This diploma thesis defines the issue of software requirements engineering and the implementation of software requirement into IS/ICT projects. One of the aims is to highlight the importance of systematic requirements management to successful IS/ICT projects. The theoretical part of thesis includes requirements definition, requirements typology and qualitative parameters of good requirement and actors, that are involved into the process of requirements management. The practical part of this thesis defines the process of requirements management general accepted methodologies of as it is specified in the internationally recognizable methodologies. Author's own contribution is the definition of a methodological process for managing requirements specifications, based on rigorous methodologies and extended to reflect author's practical experience. Methodological approach is tailored to the needs of smaller software companies and small to medium scale IS / ICT projects, and, if necessary, is further extendable. Another practical benefit of this thesis is the recommended methodology for change management requirements. Proposal process is based on the ITIL set of best practices; sub-threads are adapted to be able to meet the change management requirements and the broader business environment infrastructure. This methodology emphasizes an individual approach to the requirement. There is a recommendation of appropriate software tools for development and management requirements support divided into partial ITIL processes.

The following research presents a study of communication in requirement elicitation meetings. Achieving consensus of requirements is difficult in mostsituations, but even more so in requirement elicitation meetings. This report proposes and validates questions regarding requirement elicitation meetings between different stakeholders by modelling their subjective perspectives using the conceptual metaphor theory. Through a case study, qualitative data was collected from project managers and communicators from 5 Swedish companies. The result shows that misunderstanding is not detected until further into the process as a result of carrying different notions behind terms. The importance of shared experiences of words presents itself, and the use of metaphorisation is suggested as a useful approach to reach consensus.

Clean water has become a scarce and pricey commodity. Companies, governments and the public are realising more and more the importance of efficient and effective water use and the conservation of South Africa’s natural water resources. Governments are implementing conservation and usage laws while companies are trying to get as much use out of their water while staying within the law. This dissertation focusses on the potable water measuring and billing practices taking place on the SASOL 1 site. A field study, interviews and questionnaires were used to gather the relevant data which was subsequently compiled into a Stakeholder Requirement Statement. The latter is a description of the ideal system that would meet all the requirements for measuring potable water and billing customers on the SASOL 1 site. / MIng (Development and Management Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Clean water has become a scarce and pricey commodity. Companies, governments and the public are realising more and more the importance of efficient and effective water use and the conservation of South Africa’s natural water resources. Governments are implementing conservation and usage laws while companies are trying to get as much use out of their water while staying within the law. This dissertation focusses on the potable water measuring and billing practices taking place on the SASOL 1 site. A field study, interviews and questionnaires were used to gather the relevant data which was subsequently compiled into a Stakeholder Requirement Statement. The latter is a description of the ideal system that would meet all the requirements for measuring potable water and billing customers on the SASOL 1 site. / MIng (Development and Management Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

In the light of a massive migratory movement who in 2015 resulted in more than 160 000 asylum applications in Sweden, a need for a good integration arises, which is partly linked to employment and an open labor market for everyone. The aim of this study is to investigate an employer's right to set language requirement when recruiting and what consequences this may cause for people who do not have Swedish as their native language. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, a jurisprudential method is primarily used with elements of the EU legal method. There is also a social scientific method in the study to illustrate the consequences of the language requirement. The investigation shows that an employer may set language requirement when recruiting if there is a legitimate purpose and the means used are appropriate and necessary to achieve the purpose of the language requirement, otherwise this could result in indirect discrimination on grounds of ethnicity. The conclusion shows that the law is vague regarding the application of the language requirement and an employer can easily get around the legislation with convenient arguments used in court. Two future scenarios in the analysis also shows that the impact of language requirement could lead to ethnic systematic discrimination in cases of glibly using. It can also have the opposite effect in terms of strengthening integration in the workplace and in society in cases of restrictively using.

The amino acid requirements of growing horses are currently unknown, and studies suggest that threonine is a limiting amino acid in common horse diets. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the threonine requirement of growing horses fed two different forage to concentrate ratios using the indicator amino acid oxidation method. The study consisted of a high concentrate phase (HC; 60% concentrate and 40% forage) and a high forage phase (HF; 25% concentrate and 75% forage). Within each phase, 6 female yearling Thoroughbred horses were randomly assigned each of 6 dietary treatments in a 6 x 6 Latin square design. All 6 treatments were identical, apart from varying equimolar ratios of threonine to glutamate. After 6 days of adaptation, blood samples were collected before and after the morning meal for plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) and amino acid analysis. On day 7, horses underwent the IAAO protocol, during which regular breath and blood samples were collected. Phenylalanine flux, oxidation, non-oxidative disposal, and release from body protein, as well as total carbon dioxide production were calculated using plateau enrichment of samples. There was a significant linear effect of threonine intake on plasma threonine concentrations, and PUN had a significant linear response during the HC phase. There was no significant effect of treatment on phenylalanine oxidation during either phase (P ≥ 0.05). It is unlikely that threonine was limiting in the experimental diets.

證券市場是企業取得營運資金最主要的管道，也是國民資金投資最佳的選擇，惟前提是必須有一個健全的證券市場，使投資人能安心地將資金投入其中。為了建立這樣的一個投資環境，就必須有要完善的證券法規，當中，主要職司這個功能的就是「證券詐欺法制」。 基於證券詐欺法制在證券法規中所居的關鍵性地位，其良莠不能不說是與國家經濟的健全與否息息相關，因此，本文便以此一主題為研究對象，主要的研究範圍設定在證券詐欺之「構成要件」，定名為「證券詐欺構成要件論」。而「因果關係」只是在證明請求權的存在與否，可與「構成要件」切割，故本文並不包含此一議題。 本文所使用之資料，有相當大的比例是美國(1934年證券交易法Section 10(b))與我國(證券交易法第二十條第一項)的法院判決，以增進本文的實證價值。依據本文之研究，無論是行為要件、客體要件、主觀要件或主體要件，都著實存在相當的瑕疵待修補。希冀本文所得出之研究結論，能為修補這些瑕疵盡到些許的功效。 / The securities market is the most important channel that enterprises gain their business capital; it is also the best option that nationals invest their money to. But this is on the premise that there is a sound securities market. In order to establish this kind of investment environment, a set of flawless securities statutes is needed. Within this legal system, this major function is exercised through the “securities fraud regime.” The securities fraud regime is decisive of the soundness of the securities statute and nation’s economy. Therefore, this dissertation selects this topic as research subject. The scope of this dissertation is restricted in the “requirement ” of the securities fraud. The title is: “The Requirements of Securities Fraud.” The causation element is just an attestation of plaintiff’s plea, it can be separated from “requirement,” therefore, this issue is excluded in this dissertation. The references this dissertation cited are mainly from U.S. and Taiwan’s court decisions. According to the research this dissertation did, no matter behavior requirement, object requirement, mental requirement or subject requirement, there are quite some loopholes that need to be fixed. The writer hopes the conclusion that this dissertation comes up with can somewhat fixed these loopholes.

Among the tools available to enhance the rationality of policy formulation, Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) has captured the attention of many scholars for its potential to enhance the accountability and transparency of regulatory governance. Although almost all EU and OECD member states have adopted RIA, only a sub- set of small-n case comparative studies on institutional, political and administrative impact have been conducted. By filling this gap in the literature and proposing the rigorous operationalisation of concepts such as adoption, extent of implementation, and learning, this thesis ascertains the extent of interdependency among governments in their choices concerning an innovation of regulatory governance. Methodologically, the dissertation draws on a multi-method approach, consisting of qualitative analysis to track the process of institutionalisation, as well as event history analysis, based on a dataset covering thirty-eight countries from 1968 to 2006. The empirical findings show that diffusion is a multifaceted process. In the decision to adopt RIA, the role of the OECD in translating, packaging, and promoting such administrative innovation coexists with previous innovations and other administrative variables. Yet the impact of interdependency is marginal in the successive phases of implementation and evaluation. Earliness of adoption is the major predictor of the extent of implementation. There is little evidence of interaction and communication among adopters on the subject of their learning experience. On balance, this regulatory governance innovation is a domain of symbolic and rhetorical meanings that is not adequately supported by administrative capacity.

A number of previous investigations have suggested that schema learning would be more readily facilitated by a recognition task than a reproduction task due to the increased memory requirement of the reproduction task. Differential memory requirements of 0, 4, 8, 16 and 32 seconds were imposed on 50 Ss in a recognition task to determine if increased memory requirements improved schema learning in the same mode as the reproduction task. The results indicated no significant improvement in schema learning with increased memory requirement. The data does suggest negative transfer from reproduction to recognition task. Recommendations for design and procedural improvements are included.

Foram realizados dois experimentos com o objetivo de determinar a concentração de zinco e manganês na dieta de frangos de corte sobreas características de desempenho, disponibilidade e mineralização óssea, além da comparação de métodos para quantificar o grau de mineralização óssea. Em cada um dos experimentos foram distribuídos 320 pintinhos machos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com oito tratamentos e cinco repetições de oito aves cada. O diferencial existente entre o experimento um e dois está relacionado com o micromineral avaliado, sendo o zinco e o manganês, respectivamente. No experimento um, uma dieta foi sem inclusão de zincoe os níveis de inclusão de sulfato de zinco foram de 60 e 100mg/kg e de zinco metionina de 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 mg/kg. No experimento dois, uma dieta foi sem inclusão de manganês e os níveis de inclusão de sulfato de manganês foram de 65 e 105 mg/kg e de manganês metionina de 25, 45, 65, 85 e 105 mg/kg. Em ambos experimentos, para determinar a disponibilidade, comparou-se uma dieta sem adição do micromineral com outras dietas com adição do micromineral, na fonte orgânica e inorgânica. Para determinar a exigência, somente os níveis dos microminerais na fonte orgânica foram comparados entre si. Os microminerais estudados (zinco e manganês) não interferiram no desempenho das aves independente do nível e fonte em que foram utilizados. Aos 38 dias, o zinco (60 e 100 mg/kg) e o manganês (105 mg/kg) orgânico foram excretados em menor quantidade em comparação com os mesmos minerais na fonte inorgânica. Sugerindo assim, uma melhor absorção do micromineral orgânico. Independente da fonte e nível utilizado, os microminerais estudados não interferiram nas características ósseas avaliadas (peso, comprimento e largura da tíbia, peso do tarso- metatarso e peso das falanges). Em ambos estudos, o grau de mineralização óssea aumentou conforme elevou-se a concentração de zinco ou de manganês na dieta, independente da fonte em que estes microminerais foram estudados. O método mais adequado para determinação do teor de zinco e de manganês é através da utilização de tíbias. / Two experiments were conducted with the objective of determining the concentration of zinc and manganese in the diet of poultry, the experiments were done on the performance, availability and bone mineralization, besides the comparison of methods to quantify the degree of bone mineralization. In each experiment 320 male chicks were distributed in a totally randomized and experimental design, with eight treatments and five replicates of eight birds each. The existing differential between experiment one and experiment two is related to the evaluated micro mineral (trace elements), beingzinc and manganese respectively. In experiment one, one diet did not include zinc and the other diets included levels of zinc sulfate of 60 and 100 mg/kg, and of zinc methionineof 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/kg. In experiment two, one diet did not include manganese and the other diets included levels of manganese sulfate of 65 and 105 mg/kg, and of manganese methionine of 25, 45, 64, 85 and 105 mg/kg. In both experiments, to determine the availability, a diet without the addition of micro mineral was compared to other diets with the addition of the micro mineral in the organic and inorganic sources. To determine the requirement, only the levels of micro mineral in the organic source were compared among themselves. The studied micro mineral did not interfere on the poultry performance regardless thelevel and source in which they were used. At 38 days, the quantities of zinc (60 and 100 mg/kg) and manganese (105 mg/kg) excreted from an organic source were lower in comparison to the same minerals in an inorganic source. Thus suggesting a better absorption of the organic micro mineral. Regardless the used source and level, the studied micro minerals (zinc and manganese) did not interfere in the evaluated bone characteristics (weight, length and width of the tibia, the weight of the tarsus - metatarsus and the weight of the phalanges). In both studies the degree of bone mineralization increased in accordance with the increased concentration of zinc and manganese in the diet, regardless the source in which those micro mineralswere studied. The most appropriate method for determining the zinc and the manganese content is through the use of tibia.