The hormonal control of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit development have been extensively studied, mainly during ripening. Notwithstanding, considerable gaps still exist in our understanding of the function and spatial-temporal distribution of hormones during fruit development. Here, we performed histochemical analysis of tomato cv. Micro-Tom transgenic lines harboring the gene reporter GUS fused to five different promoter responsive to the hormones, auxin, cytokinins (CKs), gibberellins (GAs), abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene, in order to redefine their spatial-temporal distribution during tomato fruit development, from early pre-anthesis stages to red ripe (RR) stage. CKs levels were high during pre-anthesis, initially in placental tissues and subsequently in ovule, indicating a major function of this hormone during pre-fertilized ovary growth. At early post-fertilization stages, CKs contents were high in seeds, and afterward in the outer and inner epidermical and subepidermical layer of pericarp. High auxin content was observed, during all pre-anthesis and fruit development stages, in pedicel, suggesting a basipetal transport to the mother plant. Ethylene contents increased during pre-anthesis ovary growth. Interestingly, ethylene contents did not decrease, immediately, post-fertilization. The content of GAs and ABA was low at pre-anthesis and early post-fertilization stages, specific in placental tissues and pericarp. Conversely, these hormones accumulated mainly during cell expansion phase of fruit growth. Pollen grains that reached the stigma, post anther dehiscence, showed high content of auxin and ABA. In addition, we reported an antagonism between ethylene and GAs contents during tomato fruit development, where the level of ethylene started to decrease during the cell expansion phase of the fruit growth, moment when the level of GAs started to increase in placental tissues and pericarp. / O controle hormonal do desenvolvimento do fruto do tomateiro (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom) já foi extensamente estudado, principalmente no amadurecimento. No entanto, ainda existem consideráveis lacunas em nosso conhecimento da função e distribuição espaço-temporal dos hormônios durante o desenvolvimento do fruto. Foram realizados ensaios histoquímicos com cinco linhas transgênicas de tomate cv. Micro-Tom que carregavam o gene repórter GUS fusionado a cinco diferentes promotores responsivos aos hormônios, auxina, citocinina (CKs), giberelina (GAs), ácido abscísico (ABA) e etileno, com o fim de redefinir a distribuição espaço-temporal deles ao longo do desenvolvimento do fruto, desde estágios iniciais pre-anteses até o estágio red ripe (RR). Os níveis de CKs foram altos na fase pre-anteses, inicialmente na placenta e posteriormente nos óvulos, indicando um papel importante deste hormônio no crescimento do ovário, pre- fertilização. Nos estágios inicias, post-fertilização, o conteúdo de CKs foi alto nas sementes e depois nas camadas epidérmicas e subepidérmicas internas e externas do pericarpo. Alto conteúdo de auxina foi observado, durante todos o desenvolvimento do fruto, no pedicelo, sugerindo o transporte basípeto de auxina para a planta mãe. Os níveis de etileno aumentaram durante o crescimento do ovário antes da anteses. Interessantemente, o nível de etileno não diminuiu imediatamente post-fertilização. Os conteúdos de GA e ABA foram baixos prévios a anteses e nos estágios inicias pre-fertilização, especificamente na placenta e pericarpo. Inversamente, o conteúdo desses hormônios aumentou na fase de expansão celular do crescimento do fruto. Os grãos de pólen que chegaram ao stigma, post deiscência das anteras, apresentaram altos níveis de ABA e auxina. Além disso, reportamos um antagonismo entre conteúdo de etileno e giberelina durante o desenvolvimento do fruto, onde o nível de etileno começou a decrescer durante a fase de expansão celular do crescimento do fruto, momento em que o nível de giberelina começou a aumentar na placenta e pericarpo.

Le reportage, comme journalisme d'investigation de la presse écrite, se constitue en France dans le dernier tiers du XIXe siècle, non sans susciter des débats et des représentations contradictoires entre tenants et opposants. Il connaît dans l'entre-deux-guerres une période d'effervescence, pendant laquelle il se décline en différents supports (volumes, presse quotidienne et hebdomadaire) et selon différents rapports à l'actualité et à la fictionnalisation. Le reportage apparaît dès lors moins comme un genre uniforme qu'en tant que matrice d'un journalisme d'enquête, dont on peut retracer la formation et l'évolution, décrire les différentes variations génériques (reportage collectif, feuilletonesque et d'actualité). Associé à l'essor de la presse d'information, le reportage instaure l'envoyé spécial en médiateur, en écrivain et en héros de la culture médiatique. Le Reporter, comme objet de l'imaginaire social de la Troisième République, est une figure complexe, dont il convient de retrouver les représentations à la croisée de différentes productions. Ce sont à la fois des fictions, des articles de presse (reportages, interviews, nécrologies, métadiscours), des Mémoires de journalistes, de même qu'un ensemble de représentations iconographiques qui sont convoqués, afin de tracer un répertoire culturel des scénographies journalistiques, des scénarios fictionnels et des postures auctoriales concourant à la formation d'un imaginaire social du reporter, figure médiatisée et médiatrice. Au cœur des intrigues et reportages où elle prend place se rencontrent d'autres imaginaires sociaux – de la colonisation, du corps, du progrès technique et social, de la Nation. Ils indiquent en quoi le reporter est une figure républicaine, intimement liée à l'instauration de la démocratie parlementaire et de la liberté de presse, à la modernité technique et médiatique. Enfin, héritier du journalisme littéraire à la française, mais également associé à de nouveaux modes de saisie du réel (notamment les médias visuels, photographie et cinéma), le reporter est le pivot entre deux imaginaires médiatiques : l'un fait reposer sur la subjectivité du journaliste la restitution d'une vision du monde, perçu à travers le prisme de la médiation humaine ; l'autre, qui triomphera dans la seconde moitié du XXe siècle, prétend à une illusion de saisie objective du réel, capturé par la médiation technique. / Reportage, understood as investigative journalism of the written press, was invented in France in the last third of the nineteenth century, not without causing debates and contradictory representations between supporters and opponents. During the interwar period its popularity is at its peak, as reportage presents itself in different media (books, daily and weekly press) and with different relations to news and fictionalization. Reportage therefore appears less like a genre than a matrix of investigative journalism, whose formation and evolution can be traced and generic variations described (such as collective, serialized and news reportages). Linked to the development of the news media, reportage establishes the special correspondent as a mediator, a writer and a hero of modern media culture. The Reporter, as an object of the social imaginary of the Third Republic, is a complex figure, which representations are situated at the crossroads of different productions. These include fictions, press articles (reportages, interviews, obituaries, metadiscourses), Memoirs of journalists, as well as a set of iconographic representations, all of which are drawn upon to define a cultural repertoire of journalistic scenographies, fictional scenarios and authorial positions contributing to the formation of a social imaginary of the reporter, defined both as a publicized figure and a mediator. In the intrigues and stories in which the reporter appears, he meets other social imaginaries – of colonization, of the body, of technical and social progress, of the Nation. These mould the reporter into a Republican figure, closely linked to the development of parliamentary democracy and of freedom of the press, and to modern technology and media. Finally, heir of the French literary journalism, but also associated with new recording techniques (that is, visual media, photography and cinema), the reporter is the pivot between two mediatic imaginaries : one that uses the journalist's subjectivity and the prism of human mediation to account for a worldview ; the other, which will prevail in the second half of the twentieth century, claims to offer an objective grasp of reality, as permitted by the illusion of technical mediation.

A leishmaniose é causada por protozoários do gênero Leishmania e no Brasil, as principais espécies causadoras da leishmaniose cutânea são Leishmania (V.) braziliensis e Leishmania (L.) amazonenses. O tratamento da leishmaniose apresenta diversas dificuldades, portanto é fundamental a descoberta de novos fármacos ativos, podendo ser detectada em células cultivadas in vitro e também em animais íntegros, através da técnica de bioimageamento. Neste trabalho, propusemo-nos a produzir linhagens de L. (V.) braziliensis e L. (L) amazonenses expressoras de luciferase e caracterizar o comportamento das linhagens mutantes em testes de sensibilidade a fármacos e de infecção in vitro e in vivo. Foi confirmada a emissão de luz pelas linhagens mutantes das duas espécies de Leishmania, em promastigotas e amastigotas. O comportamento das linhagens mutantes obtidas em relação a curvas de crescimento, sensibilidade aos fármacos tamoxifeno e anfoterina B em promastigotas, perfil de infectividade e sobrevivência em macrófagos e sensibilidade de amastigotas à anfotericina B foi comparado ao comportamento das linhagens parentais, não sendo observadas diferenças significativas. Camundongos BALB/c infectados com a linhagem expressora de luciferase de L. (L.) amazonenses desenvolveram lesões comparáveis aos animais infectados com a cepa selvagem, sendo possível quantificar a carga parasitária nesses animais por bioimageamento. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho indicam que os parasitas mutantes expressores de luciferase obtidos podem ser utilizados em testes de sensibilidade a fármacos tanto in vitro como in vivo, representando um avanço metodológico nessa área de pesquisa. / Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites in Brazil, the main causative species of cutaneous leishmaniasis are Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonenses. The treatment of leishmaniasis presents several difficulties, and the discovery of new active drugs for the treatment of leishmaniasis is therefore fundamental. The enzyme luciferase is a reporter widely used in screening tests for new drugs. This enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of luciferase in the presence of ATP emitting light that can be detected in cultured cells in vitro as well as in intact animals, using the technique of bioimaging. In this work, we sought to produce strains of L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (L) amazonenses expressing luciferase and characterize the behavior of these mutant strains in drug susceptibility tests and in in vitro and in vivo infections. Production of light was detected in mutants of both species, in all life cycle stages. Mutant strains were compared to their corresponding parental lines as to their growth pattern, infectivity and survival profile in macrophages and sensitivity to amphotericin B and tamoxifen. No significant differences were observed for these parameters. BALB/c mice infected with the luciferase expressing line of L. (L.) amazonenses developed lesions comparable to those in animals infected with the wild-type strain. The parasite load in these animals was quantified through bioimaging. The results obtained of this study indicate that the mutant parasites expressing luciferase can be used for drug susceptibility testing in vitro and in vivo, representing a methodological advance in this area of research.

Este trabalho investiga a atuação do repórter de TV, profissional que, apesar de ser o principal narrador das histórias retratadas na televisão, se encontra à margem das pesquisas em telejornalismo. O objetivo foi mapear um estilo do repórter sob uma perspectiva histórica, buscando identificar diferenças e permanências nos elementos visuais da passagem, termo que no jargão jornalístico se refere ao momento em que o repórter aparece na reportagem. Como referencial teórico, utiliza-se o conceito de habitus de Bourdieu (2011), estudos de performance e dramaturgia de Goffman (1985), Coutinho (2012) e Gutmann (2012), entre outros autores, como Vizeu (2005), Benjamin (1996), Abreu e Lima (2010) e Mota (2001). Foram analisadas 72 reportagens das primeiras décadas do telejornalismo brasileiro e 73 reportagens contemporâneas, totalizando 145 passagens. Os resultados apontam um aumento no uso de movimentos de câmera, assim como o repórter também está se movimentando mais durante a passagem. O enquadramento mais utilizado é o plano americano, mas o plano geral, em que o repórter aparece de corpo inteiro, se tornou mais usual. O tempo médio da passagem aumentou, a formalidade do figurino está sendo deixada de lado e o grafismo surge como elemento visual auxiliar do repórter. O trabalho ainda reafirma a importância do papel do repórter de TV, figura que conduz a narrativa, confere credibilidade ao relato e estabelece um elo com a audiência. / This paper investigates the performance of the TV reporter, a professional that, despite being the main narrator of the stories on television, is excluded of researches in television journalism. The goal was to map a reporter style from a historical perspective in order to identify differences and continuities in the visual elements of the piece to camera, a term that in the journalistic jargon refers to the moment the reporter appears on TV. As a theoretical framework, we use the concept of habitus of Bourdieu (2011), performance and dramaturgy studies of Goffman (1985), Coutinho (2012) and Gutmann (2012), among others, as Vizeu (2005), Benjamin (1996), Abreu e Lima (2010) and Mota (2001). For this study, we analyzed 73 reports from the first decades of Brazilian television and 72 current reports, totalizing 145 pieces to camera. The results show an increase in the use of camera movements, and the reporter is also moving more during the piece to camera. The most widely used framework is the medium shot, but the wide shot, in which the reporter appears full body, became more common. The average time the reporter is displayed on the vídeo increased, the formality of clothing is being left aside and the graphics appears as a visual element helping the reporter. The study also reaffirms the importance of the TV reporter, that leads the narrative, gives credibility to the report and establishes a link with the audience.

No description available.

Cell cycle progression is the series of steps a cell has to take in order to duplicate its DNA and produce two daughter cells. Correct spatial and temporal coordination of the cell cycle is key for the normal development of any organ or tissue and is stringently controlled during embryogenesis and homeostasis. Misregulation of cell cycle progression is causal in many developmental disorders and diseases such as microcephaly and cancer. Fucci (Fluorescent Ubiquitination based Cell Cycle Indicator) is a system that allows for the visualisation of cell cycle progression by the use of two differently coloured fluorescent probes whose abundance is regulated reciprocally during the cell cycle. The probes contain the E3 ligase recognition domains of Cdt1 and Geminin fused to the fluorophores mCherry (red fluorescence) and mVenus (yellow fluorescence) respectively. Cells are therefore labelled red during G1, yellow in the G1/S transition and green during late S/G2 and M phases of the cell cycle. In order to study development and tissue homoeostasis a Fucci expressing mouse line was developed however this has several key limitations: First, the two Fucci probes are expressed from separate loci complicating mouse colony maintenance. Second, the constructs were not inducible, making it impossible to follow cell cycle progression in specific cell lineages and third the mice were generated by random transgenesis which is prone to silencing and can exhibit variation in expression between different tissues. Here I have characterised an improved version of the original Fucci system known as Fucci2a designed by Dr Richard Mort (University of Edinburgh) to overcome these limitations. The Fucci2a genetic construct contains both Fucci probes fused with the Thosea asigna virus self-cleaving peptide sequence T2A. This allows expression of both probes as a single bicistronic mRNA with subsequent cleavage by ribosomal ‘skipping’ during translation to yield separate proteins. A Fucci2a mouse (R26Fucc2aR) was generated by homologous recombination into the ROSA26 locus using the strong, ubiquitous CAG promoter to drive expression and incorporating a floxed-Neo stop cassette. This allows tissue specific activation by Cre recombinase when combined with a second Cre expressing mouse line. Building on the bicistronic Fucci2a technology I have gone on to develop and characterise four new tricistronic reporter constructs which allow for the dual visualisation of cell cycle progression with apoptosis, cytokinesis and ciliogenesis. In each case an additional fluorescent probe was added to the original Fucci2a construct separated by the self-cleaving peptide P2A and the construct characterised in 3T3 stable cell lines. The combination of a dual cilia and cell cycle reporter construct proved fruitful and I have gone on to investigate the relationship between cell cycle progression and ciliogenesis in 3T3 cells and have generated and characterised the R26Arl13b-Fucci2aR mouse line. I have also illustrated the utility of the R26Fucci2aR mouse for generating quantitative data in development research in two development situations; melanocyte development and lung branching morphogenesis. Melanocytes are specialised melanin producing cells responsible for the pigmentation of the hair, skin and eyes. Their precursors, melanoblasts, are derived from the neural crest where they migrate and proliferate before becoming localised to hair follicles and their study provides a good model for understanding the development of other neural crest derived lineages such as the peripheral nervous system. Using time-lapse imaging of ex vivo skin cultures in which melanoblasts are labelled with the Fucci probes I have characterised melanoblast migration and proliferation. In addition, I have shown that Kit signalling, which is necessary for melanoblast migration and survival, controls melanoblast proliferation in a density dependent manner and that melanoblast migration is more persistent in S/G2/M phases of the cell cycle. Lung branching morphogenesis requires constant proliferation at the apical tip of a growing epithelial branch. Loss of epithelial symmetry through an unidentified mechanism (requiring BMP, FgF10, Shh and Wnt signalling) within a branch is required to initiate branching either latterly from the side of a elongating branch by domain branching or by bifurcation of the tip. In the final section of this thesis I performed a comparative analysis of the behaviour of the developing lung epithelium using proliferative status (Fucci2a expression) to categorise each cell. Using a combination of live imaging and immunohistochemistry I have identified a transition zone 100-150μm from the tip of the branching lung epithelium where epithelial cells become stationary and drop out of the cell cycle corresponding with the onset of proximal bronchial progenitor marker Sox2. A comparative gene expression analysis of the proliferating and non-proliferating regions using Fucci2a to distinguish them has eluded to several interesting genes which could influence branching morphogenesis during lung development.

In recent years, Zika virus (ZIKV) has garnered worldwide attention due to its epidemic spread throughout the Americas and due to the newly recognized link between ZIKV infection and neurological diseases, including microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. ZIKV is a mosquito-borne member of the genus Flavivirus, which includes the other prominent human pathogens Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, dengue virus, and yellow fever virus. Many questions about the biology of ZIKV and how it causes disease remain unanswered. Furthermore, there currently are no vaccines or licensed antiviral drugs available to treat ZIKV infection. The goal of this study was to create new tools to aid in ZIKV research and in the creation of new therapies for ZIKV infection. To accomplish this, we created two recombinant ZIKVs–one expressing a green fluorescent protein reporter gene and the other expressing a luciferase reporter gene. These additional genes will allow us to easily visualize infected cells and to precisely track levels of viral replication over time, thereby facilitating new experimental approaches and providing a means to gain insights about ZIKV. We believe that these two new versions of ZIKV will prove to be useful tools in the urgent task of better understanding how ZIKV causes disease and its links to other complications, as well as in the process of developing and testing new treatments to combat ZIKV infection.

Abstract Leadership and job satisfaction are significantly influential in the success of media and any other organizations. A case study looking into the media organizations of Taiwan can be interesting owing to its specific media environment, since the lifting of the martial law brought forth a liberal public sphere and prosperous media market, accompanying with a growing number of media workers and severe competition. To survive and aim for a longer-term development in such a moment, a well-managed human resource seems to be even more critical, which brings the importance to leadership and job satisfaction in an organization as argued in the beginning. To further explore the issue, this dissertation takes the reporters of terrestrial and satellite television corporations as research object, and examines the relations of three variables ¡V transformational leadership, locus of control, and job satisfaction, with the research method of questionnaire. The findings are listed as below: 1. Wage and seniority as demographical variables significantly affect the perception of transformational leadership. 2. Wage and position as demographical variables significantly affect job satisfaction. 3. The relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfaction has positive correlation. 4. The relationship between locus of control and job satisfaction has positive correlation. 5. The relationship among transformational leadership, locus of control, and job satisfaction has positive correlation; the locus of control is the important factor enhancing the positive correlation between transformational leadership and job satisfaction. According to the above results, to promote job satisfaction and organizational performance accordingly, transformational leadership is suggested in the management of news production divisions. Compared with workers of other industries, reporters are more exposed to time pressure and sense of being alienated with their organizations and colleagues; to release the tension and thus effectively promote job satisfaction of their reporters, leaders of news production divisions should put more stress on consideration. Later researchers might consider a dimensional study or comparative studies among different types of media organization, which would enrich the empirical studies and reinforce the application of theories of transformational leadership.

New technology has created new opportunities for journalists working with web TV. Changes in the work processes have led to new professional roles. According to the theory of media logic such events become news that suits media organizations and working conditions. How does the media logic affect the editorial workflow and how does it affect professional roles? In light of my own experience in various roles in television journalism, I examine how the web TV format shapes the work of journalists. Based on previous research in this area, this thesis also examines the professional role video reporters play and what this new role means in relation to other professional roles in journalism. Previous research shows that the video reporter role offers both opportunities and threats to journalism. (Brännström 2008, Wallace 2009, Nygren & Zuiderveld, 2011, and others). This study, based on participant observation at a web TV editorial desk, shows that the media logic of the format of web TV affects the work process in several ways. First, in terms of how news is produced in the field, and how news is created and re-created from existing material at the production desk. Inasmuch that consumers are increasingly becoming potential producers with cellphone cameras, there is a potential video journalist in every cellphone owner. The pace of work drives journalists to publish at a faster pace, which in turn means less time for reflection. Often the job of the video reporter is to select an in-point and out-point in an interview quickly and publish! This survey also highlights the video reporter’s role in relation to other journalists that work at a web editorial desk. The result shows that there is a difference between video reporters and writing reporters and also that there are differences within the group of video reporters. The study also provides an insight into the journalistic challenges at hand with new differentiations and combinations of roles in journalism within the field of web TV.In light of the observations derived from the material, one can say that the work of the video reporter at a web TV editorial desk is very much molded into a shape, the shape of practice governing the work, or in other words, the media logic controls what kind of video journalism reporters exercise in the production of online web TV.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2009. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 149-154). Also available on the World Wide Web.