<i>Phytophthora infestans</i>, the oomycete pathogen responsible for late blight of potato and tomato, is regarded as the biggest threat to global potato production and is thought to cost the industry around £6 billion annually. Traditionally, fungicides have been used to control the disease, but this is both economically and environmentally costly, as multiple chemical applications may be required during a single growing season. <i>P. infestans</i> has rapidly overcome genetic resistances introduced into cultivated potato from wild species. This provides the rationale for developing artificial resistance genes to create durable resistance to late blight disease.<i>Phytophthora</i> species secrete essential effectors into plant cells that target critical host cellular mechanisms to promote disease. One such <i>P. infestans</i> effector is AVR3a^KI which is recognised by the potato R3a protein, a member of the CC-NB-LRR type resistance gene family. However, the closely related virulent form, AVR3a^EM, which is homozygous in more than 70% of wild <i>P. infestans</i> isolates, evades this recognition. Domain swapping experiments have revealed that the LRR domain of R3a is involved in recognition of AVR3a^KI, as the CC-NB domain of an R3a-paralog which does not mediate recognition of AVR3a^KI, is able to induce a HR when combined with the LRR of wild-type R3a. However, a chimeric protein consisting of the CC-NB domain of a more distantly-related homolog of R3a and the LRR of domain of R3a, is unable to recognise AVR3a^KI, suggesting that function is achieved only when the different domains of an R protein are attuned to recognition and signalling. Gain-of-function variants of <i>R3a</i> (<i>R3a*</i>), engineered by an iterative process of error-prone PCR, DNA fragmentation, re-assembly of the leucine rich repeat (LRR)-encoding region of <i>R3a</i>, are able to recognise both forms of AVR3a. This gain-of-recognition is accompanied by a gain-of-mechanism, as shown by a cellular re-localisation from the cytoplasm to prevacuolar compartments upon perception of recognised effector forms. However, R3a* variants do not confer resistance to AVR3a^EM-carrying isolates of <i>P. infestans</i>.Future efforts will target the NB-ARC domain of R3a, in a bid to fine-tune the intra-cellular signalling of gain-of-recognition R3a* variants. It is hoped that a shuffled <i>R3a*</i> gene, capable of conferring resistance to <i>P. infestans</i> isolates harbouring AVR3a^EM, will provide durable late blight resistance when deployed in the field in combination with other mechanistically different R proteins.

Antibiotic resistance is a major threat to human health. Clinical situations are the main focus for antibiotic resistance research, but understanding the spread of resistance in the environment is also vital. A major contributor to this spread is wastewater from combined sewer overflow (CSO) events. The effect of CSO events on antibiotic resistance in the James River near Richmond, Virginia was studied using genomic and microbiological approaches. The abundance of genes associated with resistance to quinolones (qnrA) and tetracycline (tetW) was strongly correlated with the presence of fecal indicator bacteria (E. coli abundance) as well as total nitrogen and phosphorus loads, which suggests an anthropogenic source of these genes. Abundance of the blaTEM gene, which confers resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, was elevated during CSO events and increased with precipitation and river discharge. Bacteria isolated during a CSO event were resistant to more antibiotics and had higher multi-drug resistance when compared to isolates from a non-event. This study demonstrated that CSO events are contributing to the spread of antibiotic resistance.

This study was conducted to examine the rate of contamination and molecular characteristics of enteric bacteria isolated from a selection of food sources in Vietnam. One hundred and eighty raw food samples were tested and 60.8% of meat and 18.0% of shellfish samples were found to be contaminated with Salmonella spp. which belonged to variety of serogroups and serotypes. More than 90% of all food sources contained Escherichia coli and 32% of 50 shellfish samples were contaminated with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. PFGE was used to determine the degree of relatedness of Salmonella spp. There were 33 distinct PFGE patterns from 51 Salmonella spp. isolates tested, indicating that PFGE could be used as an alternative method for serotyping for use in epidemiology of Salmonella spp. Susceptibility of the isolates to 15 antimicrobial agents was investigated. Moderate to high frequencies of resistance to antibiotics were observed in Salmonella spp. and E. coli isolates and multi-resistance, defined as resistance to at least 4 antibiotics, was observed. All of the V. parahaemolyticus isolates were resistant to ampicillin/amoxicillin but not to other antibiotics. Betalactam TEM gene and tetracycline resistance tetA, tetB genes were widely distributed in both E. coli and Salmonella spp. isolates. Other resistance genes, including sulI, cmlA, aadA, aphA1, dhfrV, and aac(3)-IV were also present at high to moderate levels. Identification and characterisation of the mobile genetic elements, including identification of class 1 integrons and plasmids were carried out for multi-resistance isolates. The integrons harboured varying gene cassettes, including aadA1, aadA2, aadA5, aacA4, dhfrXII, drfA1 and dhfrA17, blaPSE1 and catB3. Thirty-five percent of Salmonella spp. isolates and 76% of E. coli isolates harboured plasmids of more than 95 kb. Transfer of resistance phenotypes between the isolates via conjugation and phage transduction was also demonstrated. Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1), a 43-kb genomic region contains a 13-kb antibiotic resistance gene cluster, has been identified in an isolate of S. Albany from chicken. The presence of Salmonella spp. virulence genes was investigated to examine the pathogenicity potential of the isolates. The invA gene was present in all Salmonella spp. isolates and the plasmid virulence gene spvC was detected in one S. Typhimurium isolate only, on a 95 kb virulence plasmid. Invasion assays performed in vitro demonstrated that all Salmonella isolates were capable of invading human intestine INT407 cells. In addition, the investigation for the presence of 58 selected virulence genes showed that all the tested isolates contained at least one virulence gene and there were 16 genes which are associated with different pathotypes detected. The data obtained in this study indicates that raw food in Vietnam is a potential reservoirs for many pathogenic organisms, and confirms the role of food animals as a reservoir of multidrug resistant E. coli and Salmonella spp.

In this study, it was aimed to identify chickpea (Cicer arietinum) genes or gene fragments expressed upon Ascochyta rabiei infection using a tolerant chickpea cultivar ILC195 and fungal isolates with varying level of pathogenicity. PCR amplification of resistance gene analogs (RGA) and disease related genes, and mRNA differential display reverse transcription (DDRT) were used to get these expressed gene fragments in chickpea. The constitutively or differentially expressed PCR product fragments were cloned and sequenced. Out of nearly 300 clones, 160 sequences (expressed sequence tags, ESTs) could be analyzed and these sequences were disclosed in this study. About 100 of these ESTs were classified according to predicted &ldquo / molecular function&rdquo / , &ldquo / biological process&rdquo / and &ldquo / cellular component&rdquo / . The most common ppredicted functions of the products coded by these ESTs were &ldquo / Protein Fate&rdquo / , &ldquo / Metabolism&rdquo / , &ldquo / Cell Rescue, Defense and Virulence&rdquo / , &ldquo / Transcription&rdquo / , &ldquo / Transport&rdquo / , &ldquo / Energy&rdquo / , and &ldquo / Cell Fate&rdquo / . Six ESTs were subjected to Real-Time quantitative RT-PCR analysis to compare the response of ILC195 infected by one A.rabiei isolate with another resistant chickpea genotype (FLIP84-92C)/A.rabiei pathotype system. Some of these genes were differentially expressed among different chickpea/A.rabiei isolate combinations. Highly upregulated ESTs in all these combinations were a formate dehydrogenase (metabolism and detoxification), a serine carboxypeptidase (protein fate and communication) and a hypothetical protein probably similar to acyl-CoA synthetases. A genetic mapping study was carried out with EST specific primers and two EST markers were assigned in the current chickpea genetic map. However, no genetic linkage of them was detected with known chickpea quantitative trait loci for A.rabiei resistance.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22762号 / 工博第4761号 / 新制||工||1745(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 田中 宏明, 教授 米田 稔, 准教授 松田 知成 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Les cultivars modernes de canne à sont de hauts polyploïdes, aneuploïdes issus de croisements interspécifiques entre deux espèces polyploïdes, une espèce sucrée domestiquée Saccharum officinarum et une espèce sauvage Saccharum spontaneum. Le gène majeur de résistance durable à la rouille brune, Bru1 a été identifié chez le cultivar de canne à sucre R570. Une approche de clonage positionnel de ce gène a été entreprise et a permis de construire une première carte physique. Elle comprend sept haplotype hom(é)ologues dont un correspond à l'haplotype cible porteur du gène Bru1 qui comprend sept clones BAC qui ne se chevauchent que partiellement laissant deux espaces non couverts. Il a été montré que cette situation résulte de la présence d'une insertion dans l'haplotype porteur de Bru1. Pour combler les deux espaces présents sur l'haplotype cible, deux stratégies utilisant l'annotation des BAC ont été employées : (i) une se basant sur la conservation des gènes existante entre les différents haplotypes hom(é)ologues de la région de Bru1 et (ii) une en utilisant des marqueurs flanquants les deux espaces. Ces stratégies no us ont permis de combler un des deux espaces, de couvrir partiellement le deuxième espace et de montrer que le gène de résistance se situerait dans l'insertion. Nous avons identifié un gène candidat correspondant à une Sérine/Thréonine kinase située dans l'insertion. Des tests d'expression ont été effectués en condition normale afin de vérifier si ce gène est exprimé mais aucune amplification n'a été obtenue. Parallèlement, la recherche de l'origine de l'insertion présente sur l'haplotype cible a été entreprise en retraçant son origine dans la généalogie de notre cultivar d'étude R570 et en criblant une banque de clones de Saccharum contenant différentes espèces de canne à sucre. Les résultats sur la généalogie tendent à nous dire que cette insertion est ancienne et aurait été transmise à R570 via S. barberi. / Modern sugarcane cultivars are high polyploids, aneuploids derived interspecific crosses between two polyploid species, domesticated sugar species Saccharum officinarum and a wild species Saccharum spontaneum. The major gene for sustainable resistance to brown rust, Bru1 was identified in the modern cultivar R570. An map-based approach has been undertaken and has built a first physical map. It includes seven haplotype hom(e)ologous which one corresponds to the haplotype carrying Bru1 which includes seven BACs that overlap only partially, including two gaps. It was shown that this situation results from the presence of an insertion in the target haplotype. To fill the two gaps, two strategies using the annotation of BACs were used: (i) Based on the good genes conservation between haplotypes hom(e)ologous and (ii) by using markers flanking the two gaps. These strategies have enabled us to fill one of two gaps, partially cover the second and show that the resistance gene would be in the insertion. We identified a candidate gene corresponding to a serine/threonine kinase located in the insertion. Expression tests were performed in normal condition to see if this gene is expressed but no amplification was obtained. Meanwhile, the search for the origin of the insertion present on the target haplotype was undertaken by tracing its origin in the genealogy of R570 and analysing a library of clones of Saccharum spp containing different types of cane sugar. Results on the genealogy we tend to say that this insertion is old and were sent to R570 via S. barberi.

A citricultura brasileira concentra-se principalmente no Estado de São Paulo que contribui com 80,4 % da produção nacional, sendo o Brasil um dos maiores produtores mundiais de citros. Um dos problemas enfrentados pela citricultura é a sua vulnerabilidade a pragas e doenças, devido principalmente a baixa diversidade genética nas variedades comerciais utilizadas, associada ao sistema de plantio em áreas extensas. Uma das doenças que vem causando crescentes prejuízos para a citricultura brasileira é a pinta preta ou mancha preta dos citros causada pelo fungo Guignardia citricarpa Kiely. O uso de conhecimentos de biologia molecular e métodos biotecnológicos devem ser considerados como importante alternativa para a produção de plantas geneticamente modificadas expressando genes de resistência. Para se obter plantas de citros resistentes a doenças, se faz necessário identificar genes que estejam relacionados com os mecanismos de defesa da planta. Na tentativa de identificar estes genes, o objetivo geral deste trabalho foi a identificação de genes in silico no banco de dados do Projeto Millenium CitEST e a análise de expressão diferencial de genes envolvidos na defesa. Mais de 7600 sequencias foram identificadas nas buscas no CitEST com similaridade aos genes R e genes envolvidos na HR e defesa, MAPKs e SNF1. Destes, foram selecionados 273 sequencias para experimentos de macroarranjo para análise da interação Citrus sinensis-Guignardia citricarpa. A análise estatística revelou que 171 genes (62,63%) apresentaram expressão diferencial significativa ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Destes, 80 apresentaram expressão diferencial significativa maior do que duas vezes, dos quais 38 genes foram induzidos e 42 foram reprimidos no tecido infectado. Entre os genes induzidos estão MAPKs, genes de resistência (R), genes envolvidos na resposta de hipersensibilidade (HR) e na defesa da planta. Entre os transcritos reprimidos, há quatro similares a peroxidases e cinco similares a catalases, o que era esperado já que catalases e algumas peroxidases são capazes de remover H2O2, e assim a planta produz espécies reativa de oxigênio capaz de desencadear a ativação de genes de defesa. Os dados do macroarranjo foram validados via transcrição reversa seguida de PCR quantitativo em tempo real (RT-PCRq) de 9 genes. As análises confirmaram a expressão diferencial de 8 deles sendo que somente um apresentou resultado contrastante ao macroarranjo, o que demonstra a eficiência da metodologia de macroarranjos para estudo de muitos genes simultaneamente. Os genes diferencialmente expressos identificados na interação C. sinensis-G. citricarpa são de grande importância, pois são fortes candidatos para serem utilizados na transformação genética de plantas com o objetivo de obter novas variedades de plantas com resistência a patógenos. / The Brazilian citrus industry is concentrated mainly in the State of Sao Paulo which contributes with 80.4% of national production, with Brazil being a leading world producer of citrus. One of the problems facing the citrus industry is its vulnerability to pests and diseases, mainly due to low genetic diversity of the commercial varieties used, linked to the system of planting in extensive areas. A disease that is causing increasing damage to the brazilian citrus industry is the black spot of citrus caused by the fungus Guignardia citricarpa Kiely. The use of knowledge of molecular biology and biotechnological methods should be considered as an important alternative for the production of genetically modified plants expressing genes for resistance. In order to obtain citrus plants resistant to diseases it is necessary to identify genes that are related to the defense mechanisms of the plant. In an attempt to identify these genes, the general aim of this study was to identify genes in silico in the database of the Millennium CitEST Project and to perform differential expression analysis of genes involved in the defense mechanisms. More than 7600 reads were identified in the CitEST search with similarity to R genes, genes involved in HR and defense, MAPKs and SNF1. It was selected 273 reads for macroarray experiments to analysis of Citrus sinensis-Guignardia citricarpa interaction. Statistical analysis revealed that 171 genes (62.63%) showed significant differential expression at the level of 5% probability. From these, 80 showed significant differential expression higher than two fold, in which 38 genes were induced and 42 were repressed in infected tissue. Among the induced genes are MAPKs, resistance (R) genes, genes involved in hypersensitivity response (HR) and plant defense. Among the suppressed transcripts, there are four similar to peroxidases and five similar to catalases, which is expected because catalases and some peroxidases are able to remove H2O2, and so the plant produces reactive oxygen species capable of triggering the activation of defense genes. The macroarray data were validated by reverse transcription followed by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCRq) of 9 genes. The analysis confirmed the differential expression of 8 of them, and only one presented different result of macroarray which demonstrate the efficiency of the macroarray methodology to analyze several genes simultaneously. The genes differentially expressed in the interaction of C. sinensis x Guignardia citricarpa identified are of great importance because they are strong candidates for use in genetic transformation of plants with the objective of obtaining new varieties of plants resistant to pathogens.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:24:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCA12MA099.pdf: 1138079 bytes, checksum: 23aa8d31dd88f13180440d19ecde7625 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-21 / Salmonellosis is responsible for significant economic losses in poultry and serious harm to public health because they are involved in most cases of foodborne illness. Studies of these outbreaks in humans indicate that animal products, in particular poultry, are significant sources of contamination. It is observed that among isolates of Salmonella resistance to antimicrobial agents used routinely in poultry is increasing significantly, including the presence of multidrug resistance. The objective of this study was to investigate the genotypic and phenotypic profile of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium from poultry products to Gentamicin, Ceftiofur and Enrofloxacin by the disk diffusion test, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and search for resistance genes by PCR. Salmonella sp. from poultry samples were isolated in a private laboratory from the state of Parana. The isolation was performed as recommended by the Brazilian official methods. Isolates identified as Salmonella sp. were sent to the FIOCRUZ laboratory where they were serotyped. Of these samples, two were identified as S. Enteritidis and eleven as S. Typhimurium. Different levels of resistance were verified when compared diffusion test and MIC. S. Enteritidis was 100% sensitive for Enrofloxacin and Gentamicin and 50% resistant to Ceftiofur according to the diffusion test. As for S. Typhimurium there was resistance to all three antibiotics tested (18.1% for Ceftiofur, 45.4% for gentamicin and 18.1% for Enrofloxacin). In the MIC the isolates of S. Typhimurium were resistant to Ceftiofur (27.2%), Gentamicin (54.5%), and to Enrofloxacin (18.1%). These results were very similar to those observed in the diffusion test. However, the samples of S. Enteritidis had 100% resistance to Gentamicin and 50% for Enrofloxacin and Ceftiofur in the MIC test. Genotypic analysis by PCR showed that S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis, either resistant or susceptible to Enrofloxacin, presented at least three (out of four) of the genes responsible for resistance. Regarding Gentamicin and Ceftiofur, resistance genes were found mainly in samples with phenotypic resistance. Interestingly phenotypically resistant strains did not presented the resistance gene, as well as sensitive strains present the gene. These results demonstrate the high degree of resistance to the antibiotics routinely used in poultry, as well as the presence of multidrug resistance. In addition, the fact that some isolates already contain the resistance gene but are not phenotypically expressing it, stress out the possibility that these antimicrobials may become ineffective within a short period of time / As salmoneloses são responsáveis por significativas perdas econômicas na avicultura e por sérios danos à saúde pública, pois estão envolvidas na maioria dos casos de infecções alimentares. Estudos destes surtos em humanos indicam que produtos de origem animal, especialmente avícola, participam de forma significativa como fontes de contaminação. Observa-se que entre os isolados de Salmonella a resistência aos antimicrobianos utilizados rotineiramente na avicultura está aumentando significativamente, além da presença de multirresistência. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o perfil fenotípico e genotípico de resistência antimicrobiana em isolados de Salmonella Enteritidis e Salmonella Typhimurium de origem avícola frente à Gentamicina, Enrofloxacina e Ceftiofur, através do teste de disco-difusão, concentração inibitória mínima (MIC) e pesquisa de genes de resistência por PCR. Amostras de diversas origens avícolas foram isoladas em um laboratório privado no estado do Paraná, o isolamento foi realizado de acordo com o preconizado pela normativa do MAPA. Os isolados identificados como Salmonella sp. foram enviados para o laboratório FIOCRUZ onde foram sorotipados. Destas amostras, duas foram identificadas como S Enteritidis e onze como S Typhimurium. Após esta etapa as amostras foram avaliadas quanto a sua sensibilidade fenotípica, para isto foram realizados os testes de concentração inibitória mínima e antibiograma. Os resultados desta avaliação mostraram diferentes níveis de resistência nas duas metodologias para os antimicrobianos testados. No antibiograma os isolados de S. Enteritidis foram 100% sensíveis aos antimicrobianos Gentamicina e Enrofloxacina e apresentaram resistência de 50% ao Ceftiofur. Já a S. Typhimurium apresentou resistência em graus variados aos três antimicrobianos testados, 18,1% para o Ceftiofur, 45,4% para Gentamicina e 18,1% para Enrofloxacina. No MIC os isolados de S. Typhimurium apresentaram resistência de 27,2% ao Ceftiofur, 54,5% à Gentamicina e 18,1% à Enrofloxacina, resultados esses muito semelhantes aos observados no antibiograma. Já as amostras de S. Enteritidis tiveram 100% de resistência à Gentamicina e 50% para a Enrofloxacina e Ceftiofur. Na análise genotípica observou-se que as amostras de S. Typhimurium e S. Enteritidis, independente de serem resistentes ou sensíveis fenotipicamente à Enrofloxacina, apresentaram senão os quatro, mas três dos genes responsáveis pela resistência. Com relação à Gentamicina e ao Ceftiofur, os genes de resistência foram encontrados principalmente nas amostras que apresentaram resistência fenotípica. Porém também foram encontradas amostras resistentes fenotipicamente mas que não tinham o gene de resistência, assim como amostras sensíveis que apresentavam o gene. Esses resultados demonstram o elevado grau de resistência das cepas isoladas aos antimicrobianos testados, assim como a presença de multirresistência. Soma-se a isso o fato de amostras possuírem o gene de resistência e não estarem expressando fenotipicamente, salientando que os antimicrobianos rotineiramente utilizados podem tornar-se ineficientes dentro de um curto período de tempo

A citricultura brasileira concentra-se principalmente no Estado de São Paulo que contribui com 80,4 % da produção nacional, sendo o Brasil um dos maiores produtores mundiais de citros. Um dos problemas enfrentados pela citricultura é a sua vulnerabilidade a pragas e doenças, devido principalmente a baixa diversidade genética nas variedades comerciais utilizadas, associada ao sistema de plantio em áreas extensas. Uma das doenças que vem causando crescentes prejuízos para a citricultura brasileira é a pinta preta ou mancha preta dos citros causada pelo fungo Guignardia citricarpa Kiely. O uso de conhecimentos de biologia molecular e métodos biotecnológicos devem ser considerados como importante alternativa para a produção de plantas geneticamente modificadas expressando genes de resistência. Para se obter plantas de citros resistentes a doenças, se faz necessário identificar genes que estejam relacionados com os mecanismos de defesa da planta. Na tentativa de identificar estes genes, o objetivo geral deste trabalho foi a identificação de genes in silico no banco de dados do Projeto Millenium CitEST e a análise de expressão diferencial de genes envolvidos na defesa. Mais de 7600 sequencias foram identificadas nas buscas no CitEST com similaridade aos genes R e genes envolvidos na HR e defesa, MAPKs e SNF1. Destes, foram selecionados 273 sequencias para experimentos de macroarranjo para análise da interação Citrus sinensis-Guignardia citricarpa. A análise estatística revelou que 171 genes (62,63%) apresentaram expressão diferencial significativa ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Destes, 80 apresentaram expressão diferencial significativa maior do que duas vezes, dos quais 38 genes foram induzidos e 42 foram reprimidos no tecido infectado. Entre os genes induzidos estão MAPKs, genes de resistência (R), genes envolvidos na resposta de hipersensibilidade (HR) e na defesa da planta. Entre os transcritos reprimidos, há quatro similares a peroxidases e cinco similares a catalases, o que era esperado já que catalases e algumas peroxidases são capazes de remover H2O2, e assim a planta produz espécies reativa de oxigênio capaz de desencadear a ativação de genes de defesa. Os dados do macroarranjo foram validados via transcrição reversa seguida de PCR quantitativo em tempo real (RT-PCRq) de 9 genes. As análises confirmaram a expressão diferencial de 8 deles sendo que somente um apresentou resultado contrastante ao macroarranjo, o que demonstra a eficiência da metodologia de macroarranjos para estudo de muitos genes simultaneamente. Os genes diferencialmente expressos identificados na interação C. sinensis-G. citricarpa são de grande importância, pois são fortes candidatos para serem utilizados na transformação genética de plantas com o objetivo de obter novas variedades de plantas com resistência a patógenos. / The Brazilian citrus industry is concentrated mainly in the State of Sao Paulo which contributes with 80.4% of national production, with Brazil being a leading world producer of citrus. One of the problems facing the citrus industry is its vulnerability to pests and diseases, mainly due to low genetic diversity of the commercial varieties used, linked to the system of planting in extensive areas. A disease that is causing increasing damage to the brazilian citrus industry is the black spot of citrus caused by the fungus Guignardia citricarpa Kiely. The use of knowledge of molecular biology and biotechnological methods should be considered as an important alternative for the production of genetically modified plants expressing genes for resistance. In order to obtain citrus plants resistant to diseases it is necessary to identify genes that are related to the defense mechanisms of the plant. In an attempt to identify these genes, the general aim of this study was to identify genes in silico in the database of the Millennium CitEST Project and to perform differential expression analysis of genes involved in the defense mechanisms. More than 7600 reads were identified in the CitEST search with similarity to R genes, genes involved in HR and defense, MAPKs and SNF1. It was selected 273 reads for macroarray experiments to analysis of Citrus sinensis-Guignardia citricarpa interaction. Statistical analysis revealed that 171 genes (62.63%) showed significant differential expression at the level of 5% probability. From these, 80 showed significant differential expression higher than two fold, in which 38 genes were induced and 42 were repressed in infected tissue. Among the induced genes are MAPKs, resistance (R) genes, genes involved in hypersensitivity response (HR) and plant defense. Among the suppressed transcripts, there are four similar to peroxidases and five similar to catalases, which is expected because catalases and some peroxidases are able to remove H2O2, and so the plant produces reactive oxygen species capable of triggering the activation of defense genes. The macroarray data were validated by reverse transcription followed by quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCRq) of 9 genes. The analysis confirmed the differential expression of 8 of them, and only one presented different result of macroarray which demonstrate the efficiency of the macroarray methodology to analyze several genes simultaneously. The genes differentially expressed in the interaction of C. sinensis x Guignardia citricarpa identified are of great importance because they are strong candidates for use in genetic transformation of plants with the objective of obtaining new varieties of plants resistant to pathogens.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医科学) / 甲第25201号 / 医科博第157号 / 新制||医科||10(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医科学専攻 / (主査)教授 遊佐 宏介, 教授 近藤 玄, 教授 斎藤 通紀 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM