Today&rsquo / s dynamics - the globalization process, economic growth together with late-capitalism, the number of population living in cities and improvements in technology, communication and electronic media - have changed the course of air transportation. As the demand for aviation has increased, the policy of &ldquo / regional air transportation system&rdquo / has begun to be extensive through the world in order to provide an integrated and sustainable air transport system. As for Turkey, together with deregulation of air transportation system in 2003, the government has started the &ldquo / Project of Regional Air Transport&rdquo / . In this respect, some new regional airports are put on the agenda, which required contemporary norms and attributes of regional airport terminals. When regional airport terminals are examined, it is observed that they have typologies, all abstracted from their time-space frameworks. But, today&rsquo / s dynamic architecture attempts to alter this psyche of typology in order to create dynamic and indeterminate spaces in relation to instable transformations in contemporary cities. However, through the restructuring process, in relation to the city context, the static and determinate architecture of regional airport terminal can be challenged. Namely, an architectural program can be utilized as a tool for creating a dynamic architecture. In this respect, by designing a new architectural program for K&uuml / tahya-Afyonkarahisar-USak Regional Airport Terminal, which is on the agenda of the government, this study firstly, examines the norms and attributes of regional airports and secondly investigates how the architectural program of regional airport terminals should be designed according to the needs of contemporary cities in the 21st century.

This thesis investigates in deindustrialization process, its decline impacts and restructuring process in socio-spatial context. Both deindustrialization and restructuring processes are evaluated regarding a muti-layer conceptualization of the problem. Zonguldak Case is chosen to investigate in the deindustrialization process taken place in the mono-centric local economy dependent on coal mining, the decline impacts of this process on the whole urban set-up including labour households, the city, other economic activities and industrial, regional and urban restructuring process in response to these impacts. The study discusses diverse restructuring attempts concerning local dynamics and local characteristics of Zonguldak.

The thesis analyzes the effects of post-war reconstruction on Bosnian politics, economy and society by focusing on the privatization process. To this end, the strategies followed by local and international actors are examined critically within the context of the globally dominant neoliberal paradigm. This thesis argues that the privatization process has made the realization of the Dayton vision for Bosnian peace- and state-building difficult by strengthening nationalist-extremist local elites, contributing to the creation of pseudo-feudal structures at the local level, and helping accelerate ethnic homogenization on territorial basis. For the international actors, these have been considered to be acceptable risks as long as privatization of strategic sectors is kept insulated and the non-interrupted implementation of the neoliberal programme is ensured.

This dissertation analyses the restructuring of the state and financialisation in Turkey in the post-1980 period with specific emphasis on public debt management. Turkey provides a model case of state pioneering financial deepening and intervening into the market for the socialisation of the losses of the financial sector. The dissertation argues that despite the increasing public debt ratio through 1980s and 1990s, the aim of financial deepening was persistent. The state contributed to the financialisation in the 1990s through the dominance of public securities with high yields in the market. The Treasury was a nodal point not only in the restructuring of the banking sector in the aftermath of 2001 crisis but also the insulation of economic management from political intervention. Its success is tightly related to financial markets and its restructuring presents a case of identification of public interest with the interest of financial sector. The literature on financialisation should be extended to cover the neoliberal transformation in countries labelled as &ldquo / emerging markets&rdquo / . The restructuring of the state in neoliberal era can be defined as financialisation of the state from a broader perspective. It contributed to financialisation by making the state rely on financial markets in an increasing number of policy fields.

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'Organizational Realignment and Restructuring' Panel session from the Living the Future 8 Conference, April 23-24, 2012, University of Arizona Libraries, Tucson, AZ.

'Organizational Realignment and Restructuring' Panel session from the Living the Future 8 Conference, April 23-24, 2012, University of Arizona Libraries, Tucson, AZ.

Ο τραπεζικός τομέας υφίσταται σημαντικές αλλαγές τα τελευταία χρόνια σε διεθνές επίπεδο, ως απόρροια των αλλαγών στο γενικότερο οικονομικό γίγνεσθαι. Ειδικότερα στη χώρα μας είναι έκδηλη τα τελευταία χρόνια η ανάγκη για αναπροσαρμογή του τρόπου λειτουργίας των πιστωτικών ιδρυμάτων, ώστε να προσαρμοστούν στις μεταβαλλόμενες απαιτήσεις της πελατειακής τους βάσης. Στόχος της παρούσας εργασίας είναι να προσεγγιστεί το ζήτημα της αναδιάρθρωσης των τραπεζικών δικτύων, όπως αυτά έχουν προκύψει μετά από εξαγορές ή συγχωνεύσεις, με απώτερο στόχο την βέλτιστη εξυπηρέτηση των πελατών με το μικρότερο δυνατό κόστος λειτουργίας. Για να επιτευχθεί η αναδιάρθρωση προτείνονται δύο μαθηματικά μοντέλα χωροθέτησης εγκαταστάσεων, που εξετάζουν το πρόβλημα με βάση δύο διαφορετικούς άξονες: το ένα στοχεύοντας στην ελαχιστοποίηση του κόστους και το δεύτερο στην μεγιστοποίηση της καλυπτόμενης ζήτησης με δεδομένο προϋπολογισμό. Για την επίλυση των μαθηματικών μοντέλων αξιοποιήθηκαν δεδομένα μεγάλου τραπεζικού ομίλου που δραστηριοποιείται στην Ελλάδα, επικεντρώνοντας στο υπάρχον εγκατεστημένο δίκτυο εντός του Δήμου Πατρέων. Από την εμπειρική εφαρμογή διαπιστώθηκε σαφής πλεονασμός του υπάρχοντος δικτύου σε μονάδες και προσωπικό, ενώ παράλληλα τα μοντέλα καταλήγουν σε διαφορετικές λύσεις χωροθέτησης για κάθε εκδοχή του προβλήματος. Με όποιο τρόπο όμως και να προσεγγιστεί το πρόβλημα της αναδιάρθρωσης, φαίνεται ότι τα αποτελέσματα αναφορικά με το πλήθος των μονάδων και του απασχολούμενου προσωπικού συγκλίνουν, εξασφαλίζοντας ταυτόχρονα σημαντική μείωση του κόστους λειτουργίας. / The banking sector is undergoing significant changes recently at an international level, as a consequence of changes in the general economic status. Especially in our country, the need for adjusting the operation of credit institutions to adapt to the changing demands of their customer base is obvious. The aim of this paper is to approach the issue of restructuring of banking networks, as they have arisen after mergers or acquisitions, aiming to optimal customer service at the lowest possible operating cost. To achieve the restructuring we propose two mathematical models of facility location, considering the problem on two different axes: firstly aiming at minimizing the cost and secondly at maximizing the demand covered with pre-given budget. To solve the mathematical models we utilized data from a large banking group operating in Greece, focusing on existing established network within the Municipality of Patras. The empirical application showed a clear redundancy of the present network units and personnel, while models result in different solutions of facility location for each version of the problem. Whichever way used to approach the problem of restructuring, it seems that the results regarding the number of units and personnel converge, while ensuring a significant reduction in operating costs.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the notion of risk as set out in Issues Notes 1, in the document “Transfer Pricing Aspects of Business Restructurings: Discussion Draft for Public Comment”. Furthermore, the approach of this draft is compared with the authorized OECD approach, established in the 2010 Report on the Attribution of Profits to Permanent Establishments. German law on transfer pricing provisions will also be examined to see whether domestic provisions could make a good example in allocating risks, as a supplement to the guidance from the OECD. Issues Notes 1 has been subject for a debate as to how it should be interpreted and whether the provisions laid down in the document provide the tax authorities of contracting states too much room for subjectivity in determining whether risk allocation scenarios as set up by associated enterprises have economic substance. It has also been argued that Issues Notes 1 is an attempt by the OECD to align risk allocation under Article 9 of the OECD Model Convention with the authorized OECD approach, applicable to permanent establishments, because risk allocation under Article 7 is conducted by applying the Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations by analogy. There are however crucial differences between associated enterprises and permanent establishments which makes this impossible. The guidance under Issues Notes 1 is insufficient, why the OECD should seek to further clarify the concepts regarding business restructurings. The German way of implementing domestic provisions is incompatible with the provisions of the OECD and Article 9 and therefore violates most of its tax treaties.

Traditional theories of industrial restructuring assign the most explanatory weight of the structural change phenomenon to increasing pressures via globalization and falling trade barriers. This thesis offers a new model of thinking about industrial restructuring that includes multiple stressors. The thesis focuses on three main drivers of structural change: market pressures, environmental regulation and changes in land use and land pricing, using two case studies of leather and footwear industrial clusters in Mexico, located in the cities of León and Guadalajara. Evidence of multiple drivers of structural change is found in the dissertation. Furthermore, responses to restructuring drivers in León and Guadalajara are found to be substantially different. Firms in the leather and footwear cluster in León have implemented countervailing strategies such as price competition, government lobbying, and more recently, investment in socio-economic research (competitiveness) projects. However, firms in the leather and footwear cluster in Guadalajara focused on a specific, high-end target market. At the larger, urban scale, footwear and its allied industries in the city of León resisted change and have tried to remain in operation while the city of Guadalajara has focused on a diversification strategy, attracting new (arguably more technically advanced) industries. This thesis offers empirical and theoretical advances. Empirically, it applies a firm demographics approach to the study of industrial clusters under multiple stressors. This approach has not been previously used on Mexican data. Theoretically, it demonstrates that future analyses of industrial complexes’ structural change can be strengthened through the use of an integrated assessment framework investigating the effect of multiple stressors (market forces, land pricing, technical change, environmental regulations, and consumer preferences) on industrial restructuring.