Title Physiotherapy after arthroplasty procedures for rheumatic patients. Defining the problem The main problem this thesis solves is to find and compare findings on the practice of physiotherapy in rheumatic patients, patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who have undergone surgery, joint replacement of lower limb arthroplasty, with a focus on the ankle joint. It will be a comparison of the approaches used in the workplace catchment for the Czech Republic, Institute of Rheumatology (RU) in Prague and the world. Aim The aim is to create a comprehensive overview and comparison of physiotherapy procedures used in rheumatic patients who underwent joint replacement legs, zjm. ankle joint, in the CR is in the hands, and in the world and see whether these practices vary significantly, or are identical. The method of solution The work is prepared by comparing the findings relating to the care of patients with available literature. The findings are grouped and arranged tables are created with recording procedures. The work is written in the form of research. Key worlds revmatoidní artritida totální náhrada hlezenního kloubu (TEP) hlezenní kloub fyzioterapie

Title: Effect of physiotherapy to reduce the length of hospital stay in patients with total hip arthroplasty: a literature review Objective: The purpose of this thesis is to research and compare available studies investigating the effect of extra physiotherapy in reducing the length of stay for patients with total hip arthroplasty. In addition, to make a compilation of available sources about issue of the hip, total hip arthroplasty in terms of anatomy, kinesiology and biomechanics and length of hospital stay. Methods: This diploma thesis has descriptively-analytical character and is structured in the form of literary review. Results: Physiotherapy decreases length of stay in patients with total hip arthroplasty. Future research could address a specific group of subjects and the issue of cost-effectiveness in reducing the length of hospital stay by physiotherapy. Key words: Hip joint, total joint replacement, THA, physiotherapy, length of stay

In endoprosthesis surgery there are typically a high percentage of implant defects, these can lead to failure of the whole prosthesis. One type of total hip replacement function loss is acetabular cup loosening from the pelvic bone. This disertation examines manufacture perturbations as one of the possible reasons for this kind of failure. Both dimension and geometry manufacturing perturbations of ceramic head and polyethylen cup were analyzed. We find that perturbations in the variables analysed here affect considered values of contact pressure and frictional moment. Furthermore, contact pressure and frictional moment are quantities affecting replacement success and durability. From obtained results it can be recommended to fit head and cup with a clearance of between 0 mm and 0.05 mm. It can not be recommend using interference type of fit because of strong deterioration of the contact conditions. Roundness perturbation of ceramic head should not exceed 0.025 mm.

Title: Human locomotion after total hip replacement Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to perform a gait analysis of patients after total hip replacement and to find out, how chosen temporo-spatial, kinetic and kinematic parameters change during the first half a year after the surgery. The deviations found in gait stereotypes of individual patients are further compared with results of international studies. Methods: The thesis is theoretical-empirical, with small number of patients. 3D kinematic gait analysis was performed by Qualisys system and ground reaction forces by two Kistler force plates. The following parameters are being monitored: length of step, stance phase duration, cadence, walking speed, lateral shift of the pelvis and trunk in standing phase, contralateral pelvic drop in standing phase of the leg, maximum range of motion of the hip joint in sagital plain, maximum of vertical and medio-lateral component of the ground reaction forces in the standing phase. Results: The highest side deviations between legs were found in 3 months after the surgery and remained until 6,5 months after the surgery. In this time period a lower value of the length of step, stance phase duration, maximum range of motion of the hip joint in sagital plain and also a higher lateral shift of the pelvis was...

Every year 16 000 individuals receive a total hip arthroplasty (THA) in Sweden. Even though THA is a common procedure, adverse events do occur. The most dramatic complication is death in the postoperative phase. The overall aim of this thesis was to describe and investigate early mortality after THA in Sweden. Sweden has an ideal platform for national observational registry studies, thanks to the use of personal identity numbers. Operation-specific information was collected from the Swedish Hip Arthroplasty Register, medical information from the National Board of Health and Welfare, and socioeconomic information was collected from Statistics Sweden. Main outcome was 90-day mortality. Study I was a prospective observational register study investigating the risk of mortality after a simultaneous bilateral THA compared with staged bilateral THA. There was no clinically relevant difference in early postoperative mortality between the two groups. Studies II and III were nation-wide matched cohort studies, with adjustment for comorbidity and socioeconomic background. Adjusted early mortality in femoral neck fracture patients receiving a THA is about double compared with a matched control population. Young (60-69 years) femoral neck fracture patients receiving a THA have a low absolute mortality risk, while those who are older than 80 years with a higher degree of medical comorbidity run a high risk of early death (II). In study III healthier, younger patients with higher socioeconomic status tended to be selected for cementless THA, resulting in selection bias. Even after accounting for this bias, however, there remains a small absolute and adjusted increase in the risk of death within 14 days after elective THA surgery using fully cemented implants. Study IV was a nationwide prospective cohort study comparing different comorbidity measures in terms of predicting early postoperative mortality after THA. A less data-demanding comorbidity measure is better at predicting 90-day mortality than more commonly used coding algorithms. In conclusion, socioeconomic background and the presence of comorbidities have an important influence on early mortality after THA, while the type of fixation is of less importance. Future mortality studies could benefit from the use of data that are routinely collected, and thus avoid the logistically complicated procedure now necessary to merge national databases.

Die Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit besteht darin zu prüfen, ob die Luxationsrate bei Hochrisikopatienten durch den Einsatz von 40-mm- und 44-mm-Köpfen im Vergleich zu Patienten mit maximal 36-mm-Köpfen reduziert werden kann. Hierzu wurden die im Zeitraum von September 2009 bis Mai 2014 hüftendoprothetisch versorgten Patienten mit einem erhöhten Luxationsrisiko erfasst und die Verläufe auf Luxationen überprüft. Zur Risikobewertung diente eine eigens entwickelte Klassifikation. Des Weiteren erfolgte die Analyse der postoperativen Verläufe, der Röntgenbilder und eines Telefoninterviews in den Fällen, in denen Köpfe ≥ 40 mm zum Einsatz kamen. Im Untersuchungszeitraum wurden 288 Hüftendoprotheseneingriffe mit erhöhtem Luxationsrisiko durchgeführt. Bei 278 HTEP-Implantationen erfolgte der Einsatz von Gelenkköpfen ≤ 36 mm. In dieser Gruppe betrug die Luxationsrate 15,1% (n=42). Bei 10 Patienten wurden 40-mm- oder 44-mm-Gelenkköpfe eingesetzt. In diesen Fällen wurde das Luxationsrisiko entsprechend der vorgeschlagenen Klassifikation mit 3A (hoch) bis 4B (sehr hoch) bewertet. Bei einem mittleren Follow up von 22,8 Monaten wurde bei diesen Patienten keine Luxation festgestellt. Die mit 40-mm- sowie 44-mm-Köpfen erzielten Ergebnisse und die aktuelle Literatur sprechen für eine wesentlich höhere Gelenkstabilität und eine deutlich verminderte Luxationsneigung größerer Köpfe. Deren Einsatz ist daher gegenwärtig bei Risiko-patienten gerechtfertigt, sofern dieser in Abhängigkeit vom Pfannenaußendurch-messer konstruktiv möglich ist. In der weiteren Entwicklung der Hüftendoprothetik sollte die Verwendung größerer Köpfe angestrebt werden.

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Introducão - A Terapia Renal Substitutiva (TRS) é utilizada por uma quantidade elevada de pacientes de forma contínua, demandando montantes financeiros crescentes do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Objetivo - explorar e compreender, a partir das contribuições da Economia Política da Saúde (EPS), os processos econômicos, políticos e sociais envolvidos na oferta da Terapia Renal Substitutiva (TRS) no estado de São Paulo. Métodos - a partir do referencial teórico da Economia Política da Saúde (EPS), foi realizado estudo de caso sobre a Terapia Renal Substitutiva (TRS) no estado de São Paulo mediante a investigação da dimensão industrial, da política e a de proteção social. Com relação à dimensão industrial, foram construídos indicadores com base em dados secundários relacionados às Autorizações para Procedimentos de Alta Complexidade, ao Sistema de Gerenciamento da Tabela de Procedimentos, Medicamentos, Órteses, Próteses e Meios Auxiliares de Locomoção do SUS e ao Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde. A escala da análise foram as 17 redes Regionais de Atenção Saúde em São Paulo. Com relação à dimensão política e social, foram realizadas entrevistas com atores-chaves. Procedeu-se inicialmente à leitura livre da entrevista; na sequência, foram identificados os núcleos temáticos de interesse da pesquisa. Resultados - Na dimensão industrial, foi constatado que, apesar do elevado gasto, a tecnologia na diálise apresenta somente inovações incrementais. A oferta de máquinas, em 2017, por 10000 habitantes, foi superior à do ano de 2008 em todas as regiões de saúde. O gasto para a diálise cresceu no período de 2008 a 2017. Houve crescimento de 37% na produção de procedimentos dialíticos ao longo de 2008 a 2017. Com relação aos turnos, 92% das clínicas operam com menos do que três turnos de atividade, tendo capacidade ociosa. A participação dos prestadores de serviços é de 2% para os prestadores de serviços municipais, 9% para os estaduais, 53% para os privados lucrativos e 35% para os privados sem fins lucrativos (filantrópicos). O custo é de 75% com filtros hemodialisadores importados, tendo elevado impacto no financiamento do SUS. Com a abertura do mercado da saúde ao capital estrangeiro, sancionada pelo governo através da Lei 13.097/2015, identificou-se a compra de clínicas privadas de diálise por empresas estrangeiras que pertencem à cadeia produtiva da diálise, em uma estrutura de mercado oligopolista. Com relação à dimensão política, não se observou a configuração de um conjunto de políticas públicas para o segmento. Por fim, com relação à dimensão de proteção social, há um acesso desigual aos serviços. Conclusões - Verificou-se que a diálise está inserida em um cenário de extrema dependência produtiva para sua operacionalização, sendo que todos os insumos e equipamentos são importados. É notória a presença de empresas multinacionais no segmento da diálise, com maior poder de barganha na composição dos preços dos produtos ofertados ao segmento, delineando-se um processo inflacionário e um forte impacto nos gastos. O SUS financia esta área da saúde; seria importante a indução do parque produtivo nacional para a produção de filtros, no entanto, esse movimento ainda não foi concretizado. Para complementar, as multinacionais começam a adquirir as clínicas, em um processo de liquidação dos serviços de diálise, o que pode ter implicações futuras no acesso aos pacientes SUS dependentes. / Introduction - Renal Replacement Therapy (TRS) is used by a large number of patients in continuous treatment, demanding increasing amounts of the Unified Health System (SUS). Objective - to explore and understand, from the contributions of the Political Economy of Health (EPS), the economic, political and social processes involved in the supply of Renal Replacement Therapy (TRS) in the state of. Methods - A case study on Renal Replacement Therapy (TRS) in the state of São Paulo was carried out using the industrial, political and social protection research, based on the theoretical framework of the Political Economy of Health (EPS). Regarding the industrial dimension, indicators were built based on secondary data related to the Authorizations for High Complexity Procedures, the System of Management of the Table of Procedures, Medications, Orthoses, Prostheses and Auxiliary Locomotion of SUS and to the National Registry of Establishments The scale of the analysis was the 17 Regional Health Care Networks in São Paulo. With regard to the political and social dimension, interviews were conducted with key actors. The free reading of the interview was initially done, in the sequence identified the thematic nuclei of interest of the research. Results - In the industrial dimension, it was observed that despite the high expenditure, dialysis technology presents only incremental innovations. The supply of machines in 2017 per 10,000 inhabitants was higher than in 2008 in all health regions. Dialysis expenditures increased from 2008 to 2017. There was a 37% increase in the production of dialysis procedures from 2008 to 2017. With regard to shifts, 92% of the clinics operate with less than three shifts of activity, taking idle capacity. The share of service providers is 2% for municipal service providers, 9% for state service providers, 53% for profitable private firms and 35% for private non-profit organizations (philanthropic). The cost is 75% with imported hemodialysis filters, having a high impact on the financing of SUS. With the opening of the health market to foreign capital, sanctioned by the government through Law 13.097 / 2015, it was identified the purchase of private dialysis clinics by foreign companies that belong to the dialysis production chain, in an oligopolistic market structure. Regarding the political dimension, the configuration of a set of public policies for the segment was not observed. Finally, with regard to the social protection dimension, there is an unequal access to services. Conclusions - It was verified that dialysis is inserted in a scenario of extreme dependence on production for its operationalization, and all inputs and equipment are imported. The presence of multinational companies in the dialysis segment is notorious, with a greater bargaining power in the composition of the prices of the products offered to the segment, outlining an inflationary process and a strong impact on expenses. The SUS finances this area of health, it would be important to induce the national productive park for the production of filters, but, however, this movement has not yet materialized. In addition, multinationals are beginning to acquire the clinics in a process of settlement of dialysis services, which may have future implications for access to SUS dependent patients.

Este trabalho apresenta os resultados da pesquisa "Análise do Escoamento de Fluidos Refrigerantes Alternativos ao HCFC 22 em Tubos Capilares Adiabáticos", desenvolvida para obtenção do título de Doutor em Engenharia no Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica da EPUSP. Essa pesquisa foi motivada pelas resoluções do Protocolo de Montreal, que prevêem a eliminação gradativa do HCFC 22 e, conseqüentemente, impõem a necessidade da realização de estudos sobre o comportamento de fluidos alternativos ecologicamente aceitáveis nos sistemas de refrigeração e seus componentes. Até o momento, as pesquisas e as referências bibliográficas indicam a utilização de misturas zeotrópicas e quase-azeotrópicas como a melhor alternativa para substituição do HCFC 22. Desta forma, foi realizado um extenso levantamento experimental do escoamento do R-407C (uma mistura zeotrópica) e do R-410A (uma mistura quase-azeotrópica) através de tubos capilares, em uma unidade laboratorial construída para essa finalidade. Esse levantamento, realizado para condições de entrada subresfriada e saturada, caracterizou a influência destes fluidos refrigerantes e dos diversos parâmetros operacionais e geométricos no comportamento do tubo capilar em sistemas de refrigeração. Foram desenvolvidos dois modelos (fases separadas e homogêneo) para a modelagem matemática do escoamento de fluidos refrigerantes através de tubos capilares, a fim de verificar o efeito do tipo de escoamento adotado nessa modelagem. A validação dos programas de simulação desenvolvidos, tanto para os dados experimentais obtidos no presente trabalho quanto para dados de literatura, mostra que os dois modelos podem ser utilizados para essa modelagem, apresentando desvios semelhantes em relação aos dados experimentais. A fim de aprimorar os modelos, é necessária a realização de estudos mais aprofundados sobre o atraso de vaporização e a ocorrência de blocagem na saída do tubo capilar. Por fim, foi realizado um estudo numérico comparativo do desempenho do HCFC 22 e dos alternativos R-407C e R-410A, que indicou que o primeiro é adequado tanto para o "retrofit" de equipamentos existentes quanto para utilização em novos equipamentos, enquanto que o segundo deve ser utilizado apenas em novos equipamentos. / This work presents the results of the research activities on the "Analysis of HCFC 22 Alternatives Flow Through Adiabatic Capillary Tubes", developed at the Mechanical Engineering Department of Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo. Such research was motivated by the resolutions of Montreal Protocol, which imposes gradational elimination of several refrigerants, among them HCFC 22. This leads to the necessity of carrying out studies on the behaviour of ecologically acceptable refrigerants in refrigeration systems and components. So far, researches and literature indicate the usage of zeotropic and near azeotropic refrigerant mixtures as the best alternative to HCFC 22. Therefore, it was performed an extensive experimental survey on R-407C (a zeotropic mixture) and R-410A (a near azeotropic mixture) flow through capillary tubes. Such survey, which was carried out for both subcooled and two-phase inlet conditions, characterised the influence of these refrigerants, as well as the several operating and geometric parameters on the behaviour of capillary tubes used in refrigeration systems. In order to analyse the effect of different approaches for two-phase flow, it was developed two models (separated flow model and homogeneous model) for mathematical simulation of refrigerant flow through adiabatic capillary tubes. Models validation using both experimental and literature data shows that the two models are suitable for such simulation, with the same error level in relation to experimental data. It was also noticed that it is necessary to perform more comprehensive studies on the delay of vaporisation and capillary tube outlet shocking flow phenomena. Finally, it was performed a comparative study on the performance of HCFC 22, R-407C and R-410A, which indicates that R-407C is suitable both for retrofitting actual equipment and for new ones, while R-410A is suitable only for new equipment.

Introdução: Os hidroxietilamidos (HES) são considerados expansores plasmáticos efetivos em pacientes submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos de grande porte. Entretanto, seu uso clínico é limitado principalmente por sua interferência na hemostasia, representada por alterações da função plaquetária e na coagulação. A extensão dessas alterações está relacionada ao seu ipeso molecular ou à sua substituição molar. Este estudo clínico, foi realizado durante cirurgia de artroplastia de quadril em pacientes adultos para comparar os efeitos do HES (130/0,4) e a solução de Ringer lactato em relação ao sangramento intra-operatório, parâmetros hemodinâmicos, alterações na coagulação, necessidade de transfusões e resultados clínicos. Métodos: Quarenta e oito pacientes candidatos à cirurgia de artroplastia total de quadril sob anestesia subaracnoidea foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos 24 pacientes foram selecionados para receber HES (30 ml/kg após anestesia) e 24 pacientes para receber solução de Ringer lactato (30ml/kg). O período de observação teve início após a indução da anestesia e terminou 5 horas após o termino do procedimento cirúrgico. Durante esse período o critério para a infusão de doses adicionais de fluido (10ml/kg de Solução de Ringer lactato para ambos os grupos) foi pressão arterial sistólica inferior a 90 mmHg e/ou um decréscimo de 20% da pressão arterial inicial, frequência cardíaca acima de 100 bpm, e/ou débito urinário menor de 0,4ml/kg/h. Vasopressor foi utilizado nos casos em que a hipotensão persistiu, após a reposição de volume. Transfusão de concentrado de hemácias foi administrada nos pacientes que se mantiveram instáveis hemodinamicamente após bolus adicionais de Ringer lactato ou vasopressor, Parâmetros hemodinâmicos foram mensurados em três períodos da cirurgia; dados bioquímicos foram coletados e testes da coagulação realizados e comparados. Os pacientes foram acompanhados durante sua internação hospitalar. Resultados: Os grupos foram uniformes em relação aos dados demográficos, tipo e duração da cirurgia, assim como a doenças pré-existentes. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas em relação aos parâmetros hemodinâmicos ou temperatura corporal durante o estudo. Os testes de coagulação, função plaquetária, análise de gases sanguíneos e dados bioquímicos mostraramse semelhantes entre os grupos. Perdas sanguíneas foram significativamente maiores no grupo HES (1296x890,p=0,04), necessitou de menos unidades de concentrado de hemácias durante o período observacional (17%versus46%, p=0,029) apresentou menores taxas de infecção (0 versus 4 ,p<0,03), comparado ao grupo Ringer lactato. Conclusões: Em cirurgia de artroplastia total de quadrill, a hemodiluição com hidroxietilamido resultou em maiores taxas de sangramento, menos transfusões sanguíneas e menos infecção pós-operatória. / Introduction: Hydroxyethyl starches (HES) are considered effective plasma expanders in patients undergoing major surgeries. However, the clinical use of HES is limited mainly by their affection of hemostasis, detectable by impaired platelet function and altered coagulation. The extent of such alteration has classically been related to the molecular weight or molar substitution of the used HES solution. This prospective, randomized study was performed during hip arthroplasty in adult patients under spinal anesthesia to compare the effects of HES 130/0.4 with lactateds Ringer solution regarding intraoperative bleeding, hemodynamic parameters, coagulation profile, transfusion requirements and clinical outcomes. Methods: Forty eight patients scheduled to hip arthroplasty after spinal anesthesia were randomized in two groups 24 patients were allocated to receive HES 130/0.4 (30 ml/Kg just after anesthesia) and 24 patients were signaled to receive lactateds Ringer solution (30 ml/Kg). The observational period started after the induction of anesthesia and finished 5 hours after the end of the surgery. During this period, the triggers for infusion of additional boluses of fluids (10 ml/Kg of lactateds Ringer for both groups) were a systolic blood pressure lower than 90 mmHg and/or a decrease of 20% from baseline, a heart rate higher than 100 bpm, and/or a urine output lower than 0.4 ml.Kg-1.h-1. Vasopressors were used if there was persistent hypotension despite of fluid reposition. Red blood cell transfusion was administered if patient remained unstable despite of additional boluses of Ringer or vasopressors, according to the preestablished triggers. Hemodynamic measurements were done in three periods of the surgery, biochemical parameters were analyzed and coagulation tests were performed and compared between groups. After surgery, patients were followed during the hospital stay. Results: The groups were well matched regarding demographic data, type of surgery, and duration of surgery, as well as preexisting diseases. No significant differences in hemodynamic or body temperature were seen during the study. Coagulation variables, platelet function, gases analysis and biochemical parameters were not different between groups. Blood losses were significantly higher in HES 130/0.4 group comparing to Ringers group (1296 x 890 ml, p= 0.046). Despite of that, HES group required less units of blood in the observational period comparing to Ringer group (17% versus 46%, p=0.029). HES group presented lower infection rate compared to Ringer group (0 versus 4 cases, p=0.03). Conclusions: During hip arthroplasty, hemodilution with hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 resulted in higher rates of bleeding. However, patients treated with hydroxyethyl starch required less transfusion and presented lower rate of infection.