隨著人口老化，台灣地區退休人口也逐年增加，然國內缺乏對退休調適的研究，以及兩性退休調適差異之比較，故本研究欲探討之主題包括：（一）瞭解老人退休調適之狀況，並比較兩性退休調適狀況。（二）探討影響退休調適之因素，及退休調適影響因素之性別差異。（三）根據研究結果，提供建議給退休者、老人福利政策制訂者作為參考。 本研究從調適著手，來探討退休調適之意涵。本研究認為個體退休調適良好與否，可從態度上與行為上去瞭解。退休調適良好者，對喪失工作角色會持較正向態度，並會積極安排自己的退休生活。接著，分別從角色理論、社會交換論、及女性主義觀點來探討退休調適之影響因素。從角色理論觀點提出退休準備；社會交換論提出月收入、自評健康、疾病數目、社會支持等；女性主義觀點則提出退休原因、退休前職業地位等解釋因素。 本研究採結構式問卷，以台北市北投區長青學苑、及中山區老人服務中心為取樣地點。總計發放180份問卷，有效問卷152份。資料分析採用次數分配、百分比、卡方檢定、階層化迴歸分析、多元迴歸分析等方法。 本研究主要發現如下： （一）退休者傾向對喪失工作角色態度持正向態度，但安排退休生活之行為卻傾向消極。又相較於男性，女性對喪失工作角色持較正向態度，並在退休生活安排行為上較積極。 （二）影響喪失工作角色態度之因素包括性別、社會支持、退休原因、退休前職業地位。影響退休生活安排行為之因素包括性別、自評健康、社會支持、退休原因、退休前職業地位。 （三）影響女性與男性之喪失工作角色態度的因素皆為退休原因、退休前職業地位。影響女性退休生活安排行為之因素包括生活費來源、退休準備、月收入、自評健康、退休原因。影響男性退休生活安排行為之因素包括社會支持、退休原因、退休前職業地位。 本研究之理論貢獻為：（一）退休調適概念之初步建構；（二）擴大對退休調適影響因素之理解。根據上述發現，本研究提出之實務建議如左：（一）個體因應策略方面：1.從事退休準備，充裕時間累積資源、調整心態。2.維護身體健康，活力迎向休閒人生。3.累積社會支持，學習社會技巧。（二）環境配合調整方面：1.重新檢討強制退休制度，採多元方式增進選擇自主性。2.打破傳統性別分工限制，角色彈性增進適應能力。3.主動關懷退休者，促進社會整合。4.辦理退休準備研習。 / The purpose of this study is to examine the factors associated with retirement adjustment of older people, and compare the difference of factors between men and women. Interview survey was used to collect data. Data was analyzed by frequency distribution, percentage, chi-square test, hierarchical regression, and multiple regression. The conclusions can be drawn from the findings. Firstly, the retirees tend to have positive attitude forward the lost of work-role, but arrange his/her retirement life passively. In comparison with men, women have more positive attitude, and arrange her retirement life more positively. Secondly, the factors affecting the attitude are gender, social support, retirement reason, and occupation status before retirement. In addition, the factors influencing the behavior are subjective evaluation in health, social support, retirement reason, and occupation status before retirement. Thirdly, the factors affecting men's and women's attitude are the same--retirement reason and occupation status before retirement. Furthermore, the factors influencing women's behavior are income resource, retirement preparation, monthly income, subjective evaluation in health, and retirement reason. And the factors affecting men's behavior are social support, retirement reason, and occupation status before retirement. Finally, practice and policy implications are discussed.

The aim of this research is to develop guidelines for a psycho-educational programme to enhance the self-actualisation of retired people. To do this, an investigation was undertaken to determine how to enhance self-actualisation during retirement, through an understanding of the: • phenomenon of retirement; • concept of self-actualisation; • challenges that hamper adjustment and self-actualisation during retirement; • factors which assist retirees in overcoming challenges and achieving self-actualisation; and • the role of psycho-educational programmes in enhancing self-actualisation during retirement. The literature study sought to promote such an understanding through the investigation of writings and research findings. The qualitative investigation attempted to provide a contextual understanding of the above, through an exploration of the retirement experiences of a selected group of retirees living in George (and surrounding area), South Africa. The findings served as the basis for guidelines for a psycho-educational programme to enhance the self-actualisation of retired people. / Psychology of Education / M.Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

The aim of this research is to develop guidelines for a psycho-educational programme to enhance the self-actualisation of retired people. To do this, an investigation was undertaken to determine how to enhance self-actualisation during retirement, through an understanding of the: • phenomenon of retirement; • concept of self-actualisation; • challenges that hamper adjustment and self-actualisation during retirement; • factors which assist retirees in overcoming challenges and achieving self-actualisation; and • the role of psycho-educational programmes in enhancing self-actualisation during retirement. The literature study sought to promote such an understanding through the investigation of writings and research findings. The qualitative investigation attempted to provide a contextual understanding of the above, through an exploration of the retirement experiences of a selected group of retirees living in George (and surrounding area), South Africa. The findings served as the basis for guidelines for a psycho-educational programme to enhance the self-actualisation of retired people. / Psychology of Education / M.Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)