Com o crescimento da importância do setor financeiro no mundo globalizado, instituiram-se os Acordos de Basiléia para a regulamentação do Sistema Financeiro Internacional. Tais acordos apresentam uma série de alterações no sistema financeiro nacional e têm prazo para sua implantação. O presente estudo visa verificar a nova metodologia de cálculo do Patrimônio de Referência (PR) nos bancos brasileiros, bem como os possíveis impactos que as exigências do acordo, considerando as alterações trazidas pelo Acordo de Basiléia III, podem ocasionar para os bancos. Para tal, realizou-se uma pesquisa quantitativa com dados de 45 instituições financeiras brasileiras e estimou-se o impacto da implementação da nova metodologia de cálculo comparando-se a situação atual reportada pelos bancos. O resultado obtido é que a implementação das mudanças geraria impacto positivo para a robustez do sistema financeiro nacional. / With the growing importance of the financial sector in a globalized world, the Basel Accords were instituted to regulatethe International Financial System.Those accords feature a series of changes on the national financial system and have deadlines for implementation. This study aims to verify the new methodology of Equity Requirement calculation on Brazilian banks, as well as the possible impacts of the accord’s requirements, considering the changes introduced by Basel Accord III.For such, a quantitative research was performed with data from 45 Brazilian financial institutions, and the impact of the implementation of the new methodology in comparison with the current methodology was estimated. The result is that the implementation of the changes would cause a positive impact on the solidity of the national financial system.

O objetivo desta dissertação foi estimar a exigência de lisina (Lis) para frangos de corte machos Cobb x Cobb 500 de 1 a 12 dias de idade (experimento 1), 12 a 28 dias de idade (experimento 2) e 28 a 42 dias de idade (experimento 3). Dietas basais foram formuladas para atingir ou exceder as exigências nutricionais, com exceção da Lis. Cinco níveis de Lis foram suplementados às dietas basais a partir de L-Lis HCl ou sulfato de L-Lis de modo que os níveis variaram de 0,97% a 1,37% de Lis digestível no experimento 1, 0,77% a 1,17% de Lis digestível no experimento 2 e 0,68% a 1,08% de Lis digestível no experimento 3 em incrementos de 0,08%. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 8 repetições de 25 aves. Em cada experimento, 2200 aves foram alojadas em 88 unidades experimentais. Nos dias 1 e 12 (experimento 1), 12 e 28 (experimento 2) e 28 e 42 (experimento 3) as aves e a ração foram pesadas para determinar o ganho de peso (GP) e conversão alimentar (CA). No experimento 3, quatro aves por unidade experimental foram abatidas para determinação do rendimento de carcaça e peito. A biodisponibilidade relativa (RBV) das fontes de Lis foi avaliada através de uma regressão multivariada e comparada pelo teste t. A exigência de Lis foi estimada por três modelos de regressão: polinomial quadrática, brokenline linear e broken-line quadrática. A exigência foi representada como 95% do ponto de máxima resposta. Não houve diferença entre a RBV da Lis no sulfato de L-Lis em relação ao L-Lis HCl, portanto ambas as fontes foram utilizadas para estimar as exigências. As exigências encontradas variaram de acordo com o modelo estatístico e a variável analisada. A regressão broken-line quadrática apresentou o melhor ajustamento aos dados de desempenho, enquanto a regressão broken-line linear se ajustou melhor aos dados de rendimento de carcaça e peito. As regressões polinomial quadrática, broken-line linear e broken-line quadrática estimaram, respectivamente, as exigências como 1,190, 1,032 e 1,101% para GP e 1,226, 1,038 e 1,124% para CA no experimento 1; 1,021, 0,900 e 0,961% para GP e 1,064, 0,966 e 1,043% para CA no experimento 2; 0,949, 0,833 e 0,925% para GP, 0,978, 0,851 e 0,960% para CA, 0,933, 0,842 e 0,931% para rendimento de carcaça e 0,952, 0,839 e 0,921% para rendimento de peito no experimento 3. Os resultados demonstraram que as exigências de Lis foram consideravelmente influenciadas pelas diferentes regressões. Portanto, a escolha do modelo estatístico é crítica para a obtenção de estimativas precisas e coerentes. / The objective of this thesis was to estimate lysine (Lys) requirement of male Cobb x Cobb 500 broilers from 1 to 12 days of age (experiment 1), 12 to 28 days of age (experiment 2), and 28 to 42 days of age (experiment 3). Basal diets were formulated to meet or exceed recommendations, except for Lys. Five graded levels of Lys were supplemented from L-Lys HCl or L-Lys sulfate to the basal diets. Dietary treatments ranged from 0.97% to 1.37% digestible Lys in experiment 1, 0.77% to 1.17% digestible Lys in experiment 2, and 0.68% to 1.08% digestible Lys in experiment 3 in 0.08% increments. Treatments were distributed in a completely randomized design with 8 repetitions of 25 birds each. A total of 2,200 birds per experiment were placed in 88 experimental units. At 1 and 12 days (experiment 1), 12 and 28 days (experiment 2), and 28 and 42 days (experiment 3), birds and feed were weighed to determine body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). In experiment 3, four birds per experimental unit were processed for carcass and breast meat yield evaluation. Relative bioavailability (RBV) of Lys sources was assessed by a multivariate regression and compared by a t-test. Lysine requirement was estimated using three regression models: quadratic polynomial, linear broken-line, and quadratic broken-line. Requirements were represented as 95% of the asymptote. No difference was observed in Lys RBV in L-Lys sulfate compared to L-Lys HCl, thus both sources were used to estimate requirements. Requirement estimates varied according to statistic model and analyzed variable. Quadratic broken-line model presented the best fit to performance data (BWG and FCR), whereas linear broken-line model fitted better to carcass and breast meat yield data. Quadratic polynomial, linear broken-line, and quadratic brokenline estimates were, respectively, 1.190, 1.032, and 1.101% for BW gain and 1.226, 1.038, and 1.124% for FCR in experiment 1; 1.021, 0.900, and 0.961% for BW gain and as 1.064, 0.966, and 1.043% for FCR in experiment 2; and 0.949, 0.833, 0.925% for BW gain, 0.978, 0.851, and 0.960% for FCR, 0.933, 0.842, and 0.931% for carcass yield, and 0.952, 0.839, and 0.921% for breast meat yield in experiment 3. Results demonstrate that Lys requirements were considerably influenced by different regression models. Therefore, the choice of statistical model is crucial to obtain precise, coherent estimates.

Context. The requirements analysis phase, as the very beginning of software development process, has been identified as a quite important phase in the software development lifecycle. Software Requirement Specification (SRS) is the output of requirements analysis phase, whose quality factors play an important role in the evaluation work. Readability is a quite important SRS quality factor, but there are few available automated approaches for readability measurement, because of the tight dependency on readers' perceptions. Low readability of SRS documents has a serious impact on the whole process of software development. Therefore, it's extremely urgent to propose effective automated approaches for SRS documents readability measurement. Using traditional readability indexes to analyze readability of SRS documents automatically is a potentially feasible approach. However, the effectiveness of this approach is not systematically evaluated before. Objectives. In this study, firstly, we aim to understand the readability of texts and investigate approaches to score texts readability manually. Then investigate existing automated readability approaches for texts with their working theories. Next, evaluate the effectiveness of measuring the readability of SRS documents by using these automated readability approaches. Finally, rank these automated approaches by their effectiveness. Methods. In order to find out the way how human score the readability of texts manually and investigate existing automated readability approaches for texts, systematic literature review is chosen as the research methodology. Experiment is chosen to explore the effectiveness of automated readability approaches. Results. We find 67 articles after performing systematic literature review. According to systematic literature review, human judging the readability of texts through reading is the most common way of scoring texts readability manually. Additionally, we find four available automated readability assessments tools and seven available automated readability assessments formulas. After executing the experiment, we find the actual value of effectiveness of all selected approaches are not high and Coh-Metrix presents the highest actual value of effectiveness of automated readability approach among the selected approaches. Conclusions. Coh-Metrix is the most effective automated readability approach, but the feasibility in directly applying Coh-Metrix in SRS documents readability assessments cannot be permitted. Since the actual value of evaluated effectiveness is not high enough. In addition, all selected approaches are based on metrics of readability measures, but no semantic factors are blended in readability assessments. Hence studying more on human perception quantifying and adding semantic analysis in SRS documents readability assessment could be two research directions in future.

Foram realizados dois experimentos com o objetivo de determinar a concentração de zinco e manganês na dieta de frangos de corte sobreas características de desempenho, disponibilidade e mineralização óssea, além da comparação de métodos para quantificar o grau de mineralização óssea. Em cada um dos experimentos foram distribuídos 320 pintinhos machos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com oito tratamentos e cinco repetições de oito aves cada. O diferencial existente entre o experimento um e dois está relacionado com o micromineral avaliado, sendo o zinco e o manganês, respectivamente. No experimento um, uma dieta foi sem inclusão de zincoe os níveis de inclusão de sulfato de zinco foram de 60 e 100mg/kg e de zinco metionina de 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 mg/kg. No experimento dois, uma dieta foi sem inclusão de manganês e os níveis de inclusão de sulfato de manganês foram de 65 e 105 mg/kg e de manganês metionina de 25, 45, 65, 85 e 105 mg/kg. Em ambos experimentos, para determinar a disponibilidade, comparou-se uma dieta sem adição do micromineral com outras dietas com adição do micromineral, na fonte orgânica e inorgânica. Para determinar a exigência, somente os níveis dos microminerais na fonte orgânica foram comparados entre si. Os microminerais estudados (zinco e manganês) não interferiram no desempenho das aves independente do nível e fonte em que foram utilizados. Aos 38 dias, o zinco (60 e 100 mg/kg) e o manganês (105 mg/kg) orgânico foram excretados em menor quantidade em comparação com os mesmos minerais na fonte inorgânica. Sugerindo assim, uma melhor absorção do micromineral orgânico. Independente da fonte e nível utilizado, os microminerais estudados não interferiram nas características ósseas avaliadas (peso, comprimento e largura da tíbia, peso do tarso- metatarso e peso das falanges). Em ambos estudos, o grau de mineralização óssea aumentou conforme elevou-se a concentração de zinco ou de manganês na dieta, independente da fonte em que estes microminerais foram estudados. O método mais adequado para determinação do teor de zinco e de manganês é através da utilização de tíbias. / Two experiments were conducted with the objective of determining the concentration of zinc and manganese in the diet of poultry, the experiments were done on the performance, availability and bone mineralization, besides the comparison of methods to quantify the degree of bone mineralization. In each experiment 320 male chicks were distributed in a totally randomized and experimental design, with eight treatments and five replicates of eight birds each. The existing differential between experiment one and experiment two is related to the evaluated micro mineral (trace elements), beingzinc and manganese respectively. In experiment one, one diet did not include zinc and the other diets included levels of zinc sulfate of 60 and 100 mg/kg, and of zinc methionineof 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/kg. In experiment two, one diet did not include manganese and the other diets included levels of manganese sulfate of 65 and 105 mg/kg, and of manganese methionine of 25, 45, 64, 85 and 105 mg/kg. In both experiments, to determine the availability, a diet without the addition of micro mineral was compared to other diets with the addition of the micro mineral in the organic and inorganic sources. To determine the requirement, only the levels of micro mineral in the organic source were compared among themselves. The studied micro mineral did not interfere on the poultry performance regardless thelevel and source in which they were used. At 38 days, the quantities of zinc (60 and 100 mg/kg) and manganese (105 mg/kg) excreted from an organic source were lower in comparison to the same minerals in an inorganic source. Thus suggesting a better absorption of the organic micro mineral. Regardless the used source and level, the studied micro minerals (zinc and manganese) did not interfere in the evaluated bone characteristics (weight, length and width of the tibia, the weight of the tarsus - metatarsus and the weight of the phalanges). In both studies the degree of bone mineralization increased in accordance with the increased concentration of zinc and manganese in the diet, regardless the source in which those micro mineralswere studied. The most appropriate method for determining the zinc and the manganese content is through the use of tibia.

[pt] O objetivo da dissertação é testar empiricamente a existência de dualidade no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. Dualidade é entendida como a existência de estruturas de remuneração distintas na economia, não explicadas por diferenças nos atributos produtivos dos indivíduos. São analisados os dados Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD/IBGE) de 1988 através da metodologia proposta por Dickens & Lang (1985) e de algumas extensões. A evidência sugere que o comportamento dos salários no Brasil não se assemelha às previsões da teoria dual: o efeito da educação se sobrepõe a qualquer outro fator na determinação dos rendimentos na economia brasileira e o retorno à educação é altamente não-linear, o que dá relevância a políticas que atuam sobre a oferta de trabalho no combate à pobreza e à distribuição desigual de renda. / [en] The objective of the dissertation is to test empirically the existence of duality in the Brazilian labor market. Duality is defined as the existence of different wage strctures in the economy, not explained by differences in the productive skills of the workers. Data from the annual Brazilian household survey (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios - PNAD/IBGE) from 1988 is analyzed with the methodology suggested by Dickens & Lang (1985) and some extensions. The results do not support the dual theory: education is the basic determinant of the wages in the Brazilian economy and the return to education is highly non-linear. These conclusions reveal the major role that should be played by supply side labor market policies in the efforts against poverty and earnings inequality in Brazil.

I juni 2016 införde Finansinspektionen, i samtycke med regeringen, ett amorteringskrav för nya bolån med avsikten att minska de svenska hushållens skuldsättning. Syftet med uppsatsen är att analysera den effekt amorteringskravet har haft på bostadspriser inom den svenska marknaden för bostadsrätter. Detta har genomförts med en ekonometrisk modell, samt med stöd av nationalekonomisk teori och tidigare forskning. Studien har fokuserat på förändringen i bostadspriser för bostadsrätter i Sveriges tre största kommuner, Stockholm, Göteborg och Malmö. Resultatet visar på en statistiskt och ekonomiskt signifikant negativ effekt av amorteringskravet i Stockholms kommun medan resultatet för de två övriga kommunerna inte går att statistiskt säkerställa. Vidare visar uppsatsen att de faktorer som bestämmer bostadspriser går i en riktning som påverkar priserna positivt och begränsar amorteringskravets effekt på bostadspriser. / On June 1, 2016, the Swedish Financial Supervisory (Finansinspektionen), in agreement with the Swedish government, imposed an amortization requirement for new housing loans with the intention of reducing the households’ indebtedness. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of the amortization requirement on housing prices in the Swedish housing market. This has been executed using an econometric model and with the support of economic theory and previous research. The study has focused on the change in housing prices in condominiums in Sweden’s three largest municipalities, Stockholm, Göteborg and Malmö. The result shows a statistically and economically significant negative effect of the amortization requirement in the municipality of Stockholm, while results for the other two municipalities fail to show statistical significance. Furthermore, this paper shows that factors determining housing prices have developed in a way that positively affects housing prices and limits the effect that the amortization requirement have on housing prices.

[pt] Nos últimos 15 anos, o grau de informalidade no mercado de trabalho brasileiro vem aumentando quase que monotonicamente, tendo permanecido estável nos últimos dois anos em torno de 60% da população economicamente ativa. Este fenômeno impressiona não só pela grandeza como também pela persistência, levando a uma pergunta inevitável: o que está acontecendo e por quê? As instituições do mercado de trabalho são freqüentemente apontadas como uma das principais causas do seu mau funcionamento e argumenta-se que seu desenho inadequado estaria gerando incentivos à informalidade tanto para trabalhadores quanto para empregadores. Este trabalho tem por objetivo contribuir para o debate analisando os efeitos destas instituições sobre o grau de informalidade, desemprego e bem-estar da economia. Para tanto, desenvolve-se um modelo de matching com dois setores - formal e informal - em que firmas e trabalhadores negociam salários (através de uma barganha de Nash) e que incorpora as principais características institucionais do mercado de trabalho brasileiro. O modelo é resolvido numericamente, o que permite realizar experimentos de política não só qualitativos como também quantitativos. A partir dos resultados obtidos com estes exercícios é possível observar que variações nos custos de demissão têm impactos mais significativos sobre o grau de informalidade e desemprego do que reduções no custo não salarial do trabalho. Mostra-se também que a legislação não pode ser responsabilizada pelos elevados diferenciais de salários observados entre trabalhadores dos setores formal e informal. Ao contrário, na ausência de qualquer heterogeneidade entre firmas e empregados, o diferencial unicamente induzido pela legislação é amplamente favorável aos trabalhadores informais. Além da análise formal, é feita também uma revisão da literatura relevante. / [en] In the last 15 years, informality in the Brazilian labor market has been rising steadily, having stabilized in the last two years around 60% of the economically active population. The magnitude of this phenomenon is impressive not only for its intensity but also for its persistence, leading to an inevitable question: what is happening and why? Labor market institutions are usually pointed as one of the main causes of informality and it is frequently argued that their poor design would be generating incentives towards informality both for workers and employers. The objective of this work its to contribute for the debate analyzing the effects of these institutions on the informality degree, unemployment and welfare of the economy. To do so, I develop a matching model with two sectors - formal and informal - where workers and firms negotiate wages (through a Nash bargain) and the main institutional characteristics of the Brazilian labor market are included. The model is numerically solved, what allows investigating not only qualitative but also quantitative effects of policy experiments. From the results obtained with these exercises is possible to observe, for instance, that variations in the dismissal costs have more significant impacts on the informality degree and equilibrium unemployment than reductions in non-wage costs of labor. Besides this formal analysis, a review of the relevant literature and of the Brazilian labor legislation is made.

This thesis deals with the identification of customer requirements laid down in the document Formel Q. Based on the requirements of the verification of whether the organization meets these customer requirements. Verification of compliance with customer requirements is accomplished by performing the process and product audit of the organization.

No description available.

Bacterial protein export involves the translocation of precursor proteins across the inner cytoplasmic membrane. Over 100 proteins are exported from Escherichia coli. This study showed that energy in the form of ATP and membrane gradient energy is essential for the export of leucine specific binding protein and (3-lactamase precursors. Ionophores or combinations of ionophores (SF6847, valinomycin/nigericin and valinomycin/monensin) which dissipate protonmotive force inhibit protein export. Valinomycin alone also inhibits export, but not as well as reagents which dissipate protonmotive force. Nigericin or monensin alone slightly stimulate protein export. These results suggest that the transmembrane electrical potential ( DY) is the component of membrane gradient energy necessary for precursor protein export. ATP is necessary for the export of precursors. In the absence of ATP, in vitro export of leucine specific binding protein and B-lactamase precursors is not observed. An upper limit of l0μM was determined for the effective Km for ATP during in vitro protein export. It was also shown that ATP is consumed during the export process. The SecA protein was shown to contain an ATPase activity that is stimulated by the presence of inverted membranes and purified LSBP precursors. Vanadate and diethylstilbestrol, inhibitors of ATPases, inhibit in vitro protein export. Vanadate also inhibits SecA ATPase activity which depends on membranes and precursors. Vanadate is a specific inhibitor of P-type ion translocating ATPases. This study showed primary sequence homology between part of the SecA protein and the phosphorylation sequence of P-type ATPases. Sequence homology, vanadate inhibition of SecA ATPase activity, and vanadate inhibition of in vitro protein export suggest that SecA may function by a mechanism similar to the E1E2 mechanism found in P-type ATPases. Phosphorylation of two proteins with apparent sizes of 62 and 37 kDa is observed to occur in an export-associated fashion. This phosphorylation is dependent on membranes and precursors, is sensitive to hydroxylamine, and is sensitive to inhibitors of protein export, including valinomycin/nigericin and vanadate. Furthermore, phosphorylation of the 62 kDa protein is dependent on the presence of SecA. The phosphate linkage appears to be an acyl phosphate based on hydroxylamine sensitivity and reduction of the acyl phosphate linkage by NaCNBH3. Both proteins appear to be peripherally associated with the cytoplasmic face of the inner membrane, which is also consistent with a possible role in the bacterial protein export process.