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In the automotive industry, the complexity of electronic components is increasing rapidly. Modern functional safety standards rely on strict requirements engineering techniques in order to ensure the safety of a given system. Current requirements management tools on the market either suffer in their ability to handle such constraints or are not susceptible to industrial applicability. To solve this problem, two main questions have been focused in this master thesis. How to visualise the requirements and their relationship to architecture and how to provide a solution that reflects on how work is conducted today at Scania. A prototype with focus on visualisation of requirements and their relationship to architectures has been developed. To provide an intuitive solution that reflects on how work is conducted, an evaluation of the prototype has been conducted. The prototype was evaluated by engineers at Scania that works with requirements in their daily work. The conclusion of the evaluation suggests that visualisation of requirements and their relation to architecture could be beneficial for requirement engineering. To keep the solution intuitive it is important to focus on filtering methods for the visualisation in future development.

Submitted by VINICIUS DUARTE DE OLIVEIRA null (vinicius.d.oliveira@ufv.br) on 2018-04-02T11:53:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Vinicius_Duarte_de_Oliveira.pdf: 1500978 bytes, checksum: d345611e89d00cf9a7f4424e7e8e15ec (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-04-02T12:34:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_vd_me_jabo.pdf: 1500978 bytes, checksum: d345611e89d00cf9a7f4424e7e8e15ec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-02T12:34:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_vd_me_jabo.pdf: 1500978 bytes, checksum: d345611e89d00cf9a7f4424e7e8e15ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A Determinação das ingestões ótimas de isoleucina (Ile), valina (val), triptofano (Trp) das galinhas poedeiras comercias pode permitir novas reduções no fornecimento da proteína bruta dietética. Para cumprir este objetivo as ingestões ótimas biológicas e econômicas de Ile, Val e Trp para poedeiras comercias foram avaliadas em três ensaios, sendo utilizadas 70 aves da linhagem Hisex White com 29 semanas de idade para cada ensaio. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos e dez repetições de uma ave cada. As dietas experimentais foram formuladas pela técnica da diluição, obtendo-se assim níveis crescentes de Ile (2,80; 3,64; 5,11; 6,34; 6,95; 7,80 g/kg), Val (3,56; 4,58; 6,35; 7,83; 8,58; 9,60 g/kg) e Trp (0,81; 1,06; 1,50; 1,86; 2,05; 2,30 g/kg). Além disso, uma sétima dieta foi formulada em cada ensaio para verificar a limitância do aminoácido teste. Cada ensaio teve a duração de 10 semanas, sendo as seis primeiras de adaptação e as quatro últimas de coleta de dados. As variáveis de ingestão de aminoácidos, massa de ovo e conversão alimentar foram submetidas as análises de variância e regressão com nível de significância de α=5. Em seguida foram ajustados dois modelos matemáticos: linear platô (LP) e polinomial quadrático (PQ). Também foi estimada a ingestão ótima obtida pela 1º intersecção da PQ com o platô do LP. Para obtenção dos coeficientes para o “Reading Model”, os dados foram analisados pelo programa EFG (2006). Os níveis de Ile, Val e Trp influenciaram significativamente todas a variáveis estudadas (p <0,01). Os níveis ótimos de Ile, Val e Trp estimados pelo LP foram 376, 679 e 150 mg/ave/dia, respectivamente. Considerando as ingestões estimadas pelo PQ foram obtidos 633 mg/ave/dia para Ile, 931 mg/ave/dia para Val e 218 mg/ave/dia para Trp. Com base na combinação dos dois modelos (LP+PQ), as ingestões de Ile, Val e Trp foram 531, 771 e 184 mg/ave/dia, respectivamente. Os coeficientes de produção (a) estimados foram 7,23; 9,83 e 2,28 mg/g de ovo para Ile, Val e Trp, respectivamente. A eficiência de utilização foi de 82% para Ile, 75% para Val e 85% para Trp. Os coeficientes de mantença (b) para Ile, Val e Trp foram 13,20; 0,03 e 7,48 mg/kg de peso corporal. Considerando o cenário econômico atual as ingestões ótimas econômicos de Val e Trp recomendados pelo “Reading Model” foram de 852 e 195 mg/ave/dia, para poedeiras comercias de 29 a 39 semanas. / Determination of optimal intakes of isoleucine (Ile), valine (val), tryptophan (Trp) of commercial laying hens may allow further reductions in the supply of dietary crude protein. To achieve this goal, the optimal economic intakes of isoleucine (Ile), valine (Val) and tryptophan (Trp) for commercial laying hens were evaluated in three trials, using 70 hens of Hisex White strain at 29 weeks of age for each assay. The experimental design was completely randomized, with six treatments and ten replications of one bird each. The experimental diets were formulated using the dilution technique, resulting in increasing dietary levels of Ile (2.80; 3.64; 5.11; 6.34; 6.95; 7.80 g.Kg-1), Val (3.56; 4.58; 6.35; 7.83; 8.58; 9.60 g.kg-1) and Trp (0.81; 1.06; 1.50; 1.86; 2.05; 2.30 g.kg-1). In addition, a seventh diet was formulated for each trial, in order to confirm if the amino acid test was the first-limiting. After a six-weeks adaptation period, the data collection were carried out for four weeks, thus each trial lasted ten weeks. The variables of amino acid intake, egg mass and feed conversion were submitted to analysis of variance and regression with significance level of α = 5. Then, two mathematical models were fitted: linear plateau (LP) and quadratic polynomial (PQ). It was also estimated the optimal intake obtained by the 1st intersection of the PQ with the LP plateau. To obtain the coefficients for the Reading Model, the data were analyzed by the EFG program (2006). Levels of Ile, Val and Trp significantly influenced all variables studied (p <0.01). The optimal levels of Ile, Val and Trp estimated by LP were 376, 679 and 150 mg / bird / day, respectively. Considering the intakes estimated by the PQ, 633 mg / bird / day were obtained for Ile, 931 mg / bird / day for Val and 218 mg / bird / day for Trp. Based on the combination of the two models (LP + PQ), Ile, Val and Trp intakes were 531, 771 and 184 mg / bird / day, respectively. The estimated coefficients of production (a) were 7.23; 9.83 and 2.28 mg / g egg for Ile, Val and Trp, respectively. The efficiency of use was 82% for Ile, 75% for Val and 85% for Trp. The maintenance coefficients (b) for Ile, Val and Trp were 13.20; 0.03 and 7.48 mg / kg body weight. Considering the current economic scenario, the optimal economic intakes of Val and Trp recommended by the Reading Model were 852 and 195 mg / bird / day, for commercial laying hens from 29 to 39 weeks / FAPESP: 2016/14754-5

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate agreement among five equations by which clinicians estimate water requirements (EWR) and to determine how well these equations predict total water intake (TWI). The Institute of Medicine has used TWI as a measure of water requirements. A secondary goal of this study was to develop practical equations to predict TWI. These equations could then be considered accurate predictors of an individual’s water requirement. Regressions were performed to determine agreement between the five equations and between the five equations and TWI using NHANES 1999-2004. The criteria for agreement was 1) strong correlation coefficients between all comparisons and 2) regression line that was not significantly different when compared to the line of equality (x=y) i.e., the 95% CI of the slope and intercept must include one and zero, respectively. Correlations were performed to determine association between fat-free mass (FFM) and TWI. Clinically significant variables were selected to build equations for predicting TWI. All analyses were performed with SAS software and were weighted to account for the complex survey design and for oversampling. Results showed that the five EWR equations were strongly correlated but did not agree with each other. Further, the EWR equations were all weakly associated to TWI and lacked agreement with TWI. The strongest agreement between the NRC equation and TWI explained only 8.1% of the variability of TWI. Fat-free mass was positively correlated to TWI. Two models were created to predict TWI. Both models included the variables, race/ethnicity, kcals, age, and height, but one model also included FFM and gender. The other model included BMI and osmolality. Neither model accounted for more than 28% of the variability of TWI. These results provide evidence that estimates of water requirements would vary depending upon which EWR equation was selected by the clinician. None of the existing EWR equations predicted TWI, nor could a prediction equation be created which explained a satisfactory amount of variance in TWI. A good estimate of water requirements may not be predicted by TWI. Future research should focus on using more valid measures to predict water requirements.

Obsahem diplomové práce je souhrnný přehled o problematice požadavků, jejich získávání, řízení a využití v průběhu SW projektů. V první části je zachycen smysl evidence požadavků a jsou popsány druhy, se kterými je možné se na SW projektech setkat. Druhá část ukazuje atributy a vlastnosti, které by měl dobře nadefinovaný požadavek mít. Třetí část popisuje způsoby získávání a zdroje požadavků, včetně jejich verifikace, validace a akceptace. Nosné téma práce spočívá ve využití nadefinovaných požadavků jako řídícího prvku v realizačních fázích projektu. Závěr práce je věnován typovému příkladu ideálního projektu a jeho porovnání s několika reálnými projekty.

This study concerns the legal requirement of contravention as a prerequisite for any parties right to appeal decisions according to the Swedish Public Administration Act. In this study, we examine the legal statute, its significance and its function in administrative law. In order to carry out this study, we have examined the historical background of the aforementioned statue, its legislative history and its stated purpose at introduction. We have also done a through investigation of various legal cases, which has enabled us to analyze how this requirement of contravention is understood in practice and how it is applied. The purpose of this part of the study has been to compare the application in practice with the function of the contravention-requirement as stated in legislative preparatory documents, and also to examine and analyze whether court judgements on this matter are in agreement.    Everyone has the right to express dissatisfaction with government decisions and to submit appeals. The function of any public administration regulation is to regulate the interaction of power between government and individuals and its prime objective is not seldom the protection of citizens against state authority. In this, the right to appeal a government decision is a key element. All people come in contact with a government decision as some point during their lives and can end up in a situation where they do not share the assessment of the deciding authority, which makes this an important topic for research.    The right to appeal a decision must however, for reasons that are obvious, be limited in some way so as to avoid a waste of common resources. Appealability and the issue of standing are two legal concepts that serve are infringements on the general right to appeal. Any decision can be appealed, but only if it is appealable. And whoever wishes to appeal the decision can do so, provided that they have standing and can show contravention. In other words, the decision appealed must first and foremost be a decision, and then be one that concerns the complainant to some reasonable extent.    We first became familiar with this matter through a decision of the Supreme Administrative Court of Sweden, 7873-13, the so-called name-case. The case concerns a women that applied to change her name, was allowed to do so in a decision and then appealed that same decision on the grounds that she had changed her mind. We find that the statutory text is clear in that it requires contravention, but what contravention, i.e. a decision having gone against someone, actually means or how it should be understood or assessed is not clear. It is for this reason that  we have decided to research this matter further and to investigate and analyze what the legal contravention-requirement means in practice.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第22625号 / 経博第617号 / 新制||経||293(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 新後閑 禎, 教授 柴田 章久, 准教授 高橋 修平 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DGAM

Previous research evaluated the dLys requirement and the impact of varying dLys and AME on Cobb MV x Cobb 500 broilers during the starter and grower phases, leaving the finisher phase to be determined. Experiment 1 estimated the finisher dLys requirement to range from 0.748-1.32% for males and 0.752-1.292% for females. Male broilers were more responsive to increasing dLys than females, though in general, increasing dLys improved performance and processing. Experiment 2 determined the effects of varying finisher dLys and AME on broiler performance and processing. Increasing dLys improved BWG, FCR, ALI, and breast yield while decreasing FI and fat pad yield. Increasing AME consistently reduced FI and FCR while increasing thigh and fat pad yield. Economic analyses for both experiments demonstrated that maximizing performance was not always economical, verifying the importance of considering feed costs and performance to optimize return on investment for Cobb MV x Cobb 500 broilers.

Context: Defects occurred in the SRS may cause problems in project due to implementation of poor requirements which require extra time, effort, resources and budget to complete it. Reading techniques i.e., checklist based reading (CBR) helps to guide reviewers in identifying defects in software requirement specification (SRS) during individual requirement inspections. Checklists contain potential defects/problems to look for, but often lack clear definitions with examples of the problem, and also their abstractions are different. Therefore, there is a need for identifying existing defects and classifiers and to create a consolidated version of taxonomy. Objectives: We developed taxonomy for requirement defects that are in requirement specifications and compared it with the checklist based approach. The main objective was to investigate and compare the effectiveness and efficiency of inspection techniques (checklist and taxonomy) with M.Sc. software engineering students and industry practitioners by performing a both controlled student and industry experiment. Methods: Literature review, controlled student experiment and controlled industry experiment were the research methods utilized to fulfill the objectives of this study. INSPEC and Google scholar database was used to find the articles from the literature. Controlled student experiment was conducted with the M.Sc. software engineering students and controlled industry experiment was performed with the industry practitioners to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the two treatments that are checklist and taxonomy. Results: An extensive literature review helped us to identify several types of defects with their definitions and examples. In this study, we studied various defect classifiers, checklists, requirement defects and inspection techniques and then built taxonomy for requirement defects. We evaluated whether the taxonomy performed better with respect to checklist using controlled experiments with students and practitioners. Moreover, the results of student experiment (p= 0.90 for effectiveness and p=0.10 for efficiency) and practitioner experiment (p=1.0 for effectiveness and p=0.70 for efficiency) did not show significant values with respect to effectiveness and efficiency. But because of less number of practitioners it is not possible to apply a statistical test since we also have used standard formulas to calculate effectiveness and efficiency. 2 out of the 3 reviewers using taxonomy found more defect types compared to 3 reviewers using checklist. 10-15% more defects have been found by reviewers using taxonomy. 2 out of the 3 reviewers using taxonomy are more productive (measuring in hours) compared to reviewers of checklist. Although the results are quite better than the student experiment but it is hard to claim that reviewers using taxonomy are more effective and efficient than the reviewers using checklist because of less subjects in number. The results of the post experiment questionnaire revealed that the taxonomy is easy to use and easy to understand but hard to remember while inspecting SRS than the checklist technique. Conclusions: Previously researchers created taxonomies for their own purpose or on industry demand. These taxonomies lack clear and understandable definitions. To overcome this problem, we built taxonomy with requirement defects which consists of definitions and examples. No claims are made based on student experiment because of insignificant values with respect to effectiveness and efficiency. Although the controlled industry experiment results showed that taxonomy performed slightly better than the checklist in efficiency i.e., in defect detection rate and effectiveness i.e., number of defect found. From this we can conclude that taxonomy helps guiding the reviewers to indentify defects from SRS but not quite much so it is recommended to perform a further study with practitioners in a large scale for effective results. / skarimuddin@yahoo.com, hassanshah357@gmail.com

Context: Security considerations are typically incorporated in the later stages of development as an afterthought. Security in software system is put under the category of non-functional requirements by the researchers. Understanding the security needs of a system requires considerable knowledge of assets, data security, integrity, confidentiality and availability of services. Counter measures against software attacks are also a security need of a software system. To incorporate security in the earliest stages, i.e. requirement gathering, helps building secure software systems from the start. For that purpose researchers have proposed different requirements elicitation techniques. These techniques are categorized into formal and informal techniques on the basis of finiteness and clarity in activities of the techniques. Objectives: Limitations of formal methods and lack of systematic approaches in informal elicitation techniques make it difficult to rely on a single technique for security requirements elicitation. Therefore we decided to utilize the strengths of formal and informal technique to mitigate their weaknesses by combining widely used formal and informal security requirements elicitation techniques. The basic idea of our research was to integrate an informal technique with a formal technique and propose a flexible framework with some level of formality in the steps. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review to see “which are the widely used security requirement elicitation techniques?” as a pre-study for our thesis? We searched online databases i.e. ISI, IEEE Xplore, ACM, Springer, Inspec and compendeX. We also conducted a literature review for different frameworks that are used in industry, for security requirement elicitation. We conducted an experiment after proposing a security requirements elicitation Framework and compared the result from the Framework with that of CLASP and Misuse cases. Results:Two types of analysis were conducted on results from the experiment: Vulnerability analysis and Requirements analysis with respect to a security baseline. Vulnerability analysis shows that the proposed framework mitigates more vulnerabilities than CLASP and Misuse Cases. Requirements analysis with respect to the security baseline shows that the proposed framework, unlike CLASP and Misuse cases, covers all the security baseline features. Conclusions:The framework we have proposed by combining CLASP, Misuse cases and Secure TROPOS contains the strengths of three security requirements elicitation techniques. To make the proposed framework even more effective, we also included the security requirements categorization by Bogale and Ahmed [11]. The framework is flexible and contains fifteen steps to elicit security requirements. In addition it also allows iterations to improve security in a system