Advanced composite materials possessing high specific stiffness and strength have been successfully employed as structural materials in the aerospace, military and automotive industries. Despite the advantages that composites have over other materials, further development has been restricted by their brittleness. The aim of this research project was to improve the energy absorbing capabilities of unidirectional glass fibre epoxy resin composites by coating the fibres with an interlayer. UHMWPE was used as the interlayer because of its outstanding toughness while EPDM of low modulus was used to assess the difference between energy absorption through plastic deformations (UHMWPE) and highly elastic deformations (EPDM).

Orientador: Fernando Eidi Takahashi / Banca: Estevão Tomomitsu Kimpara / Banca: Leonardo Buso / Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a resistência à microtração de uma resina composta indireta, tratada com ácido fluorídrico em diferentes tempos de condicionamento, após termociclagem, a um cimento resinoso. Um padrão em resina acrílica (6 x 6 x 6 mm) foi moldado com polivinilsiloxano obtendo-se um molde para a confecção de 30 blocos de resina composta indireta (RCI) (Vita VMLC). Os blocos foram divididos em 6 grupos (n=5): G1 (controle negativo): sem HF; G2: HF 60 s; Grupo 3: HF 90 s; G4: HF 120 s; G5: HF 180 s; G6 (controle positivo): silicatização (Cojet Sand). As superfícies de RCI receberam aplicação de silano (Monobond-S) e adesivo (Excite DSC) e foram cimentados, aos seus respectivos blocos de resina composta direta (RCD) confeccionados da mesma forma que os de RCI, com cimento resinoso dual. Os conjuntos RCI/cimento/RCD foram armazenados em água destilada (37ºC/24 hs) e cortados em máquina de corte para obtenção dos palitos (n=9). As amostras foram submetidas à termociclagem (6000 ciclos, 5ºC a 55ºC, 30 s) e , ao teste de microtração na máquina de ensaio universal (EMIC). ANOVA (a=0.05) mostrou que os valores de resistência adesiva (MPa) não foram afetados pelo tratamento de superfície (p>0.001). Foi verificado que em G5 (41,86 mais ou menos 7,01b) houve diferença estatisticamente significante em relação a G1 (35,64 mais ou menos 4,95a); e, G2 (40,20 mais ou menos 5,63a), G3 (40,96 mais ou menos 5,18a), G4 (40,61 mais ou menos 3,17a) tiveram diferenças estatisticamente significantes em relação ao G6 (47,38 mais ou menos 6,12b) (teste de Dunnet). Concluiu-se que o tratamento de superfície da RCI com HF... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strength of an indirect composite resin, after surface treatment with hydrofluoridric acid in different periods of etching time and thermocycling, to a resin cement. An acrylic block (6 x 6 x 6mm) was molded with polivinilsiloxane obtaining a mold to build 30 blocks of indirect composite resin (ICR) (Vita VMLC) The blocks were divided in 6 groups (n=5): G1 (negative control): without HF; G2: HF 60s; Group 3: HF 90s; G4: HF 120s; G5: HF 180s; G6 (positive control): sandblasting (Cojet Sand). On the ICR block surface was applied silane (Monobond-S), adhesive system (Excites DSC) and it was cemented to direct composite resin (DCR) blocks, built on the same way that the ICR blocks were made, with dual resin cement. The ICR/cement/DCR were stored in distilled water (37ºC/24hs) and cut in machine obtaining 9 samples (n=9). They were submitted to thermocycling (6000 cycles, 5ºC to 55ºC, 30s) and to the microtensile bond strength test in an universal machine (EMIC). ANOVA (a=0.05) showed that the bond strength (Mpa) was not affected by the surface treatment (p>0.001). It was verified that G5 (41.86 mais ou menos 7.01b) was statistically different from G1 (35.64 mais ou menos 4.95a); and G2 (40.20l5.63a), G3 (40.96l5.18a), G4 (40.61 mais ou menos 3.17a) was statistically different from G6 (47.38 mais ou menos 6.12b) (Dunnet test). It was concluded that the ICR surface treatment with HF... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Magister Scientiae - MSc / The aim of this study is to investigate the repair bond strength of composite resin following micromechanical and chemical means of retention in improving the repair of composite resin specimens.

In today’s society, textile producers and manufacturers strive to use as little harmful chemicals as possible in their finishing of textiles. Though, producing a completely chemical free fabric is nearly impossible, many companies work actively to scan and evaluate alternatives to chemical substances that have a negative effect on the environment and the human health.Prior preparations for the practical part of this project were conducted in a literature study, which entailed studying articles based on similar projects. Practical information was attained from the mentors at IKEA and from contact with the suppliers of the tested resins. A study of alternative methods of testing the resistance to creasing of textiles was conducted to the benefit of IKEA. A practical evaluation of the smoothness appearance of the test specimens resulted in a development of this existing method.To reassure the quality of the scan, obtained resins weretreated on cellulosic weaves, and later on evaluated based on demands IKEA has for easy care treated textiles. The demands concerning the content of formaldehyde and the grade of smoothness appearance retained after ten washes where followed throughout the whole project. The evaluation was conducted based on several quality tests made on the treated weave. This resulted in a recommendation of four different resins for IKEA to further investigate. / Program: Textilingenjörsutbildningen

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, in vitro, o comportamento citotóxico e a produção de citocinas induzidos pelos materiais restauradores resinosos contendo novos monômeros KaloreTM (GC FUJI) e FiltekTMSilorane (3M ESPE) em comparação com as resinas compostas convencionais Charisma® (Heraeus-Kulzer) e FiltekTM Z250 (3M ESPE), em cultura de fibroblastos L929 e macrófagos RAW 264.7 de camundongos. As células foram estimuladas com as resinas compostas, fotopolimerizadas ou não, a partir da colocação em contato indireto ou pela extração de seus componentes durante 15, 45 e 120 dias. Após a incubação por 6, 12 e 24 horas, a viabilidade celular foi avaliada pelo Ensaio MTT e a produção de citocinas foi investigada pelo ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA). Os dados obtidos foram analisados utilizando-se análise de variância de uma via (One-way ANOVA) e pós-teste de Tukey (α=0,05). A produção de TNF-α e IL-6 não foi detectada em fibroblastos da linhagem L929, após 6, 12 e 24 horas de contato indireto com as resinas compostas KaloreTM e FiltekTM Silorane. Por outro lado, a produção de TNF-α foi detectada em macrófagos da linhagem RAW 264.7, mas não foi influenciada pelo contato indireto com as resinas compostas, com exceção da resina FiltekTM Silorane que inibiu a produção de TNF-α, após 12 horas de incubação. Os extratos obtidos das resinas compostas KaloreTM e FiltekTM Silorane incubadas por 15 dias, se mostraram mais citotóxicos do que os extratos incubados por 45 e 120 dias. A citotoxicidade da resina composta KaloreTMnão foi influenciada pela fotopolimerização enquanto a citotoxicidade da resina FiltekTM Silorane foi maior no grupo não fotopolimerizado. Os extratos das resinas compostas Charisma® e FiltekTM Z250, obtidos aos 15, 45 e 120 dias de incubação, não foram citotóxicos 24 horas após a estimulação das células. Ainda, a resina FiltekTM Silorane, fotopolimerizada ou não, estimulou a produção de IL-6 no período de 45 dias de extração. A resina KaloreTM, diferentemente da resina FiltekTM Silorane, estimulou a produção de IL-10, aos 15 dias de extração. Entretanto, no período de 45 de extração, a resina KaloreTM fotopolimerizada inibiu a produção de IL-10, após 12 horas de incubação, e aos 120 dias de extração não houve produção detectável de IL-10 em nenhum dos grupos avaliados. / The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the cytotoxicity and the production of cytokines induced by resin-based restorative materials containing new monomers KaloreTM (GC FUJI) and FiltekTM Silorane (3M ESPE) compared with conventional composite resins Charisma® (Heraeus-Kulzer) and FiltekTM Z250 (3M ESPE), in mice L929 fibroblast and RAW 264.7 macrophages culture. Cells were stimulated with the composite resins, light-cured or not, by indirect contact or extraction during 15, 45, and 120 days. After incubation for 6, 12, and 24 hours, cell viability was assessed by MTT assay and production of cytokines was investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data obtained were analyzed using oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post-test ( α = 0.05). Production of TNF-α and IL-6 was not detected in L929 fibroblasts either 6, 12 or 24 hours following indirect contact with the KaloreTM and FiltekTM Silorane composite resins. On the other hand, the production of TNF-α was detected in RAW 264.7 macrophages, but was not influenced by indirect contact with composite resins, with the exception of the FiltekTM Silorane resin that inhibited the production of TNF-α, after 12 hours of incubation. The extracts obtained from incubation for 15 days with composite resins KaloreTM and FiltekTM Silorane were more cytotoxic than extracts incubated for 45 and 120 days. Cytotoxicity of composite KaloreTM was not influenced by light curing while cytotoxicity of FiltekTM Silorane resin was higher in the group that not received light-cure. Extracts of Charisma® and FiltekTM Z250 composite resins, obtained at 15, 45, and 120 days of incubation, were not cytotoxic 24 hours after stimulation of the cells. Also, FiltekTM Silorane, light-cured or not, stimulated the production of IL-6 following 45 days of incubation. KaloreTM resin extract for 15 days, unlike FiltekTM Silorane resin, stimulated the production of IL-10. However, during periods of 45 days of extraction, KaloreTM resin, light-cured, inhibited the production of IL-10, after 12 hours of incubation, and 120 days of extraction there was no detectable production of IL-10 in any of the groups.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, in vitro, o comportamento citotóxico e a produção de citocinas induzidos pelos materiais restauradores resinosos contendo novos monômeros KaloreTM (GC FUJI) e FiltekTMSilorane (3M ESPE) em comparação com as resinas compostas convencionais Charisma® (Heraeus-Kulzer) e FiltekTM Z250 (3M ESPE), em cultura de fibroblastos L929 e macrófagos RAW 264.7 de camundongos. As células foram estimuladas com as resinas compostas, fotopolimerizadas ou não, a partir da colocação em contato indireto ou pela extração de seus componentes durante 15, 45 e 120 dias. Após a incubação por 6, 12 e 24 horas, a viabilidade celular foi avaliada pelo Ensaio MTT e a produção de citocinas foi investigada pelo ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA). Os dados obtidos foram analisados utilizando-se análise de variância de uma via (One-way ANOVA) e pós-teste de Tukey (α=0,05). A produção de TNF-α e IL-6 não foi detectada em fibroblastos da linhagem L929, após 6, 12 e 24 horas de contato indireto com as resinas compostas KaloreTM e FiltekTM Silorane. Por outro lado, a produção de TNF-α foi detectada em macrófagos da linhagem RAW 264.7, mas não foi influenciada pelo contato indireto com as resinas compostas, com exceção da resina FiltekTM Silorane que inibiu a produção de TNF-α, após 12 horas de incubação. Os extratos obtidos das resinas compostas KaloreTM e FiltekTM Silorane incubadas por 15 dias, se mostraram mais citotóxicos do que os extratos incubados por 45 e 120 dias. A citotoxicidade da resina composta KaloreTMnão foi influenciada pela fotopolimerização enquanto a citotoxicidade da resina FiltekTM Silorane foi maior no grupo não fotopolimerizado. Os extratos das resinas compostas Charisma® e FiltekTM Z250, obtidos aos 15, 45 e 120 dias de incubação, não foram citotóxicos 24 horas após a estimulação das células. Ainda, a resina FiltekTM Silorane, fotopolimerizada ou não, estimulou a produção de IL-6 no período de 45 dias de extração. A resina KaloreTM, diferentemente da resina FiltekTM Silorane, estimulou a produção de IL-10, aos 15 dias de extração. Entretanto, no período de 45 de extração, a resina KaloreTM fotopolimerizada inibiu a produção de IL-10, após 12 horas de incubação, e aos 120 dias de extração não houve produção detectável de IL-10 em nenhum dos grupos avaliados. / The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the cytotoxicity and the production of cytokines induced by resin-based restorative materials containing new monomers KaloreTM (GC FUJI) and FiltekTM Silorane (3M ESPE) compared with conventional composite resins Charisma® (Heraeus-Kulzer) and FiltekTM Z250 (3M ESPE), in mice L929 fibroblast and RAW 264.7 macrophages culture. Cells were stimulated with the composite resins, light-cured or not, by indirect contact or extraction during 15, 45, and 120 days. After incubation for 6, 12, and 24 hours, cell viability was assessed by MTT assay and production of cytokines was investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data obtained were analyzed using oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post-test ( α = 0.05). Production of TNF-α and IL-6 was not detected in L929 fibroblasts either 6, 12 or 24 hours following indirect contact with the KaloreTM and FiltekTM Silorane composite resins. On the other hand, the production of TNF-α was detected in RAW 264.7 macrophages, but was not influenced by indirect contact with composite resins, with the exception of the FiltekTM Silorane resin that inhibited the production of TNF-α, after 12 hours of incubation. The extracts obtained from incubation for 15 days with composite resins KaloreTM and FiltekTM Silorane were more cytotoxic than extracts incubated for 45 and 120 days. Cytotoxicity of composite KaloreTM was not influenced by light curing while cytotoxicity of FiltekTM Silorane resin was higher in the group that not received light-cure. Extracts of Charisma® and FiltekTM Z250 composite resins, obtained at 15, 45, and 120 days of incubation, were not cytotoxic 24 hours after stimulation of the cells. Also, FiltekTM Silorane, light-cured or not, stimulated the production of IL-6 following 45 days of incubation. KaloreTM resin extract for 15 days, unlike FiltekTM Silorane resin, stimulated the production of IL-10. However, during periods of 45 days of extraction, KaloreTM resin, light-cured, inhibited the production of IL-10, after 12 hours of incubation, and 120 days of extraction there was no detectable production of IL-10 in any of the groups.

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In this study, glass and Kevlar® fibers reinforced epoxy composites were manufactured and characterized using different techniques. The effect of thermal exposure on the flexural properties of the composites was investigated to ascertain its suitability for the intended application in cowling panels of light engine aircraft. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out on both reinforced and unreinforced epoxy resin to evaluate their thermal stability at elevated temperatures. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis was carried out to evaluate the effects of thermal exposure, applied strain and frequency on the dynamic mechanical response of the composites. The effects of the applied resin hardener and thermal exposure on the flexural strength, flexural modulus and dynamic impact response of the composites were also investigated. The flexural properties were determined using 3-point bending test, while the impact test was carried out using Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB). TGA analysis of the reinforced and unreinforced epoxy showed no significant weight loss until the test samples were heated above 250°C in an inert atmosphere. Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA) on the composites indicated the glass transition temperature to lie between 80 and 100°C. The results of the flexural and impact tests showed that the mechanical integrity of both glass and Kevlar® fiber reinforced epoxy composites remained unimpaired by radiative or convective heat exposure for up to 3 h until the exposure temperature exceeded 200°C. This is much higher than the service temperature of cowling panels of light engine recreational aircrafts. When the manufactured fiber reinforced epoxy composites were exposed to temperature above 200°C matrix degradation occurred, which became very significant when the exposure temperature was higher than 250°C. Extensive delamination and matrix cracking occurred when the composites were exposed to the temperature range 250°C - 300°C for 1 h. Fiber-matrix debonding was not observed in the composite except after failure under impact loading. This is evidence of the fact that the epoxy matrix was adequately wetted by both the glass and Kevlar® fibers resulting in the strong fiber/matrix interfacial bonding. While the Kevlar® reinforced epoxy displayed a better damage tolerance under flexural and impact loading, glass fiber reinforced epoxy showed higher strength but lower damage tolerance. Glass fiber reinforced epoxy also showed more resistance to damage under exposure to thermal flux than Kevlar® reinforced epoxy. Under impact loading, the Kevlar® reinforced composite failed by delamination with no fiber rupture, whereas the glass fiber reinforced epoxy failed by matrix cracking, debonding, fiber rupture and fiber pullout. The results from this research have established the effect of radiative and convective thermal exposure on the mechanical behavior of the fabricated Kevlar® fiber and glass reinforced epoxy composites. The maximum temperature reached on the inner surface of the cowling panels of a typical light engine recreational aircraft due to heat radiations from the engine block has been estimated to be about 65°C. This is lower than the glass transition temperature of the epoxy matrix as obtained from DMTA. The low temperature rise is due to inflow cooling air into the cowling chamber in flight. The results of the current investigations suggest the suitability of composite materials for the intended application. The intensity of thermal exposure, to which the materials will be exposed in such application, may not cause any significant damage to the mechanical integrity of the composite. However, since the difference between the possible exposure temperature and the glass transition temperature is only a little over 20°C, a layer of thermal insulator on the inner surface of the cowling made of fiber reinforced epoxy will be desirable to further sustain the mechanical integrity of the composites when selected for use as choice materials for cowling panels of light engine aircraft.