Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2014-12-18T18:07:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Aline Mendonça Pascoal - 2014.doc: 4428288 bytes, checksum: 759c80688c07f85efa0d5d3663f7dbec (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-12-22T10:33:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Aline Mendonça Pascoal - 2014.doc: 4428288 bytes, checksum: 759c80688c07f85efa0d5d3663f7dbec (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-22T10:33:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Aline Mendonça Pascoal - 2014.doc: 4428288 bytes, checksum: 759c80688c07f85efa0d5d3663f7dbec (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-28 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / This study was conducted to evaluate the chemical, physical-chemical, biochemical and rheological properties of starch from Solanum lycocarpum. The pulp from Solanum lycocarpum fruits was used as raw material for extraction of starch, resulting in a yield of 51%. The starch granules were heterogeneous in size, presenting a conical appearance, very similar to those from high-amylose cassava starch. The elemental analysis (CHNS) revealed 64.33% carbon, 7.16% hydrogen and 0.80% nitrogen. FT-IR spectroscopy showed the peaks characteristic of polysaccharides and NMR analysis confirmed the presence of the α-anomer of D-glucose. The S. lycocarpum starch was characterized by high value of intrinsic viscosity (3515 mPa s) and estimated molecular weight around 645.69 kDa. Furthermore, this starch was classified as a C-type and high amylose content starch, presenting 34.66% of amylose and 38% crystallinity. Endothermic transition temperatures (To = 61.25°C; Tp = 64.5°C; Tc = 67.5°C), gelatinization temperature (∆T = 6.3°C) and enthalpy changes (∆H= 13.21 J g−1) were accessed by DCS analysis. The thermogravimetric analysis of S. lycocarpum starch showed a typical three-step weight loss pattern. Microscopy revealed significant changes in the granule morphology after thermal treatment. Samples treated at 50°C for 10 min lost 52% of their crystallinity, which was partially recovered after storage for 7 days at 4°C. However, samples treated at 65°C for 10 min became were totally amorphous. This treatment was sufficient to completely disrupt the starch granule, as evidenced by the absence of an endothermic peak in the DSC thermogram. The RVA of S. lycocarpum starch revealed 4440.7 cP peak viscosity, 2660.5 cP breakdown viscosity, 2414.1 cP final viscosity, 834.3 cP setback viscosity, and a pasting temperature of 49.6°C. The low content of resistant starch (10.25%) and high content of digestible starch (89.78%) in S. lycocarpum suggest that this starch may be a good source for the production of hydrolysates, such as glucose syrup and its derivatives. These results make the S. lycocarpum fruit a very promising source of starch for biotechnological applications. / Este trabalho foi realizado para avaliar as propriedades químicas, físico- químicas, bioquímicas e reológicas do amido de Solanum lycocarpum. Polpas dos frutos de Solanum lycocarpum foram utilizadas como matéria-prima para a extração de amido, resultando em um rendimento de 51%. Os grânulos de amido apresentaram tamanho heterogêneo, com aparência cônica, muito semelhante ao amido de mandioca, com alto teor de amilose. A análise elementar (CHNS) revelou 64,33% de carbono, 7,16% de hidrogênio e 0,80% de nitrogênio. A espectroscopia FT-IR revelou picos característicos de polissacarídeos e a análise de RMN confirmou a presença do carbono αanomérico da D-glicose. O amido de S. lycocarpum apresentou elevada viscosidade intrínseca (3515 mPa s) e peso molecular estimado de 645,69 kDa. Além disso, este amido foi classificado como um amido do tipo C, apresentando 34,66% de amilose e 38% de cristalinidade. Através de análises por DCS determinou-se as temperaturas de transição endotérmica (To = 61,25°C; Tp = 64,5°C; Tc = 67,5°C), a variação da temperatura de gelatinização (∆T = 6,3°C) e a variação de entalpia (∆H = 13,21 J g-1). A análise termogravimétrica do amido de S. lycocarpum apresentou um padrão típico de perda de peso de três etapas. A microscopia revelou alterações significativas na morfologia dos grânulos após o tratamento térmico. As amostras tratadas a 50°C, durante 10 minutos, perderam 52% de sua cristalinidade, a qual foi parcialmente recuperada após armazenamento a 4°C, por 7 dias. No entanto, as amostras tratadas a 65°C, por 10 minutos, perderam totalmente sua cristalinidade, apresentando estrutura totalmente amorfa. Este tratamento foi suficiente para romper completamente o grânulo de amido, conforme evidenciado pela ausência do pico endotérmico na curva do DSC desta amostra. O RVA do amido de S. lycocarpum revelou um pico de viscosidade de 4440,7 cP, quebra de viscosidade 2660,5 cP, viscosidade final 2414,1 cP, tendência a retrogradação 834,3 cP e temperatura de pasta de 49,6°C. O baixo teor de amido resistente (10,25%) e o elevado teor de amido digerível (89,78%) sugerem que este amido pode ser uma boa fonte para a produção de hidrolisados, tais como xarope de glicose e seus derivados. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo fazem do fruto de S. lycocarpum uma fonte promissora de amido para aplicações biotecnológicas.

A cada dia cresce o interesse por alimentos ricos em carboidratos não disponíveis em virtude da relação inversa entre seu consumo e o risco de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT). No presente trabalho, foi avaliado o potencial fisiológico da farinha de banana verde (FBV) como ingrediente funcional. Em ratos adultos, foi realizado ensaio de média duração (28 dias) para avaliação do efeito trófico da FBV sobre o intestino grosso e de parâmetros relacionados à tolerância à glicose. Em humanos, foram realizados ensaios clínicos de curta e média duração para avaliação dos efeitos sobre resposta glicêmica; liberação de hormônios gastrintestinais relacionados à saciedade; status antioxidante; fome e saciedade; e funcionamento intestinal. A FBV foi produzida com banana verde, Musa acuminata, de acordo com patente depositada pelo grupo (Patente (RPI - 1941), 2008). A FBV é uma fonte concentrada de carboidratos não disponíveis, com 56% de AR e 8% de FAT na base integral. A adição de FBV nas rações provocou efeito trófico no ceco dos animais, evidenciado por aumento no índice metafásico, número de células da cripta e profundidade das criptas. Além disso, a ração com FBV proporcionou melhora nos parâmetros relacionados à tolerância à glicose. Em voluntários saudáveis, a ingestão de uma única refeição adicionada de 8 g de FBV proporcionou aumento na saciedade e boa correlação entre os parâmetros fome/saciedade e níveis plasmáticos de grelina e insulina, melhorou o funcionamento intestinal, além de resultar em alta fermentabilidade in vitro em relação à lactulose. Após ingestão diária da FBV por 14 dias, os resultados da ingestão de RC0 (refeição controle antes do tratamento) e de RC14 (RC0 após 14 dias de tratamento) mostraram que ocorre melhora na tolerância à glicose, evidenciada pela menor liberação de insulina durante o GTT. O efeito positivo sobre funcionamento intestinal, sobre saciedade e sobre liberação de hormônios gastrintestinais no plasma permaneceu após ingestão prolongada da FBV. A adição da FBV na refeição resultou em aumento da capacidade antioxidante in vitro. A FBV apresenta inúmeros atributos positivos para elaboração de produtos que ampliem as opções para uma alimentação saudável, bem como propiciem saúde intestinal, visando a diminuição do risco de DCNT. / The study of unavailable carbohydrates has been of great concern due to their inverse relation with the risk for non-transmissible chronic diseases (NTCD). In the present study, the functional potential of unripe banana flour (UBF) was evaluated. In rats, a medium-term assay was carried in order to evaluate parameters related to glucose tolerance and the trophic effect of UBF on the large bowel. In healthy volunteers, short and medium-term clinical assays were carried to evaluate the effects of UBF on glycemic response; release of gastrointestinal hormones related to satiety (ghrelin, leptin and insulin); antioxidant status; hunger and satiety; and intestinal health. UBF was produced with unripe banana, Musa acuminata, subgroup Cavendish, maturation stage I, in industrial scale and according to a patent deposited by the group (Patent (RPI - 1941), 2008). UBF is a concentrated source of unavailable carbohydrates, with 56% RS and 8% DF (wet weight). Adding UBF in rat rations resulted in a trophic effect in the animals\' cecum, which was evidenced by increase in the metaphasic index, number of crypt cells and crypt depth. Moreover, the ration with UBF resulted in better glucose tolerance parameters. In healthy volunteers, adding UBF (8 g) to an only meal provided significant satiety and good correlation between the parameters hunger/ satiety and plasmatic levels of ghrelin and insulin, improved bowel habit, as well as resulted in high in vitro fermentability in relation to lactulose. After daily intake of UBF for 14 days, the results of the intake of RC0 (control meal before treatment) and RC14 (RC0 after 14 days treatment) showed that there is a positive post-prandial variation in the plasmatic concentrations of gastrointestinal hormones, as well as improvement in glucose tolerance, evidenced by lower insulin release during GTT. The positive effect on bowel habit, satiety and release of gastrointestinal hormones in plasma was kept after prolonged intake of UBF. Adding UBF to the meal provided significant increase in the in vitro antioxidant capacity. UBF presents several positive attributes for the elaboration of products that may increase the options for healthy eating habits, as well as provide intestinal health, always aiming to decrease the risk for NTCD.

Vem crescendo a cada dia o interesse pelo aproveitamento biológico dos carboidratos não-disponíveis no que se refere ao amido resistente (AR) e à fibra alimentar (FA) e seus efeitos sobre a fisiologia do intestino grosso. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito trófico, decorrente da fermentação de carboidratos não-disponíveis da banana verde, no intestino grosso de ratos adultos. As amostras estudadas foram: ABV (amido isolado de plátano verde - Musa paradisíaca L.) e MBV (banana nanicão - Musa acuminata, variedade Nanicão - verde cozida com casca, descascada e seca). Foi realizado estudo de média duração (28 dias) com ratos Wistar adultos, divididos em três grupos: grupo Controle (G-C), que recebeu ração padrão (R-C), e dois grupos experimentais, que receberam rações com concentrações crescentes de AR, ou seja, G-MBV recebeu ração R-MBV, com 5% de AR, e G-ABV recebeu ração R-ABV, com 10% de AR. Foram avaliados consumo e fermentabilidade in vitro das rações; peso corpóreo; peso e umidade das fezes; pH e histologia cecais. Não foi observada diferença no consumo médio diário de ração entre os grupos. O consumo de R-ABV proporcionou menor crescimento dos animais. No G-ABV, além da queda do pH cecal, houve aumento do peso seco das fezes e do conteúdo cecal, possivelmente devido ao aumento da microbiota intestinal. Ainda nesse grupo, houve aumento do peso total do ceco, evidenciando não somente ganho de umidade (aumento do peso do conteúdo cecal) como também possível proliferação celular (aumento do peso da parede do ceco). No G-MBV, houve queda do pH cecal, devido à produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta pela fermentação, e ganho de umidade no conteúdo cecal, resultado coerente com a maior presença de FA solúvel nesta ração. Porém, não houve aumento do peso seco das fezes nesse grupo. Pela análise histológica do tecido cecal, foi possível evidenciar que tanto a fermentação da R-ABV como a da R-MBV exerceram efeito trófico no intestino grosso desses animais (p<0,01). Os resultados obtidos indicam que os carboidratos não-disponíveis presentes na banana verde exercem efeitos positivos sobre a fisiologia dos animais, apontando a possibilidade de utilização dessa matéria-prima na elaboração de alimentos voltados para a prevenção de determinadas doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis. / The interest in unavailable carbohydrates, mainly in the possible effects of resistant starch (RS) and dietary fiber (DF) on the physiology of the large bowel, has recently increased. The present work aimed to evaluate the trophic effect, caused by the fermentation of unavailable carbohydrates from banana, on the large bowel of adult rats. Two samples were studied: ABV (starch isolated from unripe plantain - Musa paradisíaca L.) and MBV (unripe banana -Musa acuminata, variety Nanicão - cooked with peel, peeled and dried). An assay was carried during 28 days, with adult Wistar rats, divided into three groups: Control group (G-C), fed standard diet (R-C), and two experimental groups fed crescent RS concentrations (G-MBV, fed R-MBV with 5% RS, and G-ABV, fed R-ABV with 10% RS). Consumption and in vitro fermentation of the diets; body weight; feces weight and moisture; cecum pH and histology were evaluated. No difference was observed in the average daily consumption among the groups. Rats fed R-ABV presented decreased growth. On G-ABV, besides cecum pH decrease, there was an increase in feces and cecum content dry weight, possibly due to the increase in intestinal microbiota. There was an increase in cecum total weight, evidencing not only moisture gain (increase in cecum content weight) but also possible cellular proliferation (increase in the cecum wall weight). On G-MBV, there was a decrease in the cecum pH, due to the production of short-chain fatty acids by the fermentation, and moisture gain in the cecum content, which is coherent with the greater concentration of soluble DF in this diet. However, an increase in feces dry weight was not observed in this group. Considering the histology of the cecum tissue, it was possible to evidence that the fermentation of both R-ABV and R-MBV exerted trophic effect in the large bowel of the animais (p<0,01). The results obtained indicate that unavailable carbohydrates from unripe banana exert positive effects on the physiology of the animais, pointing to the possibility of using this product on the elaboration of foods aimed to preventing certain non-transmissible chronic diseases.

Background: African-Americans are a vulnerable population group with disproportionately elevated rates of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Resistant starch is a promising food ingredient that has the potential to reduce the risk factors involved in the development of type 2 DM. To date, there is a dearth of published research studies on the effect of resistant starch on African-Americans who are at increased risk for type 2 DM. Objective: The major objective of this study was to determine if daily consumption of approximately twelve grams of high-maize™ 260 resistant starch (RS) added to bread improved glucose homeostasis by monitoring changes in fasting plasma glucose, fructosamine, hemoglobin A1c, insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1, C-reactive protein, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistant (HOMA- IR) and beta-cell function (HOMA-Beta), serum acetate, propionate, and butyrate levels. Design: A fourteen-week, randomized, double-blind, within-subject crossover design feeding study was carried out in African-American males (n=8) and females (n=7) at increased risk for type 2 DM who resided in Southwest Virginia. All participants consumed bread containing added RS or control bread (no added RS) for six-weeks. RS and control bread feedings were separated by a two-week washout period. Results: Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) levels were significantly lower (P = 0.0179) after six-week control bread feedings compared to baseline. FPG levels were also significantly lower (P < 0.0001) after two-week washout period than at baseline. FPG levels were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) after six-week resistant starch bread feeding than at washout. FPG levels due to consumption of resistant starch versus control bread approached significance (P = 0.0574). Fructosamine levels were significantly lower (P = 0.0054) after control bread and resistant starch bread (P < 0.0012) consumption compared to baseline. No significant differences were found in fructosamine levels due to resistant bread intake versus control (P = 0.9692). Mean baseline HbA1c levels were 6.9% (n=15). This value was slightly lowered to 6.79% (n=14) at the end of the fourteen-week study, although statistical significance was not found. Mean ± standard errors for HbA1c values were 6.9% ± 0.18% and 6.9% ± 0.14% at baseline for the sequence groups, resistant starch first (n=7) and control treatment first (n=8) groups, respectively. Mean± standard error HbA1c values were 6.7%± 0.27% and 6.9% ± 0.27% at the conclusion of fourteen-week study for sequence groups, resistant starch first group (n=7) and control treatment first group, respectively. Baseline mean and standard errors C-reactive Protein (CRP) levels for male and female combined results were 0.62 ± 0.16 mg/dL (n=15). Mean CRP levels were 0.53 ± 0.12 mg/dL for resistant starch bread and 0.64 ± 0.21 mg/dL for control bread feeding periods. No significant differences were found for treatment, gender, or sequence effects for C-reactive protein levels during the fourteen-week study (P > 0.05). Mean HOMA-IR levels following six-week resistant starch and control bread consumption decreased to normal values (> 2.5), although no significant differences were found for treatment (P = 0.5923). Conclusions: Eighty-seven grams of Hi- maize™ 260 Resistant Starch added to baked loaves of bread consumed by a free-living African-American population at increased risk for type 2 diabetes did not consistently show significance in all clinical indicators and biochemical markers assessed. On the basis of the evidence in this study we do not have evidence that this amount of resistant starch in this population's diet will prevent the onset of diabetes. However, results are suggestive that higher levels of resistant starch in a more controlled experiment could reduce clinical risk factors for type 2 diabetes. / Ph. D.

Tortilla sales are projected to exceed 9.5 billion by 2014. However, currently no wheat cultivars have been identified that possess the intrinsic quality attributes needed for the production of optimum quality tortillas. Tortillas made with refined wheat flour low in dietary fiber (DF) are popular in the United States due to their sensory properties. This study explored the use of wheat lines (WL) possessing variations in high molecular weight glutenin allele sub-units (HMW-GS) for production of tortillas and also investigated the use of corn based resistant starches (RS), type II (RS2) and wheat based RS type IV (RS4) to increase DF in tortillas. Tortillas were made with 0-15 percent RS and 100 percent whole white wheat (WW). Flour protein profiles, dough, and tortilla properties were evaluated to determine the effects of the allelic variations and RS substitution on tortilla quality. Sensory properties of tortillas with RS were determined. Variations in HMW-GS composition significantly affected the protein quality and tortilla properties. Flour from WL possessing allelic combinations (2*, 17+18, 7, 2+12), (1, 17+18, 5+10), (2*, 17, 2+12) and (1, 2*, 17+18, 2+12) had 12.8-13.3 percent protein. These WL had extensible doughs and produced large diameter tortillas with superior (greater than or equal to 3.0) flexibility after 16 days compared to control. However, WL with (17+18 and 5+10) and (2*, 17+7, 5) produced extensible doughs, large, but less flexible, tortillas compared to control. WL with (2*,17+18,5+10) and (1,2*,7+9,5+10) produced smaller diameter tortillas, but with superior flexibility compared to control. RS2, WW, and cross-linked-pre-gelatinized RS4 (FiberRite) produced hard, less-extensible doughs and thinner tortillas compared to control, due to high water absorption. Cross-linked RS4 (Fibersym) dough and tortillas were comparable to control. 15 percent of RS2 and RS4 increase DF in control to 6 and 14 percent respectively, compare to control (2.8 percent DF). WW tortillas were less acceptable than control in appearance, flavor and texture, while tortillas with 15 percent Fibersym had higher overall acceptability than control. RS2 negatively affected dough machinability and tortilla shelf stability. However, 15 percent RS4 improved the DF in refined flour tortillas to meet FDA's "good source of fiber claim," without negatively affecting dough/tortilla quality.