本文旨在探討經理人性別差異與自願性盈餘預測之關聯性，即公司經理人性別是否會對其自願性盈餘預測偏差性及自願性盈餘預測準確度造成影響。由過去有關性別差異之研究可發現女性具有規避風險、保守行事…等特點，故本研究欲探討經理人性別差異對自願性盈餘預測之影響。實證結果發現：女性經理人進行自願性盈餘預測時，盈餘預測值較保守。相反的，男性經理人進行自願性盈餘預測時，盈餘預測值則較具樂觀性。再者，當公司經理人性別為女性時，自願性盈餘預測準確度較高。 / In this thesis, I explore the association between gender differences and the management earnings forecasts. Prior studies show that, in general, women are more risk adverse and act more ethically than man. Therefore, I examine whether the gender of management affects the bias and accuracy of management earnings forecasts. Consistent with my predictions, the results show that female CEOs release more conservative forecasts than their male CEOs counterparts. Moreover, I also find that female CEOs issue less accurate earnings forecasts compared to male CEOs. Overall, this study provides evidence that there are the relationship between gender difference and the bias of management earnings forecasts.

本研究旨在探討孩童在同儕對話中所使用的拒絕策略，以及說話者及聽者的性別對於拒絕策略選擇之影響。研究語料來自兩人或三人一組的孩童在玩耍時的對話，孩童的年紀在四歲七個月到五歲十個月之間。本研究主要採用Beebe等人所提供的拒絕策略分類，研究結果發現，孩童在同儕對話中使用較多的間接拒絕策略(70%)，這也顯示出孩童避免與同儕產生正面衝突，並且努力維護彼此間的友誼。在所有策略中，孩童最常使用的是簡單否定(simple negation: 31.8%)以及提供理由(reason: 26.7%)；此外，在這個年紀的孩童在一次拒絕中，大多只使用一種拒絕策略。 而在性別的影響方面，則發現在同性別的互動中，女生比男生使用了更多的直接拒絕策略；此外，與在同性別互動中的表現相比，女生在不同性別的互動中變得更直接，而男生則變得較委婉。研究也發現，孩童會根據不同性別選擇特定的拒絕策略，例如，男生較常對女生使用非語言性的迴避策略(nonverbal avoidance)。本研究中討論了造成此現象可能的原因，像是中國文化中女人的角色、家長對不同性別孩童的教育方式，和不同性別的孩童之間友誼的強弱等等。總而言之，研究發現不論是說話者的性別或者聽者的性別都會對拒絕策略的選擇造成一定的影響。 / This study aims to explore children’s refusal performance in peer talk and how speakers’ and interlocutors’ genders influence their choice of refusal strategies. The natural conversations produced by dyads of triads of children aged from 4;7 to 5;10 were used for analysis. The refusal strategies adopted in this study are mainly based on Beebe et al. (1990)’s category. The results showed that children applied much more indirect refusal strategies (70%) than direct ones (30%) when refusing their peers, which indicates that they tried to avoid confrontation and make efforts to maintain their friendship. Among the strategies, children tended to employ simple negation (31.8%) and reason (26.7%) most frequently. In addition, children at this age applied only one refusal strategy in a refusal most of the time. As for the influence of gender, it is observed that in same-gender interactions, girls used more direct strategies than boys. In addition, in cross-gender interactions, girls became more direct while boys were more indirect than in same-gender interaction. Moreover, children tended to choose certain strategy when refusing others of different gender; for example, boys used a lot more nonverbal avoidance when refusing girls than boys. Possible reasons such as women’s role in Chinese culture, children’s intensity of friendship between different gender, and parent’s educational style were discussed in the study in order to explain the gender differences. The findings, therefore, suggest that both speakers’ and interlocutors’ genders play an important role in children’s choice of refusal strategies.

本篇研究是以行動電話使用行為所促進的人際接觸作為關注的焦點，並以實證資料為基礎，區分人們使用行動電話的行為為使用強度（使用者使用工具的頻率）、使用寬度（使用者對外進行聯繫的人際範圍），觀察使用者使用行動電話維持並增進什麼樣的人際接觸，說明使用行為特性與人際接觸之間的關聯。再者，討論以「個人」為單位所進行的行動電話接觸是否能提供更為自主、自由的接觸機會和空間。 除此，更進一步透過不同性別的使用行為和人際接觸比較，釐清不同性別的使用者在使用行動電話與人際接觸機會範圍上的差異，透過人際接觸空間的增進與網絡連結機會的擴大，說明行動電話溝通可能造成的社會影響。 研究結果為女性使用者較男性使用者，在行動電話的使用寬度上更能增進與各式各樣朋友的聯繫接觸。也就是說女性使用者透過行動電話更能擴增與各式各樣朋友接觸聯繫的溝通空間。因此，女性使用者在行動電話的接觸空間中，可以更容易地擴大個人的社會網絡。 / What kinds of interpersonal contact will be maintained by mobile phone?Do the gender differences found when men and women maintain personal relationships in person and on the phone also emerge when they use mobile phone? We explore from familys to friends of relationships women and men maintain by mobile phone, differences in their making use of mobile phone and differences in the style of communication. Our findings are based on quantitative data collected in 2003. Althouth these data suggest that using mobile phone to communicate with familys,closed friends, friends who unable to see each other ,all kinds of friends and general friends. But when the gender differences combining with the mobile phone technology could make some good for women. Compared to men, women find mobile phone contact with all kinds of friends and friends who unable to see each other gratifying. Women are more likely than men to maintain all kinds of friendships by mobile phone. They are more likely than men to use mobile phone to keep in touch with people who are general friends.The fit between women's expressive styles and the features of mobile phone seems to be making it especially easy for women to expand their social networks.

本篇論文主要研究漢語兒童的否定表達，與其性別對否定表達方式之影響。使用的語料來自四位平均年齡五歲一個月的兒童，在家中與母親的日常對話。參與研究的兒童共使用八種語用策略與其組合，來對他們的母親表達七種否定。分析語料後顯示，此年齡層的兒童表達方式與成人不同，他們偏好使用單一策略做否定。此外，有別於同儕互動中主要使用間接否定來維持友誼，兒童對母親表達否定時較為直接。而他們的間接否定策略，大多出現在可能危及聽者面子的拒絕（Rejection）與否認（Denial）這兩者，也較常出現在表達自己能力與知識上的不足時（Inability & Epistemic negation）。在性別對否定表達的影響方面，女生在否定時有注重關係的傾向（care orientation）。她們拒絕或否認她們母親的次數比男生少，表達拒絕或否認時，也比男生使用更多間接策略與提供較容易理解的原因。在其他的否定語意方面，女生比男生更常表達自己在能力或知識上的不足，此外也更常述說物品的不復存在（Nonexistence）。本研究提供了漢語兒童在否定表達上的結果，也為兒童性別對否定表達的影響提供說明與證據。 / The study investigates children’s expression of negation, and how each gender expresses it to their mother. We observed 4 Mandarin-speaking children of age 5 (mean age= 5; 1) when they were having natural conversation with their mother at home. We found that children used 8 pragmatic strategies (account, nonverbal, correction, temporizing, challenge, countering move, partial agreement, and appealing) to express 7 negation meanings (Nonexistence, Non-occurrence, prohibition, rejection, denial, inability, and epistemic negation). The results showed that children preferred to use single strategy to negate, unlike adults. In contrast with peer interaction in which children preferred to use indirect strategy to maintain their friendship, the amount of direct strategy and indirect strategy were quite even in our data. Their indirect strategies tended to appear in negation meanings that are potentially face-threatening (rejection and denial) or reveal their own insufficiency (inability and epistemic negation). They also inclined to use a combination of strategies to deliver rejection, denial, and prohibition. When we further examine negation in boys and girls, we observe ‘care orientation’ in girls’ negation. They denied and rejected their mother less than boys did, mainly using indirect negation or understandable accounts while boys did the opposite. As for other negation meanings, girls revealed one’s insufficiency (Inability and Epistemic negation) and reported nonexistence of entities (Nonexistence) more often than boys did. The findings provide Mandarin children’s results and evidence of the expression of negation in mother-child interaction, and suggest gender does affect how boys and girls deliver various negation meanings.

隨著人口老化，台灣地區退休人口也逐年增加，然國內缺乏對退休調適的研究，以及兩性退休調適差異之比較，故本研究欲探討之主題包括：（一）瞭解老人退休調適之狀況，並比較兩性退休調適狀況。（二）探討影響退休調適之因素，及退休調適影響因素之性別差異。（三）根據研究結果，提供建議給退休者、老人福利政策制訂者作為參考。 本研究從調適著手，來探討退休調適之意涵。本研究認為個體退休調適良好與否，可從態度上與行為上去瞭解。退休調適良好者，對喪失工作角色會持較正向態度，並會積極安排自己的退休生活。接著，分別從角色理論、社會交換論、及女性主義觀點來探討退休調適之影響因素。從角色理論觀點提出退休準備；社會交換論提出月收入、自評健康、疾病數目、社會支持等；女性主義觀點則提出退休原因、退休前職業地位等解釋因素。 本研究採結構式問卷，以台北市北投區長青學苑、及中山區老人服務中心為取樣地點。總計發放180份問卷，有效問卷152份。資料分析採用次數分配、百分比、卡方檢定、階層化迴歸分析、多元迴歸分析等方法。 本研究主要發現如下： （一）退休者傾向對喪失工作角色態度持正向態度，但安排退休生活之行為卻傾向消極。又相較於男性，女性對喪失工作角色持較正向態度，並在退休生活安排行為上較積極。 （二）影響喪失工作角色態度之因素包括性別、社會支持、退休原因、退休前職業地位。影響退休生活安排行為之因素包括性別、自評健康、社會支持、退休原因、退休前職業地位。 （三）影響女性與男性之喪失工作角色態度的因素皆為退休原因、退休前職業地位。影響女性退休生活安排行為之因素包括生活費來源、退休準備、月收入、自評健康、退休原因。影響男性退休生活安排行為之因素包括社會支持、退休原因、退休前職業地位。 本研究之理論貢獻為：（一）退休調適概念之初步建構；（二）擴大對退休調適影響因素之理解。根據上述發現，本研究提出之實務建議如左：（一）個體因應策略方面：1.從事退休準備，充裕時間累積資源、調整心態。2.維護身體健康，活力迎向休閒人生。3.累積社會支持，學習社會技巧。（二）環境配合調整方面：1.重新檢討強制退休制度，採多元方式增進選擇自主性。2.打破傳統性別分工限制，角色彈性增進適應能力。3.主動關懷退休者，促進社會整合。4.辦理退休準備研習。 / The purpose of this study is to examine the factors associated with retirement adjustment of older people, and compare the difference of factors between men and women. Interview survey was used to collect data. Data was analyzed by frequency distribution, percentage, chi-square test, hierarchical regression, and multiple regression. The conclusions can be drawn from the findings. Firstly, the retirees tend to have positive attitude forward the lost of work-role, but arrange his/her retirement life passively. In comparison with men, women have more positive attitude, and arrange her retirement life more positively. Secondly, the factors affecting the attitude are gender, social support, retirement reason, and occupation status before retirement. In addition, the factors influencing the behavior are subjective evaluation in health, social support, retirement reason, and occupation status before retirement. Thirdly, the factors affecting men's and women's attitude are the same--retirement reason and occupation status before retirement. Furthermore, the factors influencing women's behavior are income resource, retirement preparation, monthly income, subjective evaluation in health, and retirement reason. And the factors affecting men's behavior are social support, retirement reason, and occupation status before retirement. Finally, practice and policy implications are discussed.

無 / The current study is aimed to more closely examine the gendered coverage for basketball in Taiwan’s newspapers. Newspaper coverage of the Jones Cup from 2007-2009 was content analyzed, along with in-depth interviews with the reporters and editors. The results revealed that quantitatively, news coverage on women’s basketball has greatly improved in comparison with data in the past literature. However, qualitatively, the gendered values proved, such as infantilization and sexualization, still exist and are embedded in sports news nowadays. The examples of better the reporting patterns for women’ws basketball were identified with the principle of emphasizing on sports performance. In addition, there are a few consensuses among the interviewees on the challenges and suggestions for women’s basketball in Taiwan, including (1) the current system, (2) marketing and (3) media relations. In short, the purpose of the current study provides and offers practical suggestions of how to fairly report women basketball games and other women sports.

線上遊戲產業是目前國內數位內容發展當中的重點產業，隨著線上遊戲種類越來越多，其消費者區隔也成為重要的課題。本研究旨在研究性別差異與生活型態變項，對於線上遊戲使用者之消費行為影響，期能提供線上遊戲廠商與線上遊戲消費行為研究者，對於線上遊戲使用者間性別差異與生活形態差異之了解。 研究中採用了EKB消費者決策模式，將線上遊戲使用者之消費行為分為五個階段探討：「需求確認」（Problem Recognition）、「蒐集資訊」（Information Search）、「評估方案」（Alternative Evaluation）、「購買行為」（Purchase Decision）以及「購後行為」（Post-purchase Behavior）。 研究工具則使用網路問卷調查，將問卷內容置於免費問卷網站My3Q(www.my3q.com)提供BBS遊戲討論區及遊戲討論網站之網友連結填答，得到353份網路問卷，其中有效問卷計有327份。 研究結果如下： 一、男性使用者注重「遊戲主題與形式」，而女性注重「人物場景造形設計」。 二、女性使用者對「動作」、「益智」類型遊戲較男性使用者熱衷。 三、男性玩過的遊戲數量較女性為多。 四、女性較常與網友一同進行遊戲，男性則較常與現實中的朋友一起。 五、刺激流行族為線上遊戲主力族群。 六、積極規劃族對線上遊戲之投入程度較低。 七、固執理性族較不願意花費在線上遊戲上。 / On-line game industry is the key industry of digital content development in Taiwan. With the increasing categories of the on-line games, segmenting the consumers becomes an important subject. The study focus on how gender and lifestyle factors affect consumer behavior, which suggest to offer the on-line game manufacturers and on-line game consumer behavior researchers, to the understanding of on-line game players. The E.K.B. consumer decision model has been applied on the study, and divides the consumer behavior into five stages: Problem Recognition, Information Search, Alternative Evaluation, Purchase Decision and Post-purchase Behavior. Questionnaire post on free website My3Q (http://www.my3q.com) was used for this study, and offered BBS users and game websites users to link and fill out. Among completed 353 subjects, 327 are effective questionnaires. The results of this study are: First, most male players pay attention to “the theme and form of the game,” and most female players pay attention to “characters design and scenery design.” Second, comparing with male players, most female users are in favor of “action games” and “casual games.” Third, male players have more on-line game experience than female players. Fourth, female players often join with internet friends; male players often join with friends in their real life. Fifth, people who like exciting are the main population of on-line game. Sixth, relatively, people who plan their life actively apply themselves less on the on-line game. Finally, stubborn and rational people spend less on on-line game.

本論文分析中文使用者如何選擇同意行為中相關之同意類別、同意程度、和語用策略。此外，本研究也檢視性別對人們同意使用的影響力。本論文採用言談分析(conversational analysis)作為研究框架。除此之外，本研究以言語行為理論(speech act theory)，合作原則(Cooperative Principles)及禮貌原則理論(Politeness Principles)作為理論基礎。 本篇論文調查八個雙人面對面的日常會話，其中同性別的會話共四份（包含男生和男生的會話兩份，以及女生和女生的會話兩份），跨性別之間的會話共四份。在這八段會話當中，總共找到152筆語料。在分析的過程中，先將同意的語料做分類，進而分析同意的類別、程度、語用策略的使用、社會因素(性別)，以及這四者之間的互動。 研究結果顯示，（一）同意類別方面，人們使用同意核心（Head act alone）和同意修飾語（Supportive moves alone）的頻率皆高於同意核心和修飾語的併用；（二）六個同意支類別方面，同意表徵（Agreement marker）使用頻率顯著高於其他五個同意支類別；（三）同意的強度方面，無條件同意（Agreement without contingency）的使用率顯著高於有條件同意（Agreement with contingency）；（四）無條件同意的支類別方面，強化同意（Upgrading agreement）的使用率顯著高於持平同意（Preserving agreement）；（五）語用策略方面，篇章修辭策略（Textual rhetoric strategies）的使用率顯著高於人際修辭策略（Interpersonal rhetoric strategies）；（六）篇章修辭策略的支類別方面，強調策略（Emphasis）和闡述策略（Elaboration）是最常被使用的；（七）修飾語的支類別和篇章修辭策略的互動方面，研究結果發現一項語用策略分工：強調策略通常使用於受同意的命題內容（Agreed propositional content），而闡述策略通常使用於新增的命題內容（Extra propositional content）；（八）人際修辭策略方面，研究結果也發現一項語用策略分工：讓步策略（Concession）通常使用於同意核心，而支持策略（Supporting）通常使用於同意修飾語；（九）最後，研究結果顯示性別會影響人們的同意使用情形。特別是女性容易在同意類別、同意強度和語用策略的使用上，受到聽話者的性別的影響。 / This thesis investigates people’s choice among categories of agreement construction, degrees of agreement, and pragmatic strategies in agreement. Also, the influence of gender is examined. Conversational analysis (CA) is taken as the framework of this thesis. Besides, speech act theory (Austin, 1962; Searle, 1975), Cooperative Principle (Grice, 1975), and Politeness Principles (Brown and Levinson, 1978, 1987; Leech, 1983) are theoretical foundations of this study. 8 face-to-face conversations, including 4 same-gender groups and 4 cross-gender groups, which yield 152 tokens of agreement, were investigated. Related data are classified and analyzed by categories of agreement, degrees of agreement, and pragmatic strategies in agreement, social factor—gender in this study, and the interaction among the four. The results of quantitative analyses confirm the following findings. (1) For categories of agreement, people apply both head act alone and supportive move alone more frequently than head act with supportive moves. (2) For the six subcategories of agreement, agreement marker overrides the other five. (3) For degrees of agreement, agreement without contingency emerges much more frequently than agreement with contingency. (4) For the subtypes of agreement without contingency, upgrading agreement is used significantly more than preserving agreement. (5) For pragmatic strategies, textual rhetoric strategies are applied much more frequently than interpersonal rhetoric strategies. (6) In textual rhetoric strategies, emphasis and elaboration are adopted most of the time. (7) For the interaction of subtypes of supportive moves and textual rhetoric strategies, a division of pragmatic labor emerges: emphasis often occurs in agreed propositional content, while elaboration often occurs in extra propositional content. (8) For interpersonal rhetoric strategies, a division of pragmatic labor is also located: concession often appears in head act alone, whereas supporting often appears in supportive moves alone. Lastly, (9) Gender is an influential factor in the use of agreement. Women are the one who tend to be influenced by hearer’s gender in their choice of categories of agreement, degree of agreement, and pragmatic strategies in agreement.

本研究主要目的在於探討在不同情緒經驗及反芻風格對男女性自傷行為的影響。回顧過去研究，情緒被認為是多數自傷者自傷的動機及原因之一。可惜的是，大多數研究聚焦在負向情緒經驗，而較少探討正向情緒及不同激發程度的影響力。Selby（2008）的情緒瀑布理論提出反芻風格能夠增加負面情緒強度的論點，也暗示了反芻風格也是另一個與自傷行為相關認知因子。因此本研究認為情緒經驗與反芻風格可能皆為自傷發生的關鍵。有鑑於許多文獻結果指出，男女性的自傷危險因子可能存在差異，本研究便把性別差異納入考量，欲了解男、女性是否在情緒經驗及反芻風格的自傷預測因子有所不同。 本研究對象為508位北部某私立高職部學生，請學生填寫包含基本資料、反芻風格、自傷狀況及情緒經驗的評估共四部份問卷。研究結果顯示，在預測過去一年自傷行為的因子上，的確有性別差異。對女性來說，預測過去一年是否自傷的有效因子分別為負向情緒及負向低激發情緒，男性則是負向情緒及正向低激發情緒。在自傷頻率方面，對男女性來說，沒有任何情緒經驗或反芻風格為有效預測因子。在自傷種類數方面，沒有任何情緒經驗或反芻風格為女性自傷頻率的有效預測因子；對男性來說，則是負向情緒及低激發情緒能夠有效預測過去一年自傷種類多寡。研究最後針對這樣的結果做進一步討論及提供實務上的意涵及應用。 / The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of emotion experiences and rumination styles on Non-suicidal self-injury behavior (NSSI) in males and females. According to past studies, emotion was considered a critical factor in motivating individuals to practice NSSI. However, most studies focused on negative emotion experiences, and ignored the role of positive emotions and the effect of emotion activation level. Moreover, Selby’s Emotional Cascade Model proposes that rumination style will increase the negative affect intensity, suggesting that rumination style may be another key factor to NSSI. In addition, due to several studies have shown gender differences in risk factors for NSSI, the gender difference will be also take into account in the present study. To sum up, the present study aimed to examine gender differences in predictors (i.e., emotion experiences and rumination styles) for NSSI. The participants were 508 high school students from one of the private vocational high school in Northern Taiwan. All participants were asked to fill out the questionnaire pack which included demographic questionnaire, short-form rumination style questionnaire, deliberate self- harm inventory, and affect valuation inventory. The results show that gender differences in predicting NSSI existed: First, in predicting the occurrence of NSSI in the past year, negative affect and low arousal negative emotion were the most effective factors for females; negative emotion and low arousal positive emotion were the most effective ones for males. Second, neither emotion experience nor rumination style can predict the frequency of NSSI in the past year for males and females. Third, in predicting the numbers of types of self-injury used in the past year, there was no effective predictor for females; negative emotion and low arousal emotion were the effective predictors for males. Finally, the results and the practical implication were discussed in the thesis.

自殺議題已成為各國政府非常重視且亟欲解決的問題之一。觀察日本近20年的自殺率的變化，發現兩種在文獻上未曾被討論的特殊現象。第一，日本自殺率在1998年出現幅度高達34.21%的大幅跳躍增加，本文將此跳躍現象稱為自殺的位移性 (displacement)。第二，自殺率在1998年出現大幅跳躍上升之後，縱使後來經濟情勢好轉，自殺率卻未曾再明顯回跌至1997年以前的較低自殺率，本文將此現象稱為自殺的持續性 (persistence)。不論是位移或持續性效果，目前的經濟相關理論的文獻，在社會經濟變數沒有相對應巨幅變化的情況下，並無法針對上述自殺率的特殊現象提出適當解釋。本文第三章將針對自殺的位移與持續性做深入討論。 另外，儘管世界各國的自殺率高低及趨勢存在差異，但從不同性別的自殺率角度切入，卻存在相當一致的現象，就是男性自殺率都明顯高於女性自殺率。既有的經濟相關理論文獻，就自殺率在性別差異的情況，並無相關理論模型解釋此一現象。本文第四章將針對男女性別在自殺率的差異現象做詳細分析。 第三章根據OECD與臺灣共34個國家的自殺率資料，首先根據實證檢定方法證實位移與持續性等特殊現象，並非僅存在於日本而已，有9個國家的自殺率具有位移與持續性現象。在理論模型分析方面，本文提出自殺的社會風俗模型，用來說明自殺率的位移與持續性現象。模型結果發現，自殺率在理論上可能存在多重均衡解。在社會自殺率很低的情形下，以自殺作為解決問題所必須承受的社會壓力與心理成本越大，此時的個人自殺機率與社會自殺率將維持在一個相對“好”的低自殺率均衡水準。相反地，若一般社會、經濟情況發生惡化，許多人透過自殺尋求解脫，使得社會自殺率出現明顯增加，此時以自殺解決問題逐漸成為一種被默許的社會氛圍時，欲尋求自殺必須承受的社會壓力與心理成本會大大降低。自殺率甚至會出現以跳躍上升的方式，迅速移往一個相對“壞”的高自殺率均衡水準。此時，如果社會經濟變數沒有出現巨幅改善，均衡自殺率將無法回到原先相對“好”的低水準而持續維持在相對“壞”的高水準，如同日本自殺率在1989至2009年間所呈現的位移及持續性現象。 第四章則透過經濟理論模型提出，預期壽命、天生基因以及風險趨避程度，是導致各國自殺率具有性別差異的主要因素。因為，預期壽命越高所帶來個人的預期終生效用現值越大，自殺行為或自殺率越低；使得各國女性預期壽命皆大於男性的情況下，得到男性自殺率高於女性之結果。心理醫學、生物學發現的性別天生基因不同，導致自殺率產生明顯差異的說法，也透過經濟理論模型進一步呈現。而工作選擇的風險趨避程度越低所伴隨工作所得變異性越大，導致個人落入貧窮的機會大增，自殺行為或自殺率提高；使得文獻發現女性風險趨避程度高於男性的結論，得到現實生活中男性自殺率高於女性的結果。在實證分析方面，根據從OECD成員國與臺灣共34個選樣國家資料，透過結合橫斷面與時間序列的統計資料，檢驗預期壽命與自殺率之間的關係是否與理論模型的結果相一致。結果發現，不論在哪一種Panel Data模型下，預期壽命與自殺率之間確實呈現顯著的負向關係，表示整體國家的預期壽命增加將使得社會自殺率降低。