operaÃÃo do reator, foi feito um planejamento experimental por intermÃdio do Software âStatgraficsâ, definindo, as variÃveis operacionais e os seus respetivos intervalos de variaÃÃo (pH inicial de 4 a 8, condutividade de 1000 a 4000 μS cm-1, tempo de eletrolise de 15 a 35 min., agitaÃÃo de 200 a 600 rpm e corrente de 1 a 2,5 A), que combinadas entre si totalizaram um total de 35 ensaios experimentais. Com base nos resultados obtidos por meio das anÃlises fÃsico-quÃmicas em laboratÃrio, pode-se afirmar que o pH inicial=8, condutividade=1000 μS cm-1, tempo=35 min., agitaÃÃo=200 rpm e corrente=2,5 A, sÃo as condiÃÃes Ãtimas de operaÃÃo do reator. Nestas condiÃÃes, alcanÃaram remoÃÃo de 84,95% para DQO, 98,06% para nitrito, 82,43% para nitrato, 98,05% para fÃsforo total e 95,32% para a turbidez, sendo o custo operacional de 4,59 R$/m3 de efluente tratado. Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que alguns dos parÃmetros analisados (pH, turbidez, temperatura, STD, nitrito, nitrato e fÃsforo total) estÃo de acordo com os padrÃes estabelecidos para Ãgua doce, classe 2, pela ResoluÃÃo CONAMA n 357/05, e de acordo com a ResoluÃÃo CONAMA n 430/2011 e a Portaria n 154/2002 da SEMACE (CE), para lanÃamento do efluente final nos corpos receptores. A tÃcnica de eletrocoagulaÃÃo alÃm de ser um mÃtodo alternativo, eficiente e promissor para tratamento de efluentes de piscicultura, tambÃm mostrou ser ecologicamente correto por dispensar o consumo elevado de reagentes,ao contrÃrio do que acontece no tratamento convencional. / For this work, we used the technique of electrocoagulation (EC) for the treatment of effluent from fish farms. An EC reactor at laboratory scale with a capacity of 1,5 L was assembled using a set of four plates of aluminum electrodes, a mechanical stirrer high torque microprocessor, wires with alligator clips and a voltage source with power adjustable. The electrodes were arranged inside of the electrolytic cell in a monopolar form, in parallel and at a distance of 11 mm. The effluent used in this study was collected in fishponds of fish breeding center of the Engineering Department of Fisheries, Federal University of CearÃ. To determine the best operating condition of the reactor, an experimental design was performed using the software "Statgrafics", defining the operational variables and their respective intervals (Initial pH 4 to 8, conductivity from 1000 to 4000 μS cm-1, electrolysis time 15 to 35 min., agitation 200-600 rpm and electrical current from 1 to 2,5 A), that combined together, performing a total of 35 runs. Based on the results obtained by means of physical-chemical analysis in the laboratory, it can be stated that the initial pH=8, conductivity=1000 μS cm-1, time=35 min., agitation=200 rpm and electrical current=2,5 A, are the optimal operating conditions of the reactor. Under these conditions, removal reached 84,95% for COD, 98,06% for nitrite, 82,43% for nitrate, 98,05% for total phosphorus and 95,32% for turbidity, resulting an operating cost of R$ 4,59 per m3 of treated effluent. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that some of the analyzed parameters (pH, turbidity, temperature, STD, nitrite, nitrate and total phosphorus) are in accordance with the standards established for fresh water, class 2, by CONAMA Resolution n 357/05, and according to CONAMA Resolution n 430/2011 and Decree n 154/2002 of SEMACE (CE), for release of the final effluent in the receiving water bodies. The technique of electrocoagulation besides being an alternative, efficient and promising for treating effluents from fish farming, also proved to be environmentally friendly for taking the high consumption of reagents, contrary to what happens in conventional treatment.

Dagvatten är det vatten som faller som nederbörd och sedan rinner över vägar och bebyggelse ned i brunnar eller direkt till recipienten. Dagvatten innehåller många olika föroreningar som kan vara direkt skadliga för vattenmiljön. I examensarbetet undersöks Gottsunda dagvattenpark som syftar till att rena dagvattnet innan det når recipienten Hågaån. Målet är att alla ytvattenförekomster i Sverige ska uppnå god ekologisk och kemisk ytvattenstatus, då Hågaån inte uppnår detta i dagsläget är det viktigt att kvantifiera hur väl den befintliga reningen av dagvatten fungerar. Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka om kontinuerlig turbiditets- och flödesmätning kan vara en fungerande metod för att kvantifiera transport och avskiljning av dagvattenföroreningarna suspenderat material, fosfor, kadmium, krom, nickel, koppar, bly och zink. Kontinuerliga sensormätningar kan i högre grad fånga in den snabba variationen i dagvatten än konventionella mätmetoder. Bland annat kan turbiditet mätas kontinuerligt med sensorer, en parameter som ofta visar hög korrelation med bland annat suspenderat material. Denna studie visade att signifikanta linjära samband finns mellan turbiditet med suspenderat material, fosfor och metaller för Gottsunda dagvattenparks in- och utlopp. En viss osäkerhet förekommer för sambanden i inloppet till följd av extremvärden med hög influens där ett behov finns av fler stickprover. Den beräknade avskiljningen i denna studie är något lägre än vad som förväntas, en möjlig förklaring är den stora fraktionen lerjordar i avrinningsområdet samt att dammen är förhållandevis nyetablerad. En ytterligare förklaring kan vara att det inte är exakt samma vattenpaket som undersökts i in- och utlopp, vilket antas gett upphov till en underskattning av avskiljningen. Vid viktning av mängderna utifrån en korrekt vattenbalans uppnås en högre avskiljning. Avskiljningsförmågan i Gottsunda dagvattenpark har i stort ökat med tiden men med sämre avskiljning under vintermånaderna. Kontinuerliga sensormätningar fungerar bra för att uppskatta medelkoncentrationer och belastningar av föroreningar och har potentialen att revolutionera dagvattenövervakningen. Dock behövs mer forskning där bland annat partikelsammansättningens påverkan behöver undersökas. / Stormwater is the precipitation that falls over cities and proceeds to flow on our streets, collecting pollutants on its way to the recipient. Stormwater contains a lot of different pollutants that can cause harm to our water bodies. In the study, Gottsunda stormwater pond is examined, whose purpose is to purify the stormwater before it reaches the recipient Hågaån. The goal is that all waters in Sweden should achieve good ecological and chemical surface water status. Since this isn’t achieved by Hågaån it is important to quantify if the current stormwater purification works as intended. The purpose of this study is to examine the potential to use high frequency sensors, measuring turbidity and discharge, to quantify transport and removal of the stormwater pollutants suspended solids, phosphorus, cadmium, chromium, nickel, copper, lead, and zinc. Measuring turbidity and discharge continuously using high frequency sensors can capture the fast variation in stormwater to a higher extent than conventional methods. Turbidity is a parameter which often shows high correlation with e.g. suspended solids. The study showed significant linear relationships between turbidity with suspended solids, phosphorus, and metals for incoming and outgoing water of Gottsunda stormwater pond. Uncertainty is present in the relationships for the incoming water due to extreme values with high influence, thus more grab samples are required. The calculated removal of pollutants is below the expected level, a possible explanation for this is the high fraction of clay soils in the catchment and the young age of the pond. Another explanation could be that the water volumes differ between in- and outlet. Considering the same volumes a higher removal is retrieved. The ability to remove pollutants has increased over time since the pond was established, with exception for the winter months. High frequency sensor measurements work well for estimating mean concentrations and loads of pollutants and has the potential of revolutionizing surveillance of stormwater. Although, more research is required where the effect of particle composition needs to be examined more closely.

Submitted by MARCIA ROVADOSCHI (marciar@unifra.br) on 2018-08-20T12:55:10Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_MarianaZancanTonel.pdf: 6177598 bytes, checksum: e830fe652c79ad380053f80cae3e2382 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T12:55:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_MarianaZancanTonel.pdf: 6177598 bytes, checksum: e830fe652c79ad380053f80cae3e2382 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-25 / Graphene is a nanomaterial that has several applications including drug delivery and pollutant remover. However, graphene is hydrophobic, which makes it difficult to apply in biological media, and one of the alternatives is through functionalization. At the same time, aromatic molecules are precursors of several essential compounds for life, and are also important in industry. However, some of them are pollutants that can severely affect people and the environment, so developing effective removal methods is extremely interesting. Some molecules of biological interest like dopamine and serotonin have an aromatic part, recent studies show the use of these molecules as mediators for specific and selective drug delivery. Therefore, the study of the interaction of these molecules as pure and modified graphene is of great importance in the biomedical area as well as for diagnostic and treatment studies. In this work, we perform a theoretical study through the density functional theory; initially we analyze the changes caused by the effect of the concentration of the functional groups -COOH, -COH, -OH, -O- or -NH2 on graphene. The results show that in all cases it is possible to modulate the electronic properties depending on the number and location of the groups. Subsequently, we analyzed the graphene pure and functionalized with a group -COOH, -COH, -OH, -O- or -NH2, with the molecules of biological interest as dopamine, serotonin and the pollutants: benzene, aniline, benzoic acid and phenol. The results show that all interactions occur under a physical adsorption regime, there are no changes in the original geometric structures of the molecules after adsorption, it may be of interest to create possible routes as mediators for the delivery of drugs and to assist in the treatment of various diseases or in a system of removal of pollutants based on pristine and modified graphene. Finally, we developed a method to parameterize the benzene-benzene and benzene-graphene force field through the data obtained from the ab initio calculations, the results obtained agree with studies described in the literature. Thus, this work presents the understanding through the simulation of the biomedical part for drug delivery systems, and removal of pollutants, in addition to the parameterization to be used in simulations of the biological environment which may aid in the development of future experimental studies. / O grafeno é um nanomaterial que possui diversas aplicações tecnológicas entre elas como carreador de fármacos e removedor de poluentes. No entanto, o grafeno é hidrofóbico, o que dificulta sua aplicação em meios biológicos, sendo que uma das alternativas para controlar este problema é através de funcionalizações. Paralelamente, moléculas aromáticas são precursoras de diversos compostos imprescindíveis para a vida, e também são importantes na indústria. No entanto, algumas delas são poluentes que podem afetar severamente as pessoas e o meio ambiente. Assim, o desenvolvimento de métodos efetivos para remoção desses é extremante importante. Algumas moléculas de interesse biológico como a dopamina e serotonina apresentam parte aromática. Estudos recentes têm mostrado a utilização dessas moléculas como mediadoras para entrega de fármacos específica e seletiva. Portanto, o estudo dessas moléculas visando este tipo de aplicação é de grande importância na área biomédica. Realizamos um estudo teórico através da Teoria do Funcional da Densidade. Inicialmente, analisamos as alterações causadas pelo efeito da concentração de grupos funcionais -COOH, -COH, -OH, -O- ou -NH2 no grafeno. Os resultados mostram que em todos os casos é possível modular as propriedades eletrônicas dependendo do número e do local dos grupos. Posteriormente, analisamos o grafeno puro e funcionalizado com um grupo –COOH, -COH, -OH, –O- ou -NH2, com as moléculas de interesse biológico dopamina, serotonina e os poluentes benzeno, anilina, ácido benzóico e fenol. Os resultados mostram que todas as interações ocorrem sob um regime de adsorção física, sem alterações nas estruturas geométricas originais das moléculas após adsorção. Esses resultados são de interesse para criar possíveis rotas como mediadores para a entrega de fármacos e auxiliar no tratamento de várias doenças ou ainda em um sistema de remoção de poluentes baseados no grafeno puro e modificado. E, por fim, desenvolvemos um novo método para parametrizar campo de força do benzeno-benzeno e benzeno-grafeno através dos dados obtidos dos cálculos ab initio. Os resultados obtidos concordam com estudos descritos na literatura. Dessa forma, este trabalho apresenta a compreensão através da simulação da parte biomédica para sistemas de drug delivery, e remoção de poluentes, além da parametrização para ser usado em simulações do meio biológico o que poderá auxiliar no desenvolvimento de estudos experimentais futuros.