過去二十多年來，多元智能理論在教育界受到極大的重視與推崇，該理論對於外語課程與教學亦有所啟發。本研究旨在調查國小高年級學生的多元智能與英語閱讀能力之關係，主要探討和英語閱讀能力相關的多元智能，並比較英語閱讀高低成就者與不同性別學生在多元智能與英語閱讀成績方面之差異，以供英語閱讀課程設計及教學作參考。 本研究之對象為台北縣257名國小六年級學生，以「多元智能評量表」及「英語閱讀能力測驗」為研究工具，進行量化調查研究，以描述統計、多元迴歸、獨立樣本T考驗等統計方法分析結果。 本研究之主要結果如下： 一、以國小學生之多元智能分佈而言，其人際智能、空間智能、內省智能以及 肢體運動智能較強，然其自然智能、語言智能以及音樂智能較弱。 二、以國小學生之英語閱讀能力而言，其英語對話能力差異較大，然其單字部 分差異則較小。 三、國小學生的英語閱讀能力與多元智能有顯著相關，亦即英語閱讀能力與邏 輯數理智能、音樂智能達顯著正相關，與自然觀察智能達顯著負相關。 四、英語閱讀高低成就者在多元智能分佈上有顯著差異。亦即高成就者每一項 多元智能皆顯著高於低成就者，且以邏輯數理智能、音樂智能、及語文智 能差異最大。 五、英語閱讀高低成就者在英語閱讀能力方面有顯著差異。亦即高成就者之英 語閱讀能力，在單字、句子、對話的等方面，皆顯著高於低成就者之英語 閱讀能力。 六、不同性別的學生在多元智能分佈有顯著差異。亦即女生的音樂、人際、語 文、內省等智能皆顯著高於男生。 七、不同性別的學生在英語閱讀能力上有顯著差異。亦即女生在閱讀英語單 字、句子的表現方面，皆顯著高於男生。 八、不同性別的學生主要和英語閱讀能力相關的多元智能並無差異，亦即男女 生之邏輯數理智能皆與英語閱讀能力達顯著正相關，且女生的人際智能和 英語閱讀能力達顯著負相關。 最後，研究者根據上述之研究結果，對英語教師與教材編輯者提出建言，期能藉由瞭解國小生多元智能與英語閱讀能力之相關性，增進對於英語閱讀能力的理解，進而提升英語閱讀課程設計與教學之效能。 / The Multiple Intelligences theory, having received great attention of educators over the past two decades, has made great contributions to language education by casting light on curriculum development and pedagogy. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to explore the correlation between elementary school students’ multiple intelligences and English reading proficiency. In addition, the study compared the differences between students’ English reading proficiency and multiple intelligences in terms of proficiency level and gender. The participants were 257 sixth graders from two urban and two rural elementary schools in Taipei County. The MI Inventory and English reading proficiency test were adopted in the study. The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, multiple regression, and T-test. The major findings of this study were as follows: 1. Elementary school students were stronger interpersonal, spatial-visual, intrapersonal, and bodily- kinesthetic intelligences, yet weaker in naturalist, linguistic, and musical intelligences. 2. As far as elementary school students’ English reading proficiency was concerned, the greatest gap existed in their dialogue ability, yet the smallest gap existed in their vocabulary ability. 3. Elementary school students’ multiple intelligences were significantly correlated with English reading proficiency. Their English reading proficiency was positively correlated with logical-mathematical and musical intelligences, but negatively correlated with naturalist intelligence. 4. There were significant differences in the distribution of multiple intelligences between high and low achievers in English reading proficiency. High achievers were stronger in all of the eight multiple intelligences than their counterparts, particularly in logical-mathematical, musical, and linguistic intelligences. 5. There were significant differences in English reading proficiency between high and low achievers. Compared with low achievers, high achievers performed better in the vocabulary, sentence, and dialogue sections of the English reading proficiency test. 6. There were significant differences in the distributions of multiple intelligences between different genders. Namely, girls’ musical, interpersonal, linguistic, and intrapersonal intelligences were significantly stronger than those of boys’. 7. There were significant differences in English reading proficiency between different genders. More specifically, girls performed better than boys in the vocabulary and sentence sections of the English reading proficiency test. 8. Boys and girls had the same dominant intelligence of English reading proficiency, i.e. logical-mathematical intelligence. In addition, girls’ interpersonal intelligence was negatively correlated with English reading proficiency. Based on the findings of the correlation between multiple intelligences and English reading proficiency, the researcher provided English teachers and material designers with constructive suggestions to improve the curriculum development and pedagogy for English reading.

本論文從教育社會學角度探討造成數學成就性別差異現象的成因，以班級的性別環境為研究脈絡，研究影響國中女生數學成就的可能原因。假設數學成就的性別差異是受到後天學習歷程影響，班級環境中隱含的性別刻板印象為其中一個重要社會文化影響因素。透過比較國一到國三階段女生班和一般男女合班女生數學成就的異同，嘗試找出造成數學成就性別差異現象的成因，是否與班級性別環境、師生的性別刻板印象等因素有關。利用階層線性模式（Hierarchical Linear Models，HLM）統計方法，分析資料取自由中央研究院、教育部和國科會共同規劃的全國性長期的調查計畫：「台灣教育長期追蹤資料庫」（Taiwan Education Panel Survey，簡稱TEPS）。研究結果發現女生班、數學老師性別及班級學業氣氛等因素對於國中女生數學成就有顯著影響力，但進一步考慮學校公私別變項之後，女生班的影響力即消失。 / The main purpose of this study is to assess the magnitude of individual and contextual influences to explain gender differences in math achievements. Adopting the hierarchical linear model analysis to determine whether or not statistically significant differences between the mathematical achievements of 7th grade students who attend all-girls classes compared with those who attend coeducational classes at the same time, and their academic performance after two years. The result shows that there are three factors that have significant influences on girls’ math achievement in junior high schools, which are the single-sex classes, female math teachers and the academic climate of each class. However, if private schools are taken into consideration, the significant influence of the gender composition of classes will disappear.

非語言敏感度（nonverbal sensitivity）指正確察覺與解釋他人非語言訊息的能力。過去研究發現女性的非語言敏感度優於男性，可以權力取向或社會角色理論解釋。權力取向認為女性在社會上缺乏權力，故需展現良好的非語言敏感度保障自己權益。社會角色理論認為女性擔任，或被期待擔任照顧者，因此培養良好的非語言敏感度。本研究同時探討權力取向與社會角色理論，嘗試比較兩個理論對非語言敏感度性別差異的解釋。本實驗採用兩人互動，透過權力差異的操弄與不同的議題（經濟提供者議題或照顧者議題）討論，探討互動時的非語言敏感度。每位受試者還觀看四部影片，測量無動機影響的非語言敏感度。結果顯示權力差異可解釋兩人互動的非語言敏感度，且資料型態符合權力差異者的動機解釋。而觀看影片時，相較於探討經濟提供者議題受試者，探討照顧者議題受試者有較佳的非語言敏感度。此外我們亦發現性別、權力與社會角色三因子交互作用，非語言敏感度會受到實驗分派的社會角色是否符合生理性別的傳統作業影響，符合預期狀態理論的觀點。 / Nonverbal sensitivity refers to the ability to accurately detect and decode nonverbal cues communicated by others. Past research showed that women enjoy superior nonverbal sensitivity over men. Power perspective and social role theory each provides explanations for women's superior nonverbal sensitivity. Power perspective suggests that due to the lack of power in the society, women count on their nonverbal sensitivity to get what they want and for protection. Social role theory suggests that women are more likely to be in or are usually expected to be in caretaker roles, which require their attending to others' verbal or nonverbal cues. As a result, women develop superior nonverbal sensitivity compared to men. We designed an experimental study to test explanations offered by power perspective and social role theory. In the experiment, two individuals were told to collaborate on a task either required them to be in the provider role mode (focusing on earning money) or caretaker role mode (focusing on taking care of others). Power difference was manipulated by assigning one of the two individuals to be a leader and the other follower in this task. Interactions were recorded upon participants’ consent. After interaction, the participants were asked to interpret nonverbal cues in their interaction. They were also told to view four video clips, and then report and interpret nonverbal cues in each video clip. The results suggest that nonverbal sensitivity in interaction can be best accounted for by explanations consistent with the power perspective. The powerful was better at “B sees Self” nonverbal sensitivity, and the powerless was better at “B sees Me” nonverbal sensitivity, consistent with motivational explanations. In addition, we found a three-way interaction of participant sex, power, and social role, suggesting that women had the best “B sees Me” sensitivity when they had no power and were in the provider role. And men showed the best “B sees Self” sensitivity when they had power and were in the provider role. The three-way interaction finding is consistent with predictions made by expectation states theory. However, when viewing four video clips, participants in the caretaker role had better nonverbal sensitivity than those in the provider role. Motivation was offered to account for the differential effects of power and social roles. By analyzing clips of the dyadic interactions, we found that the powerful showed more leader behavior such as deciding discussion direction, and the powerless showed more follower behavior such as stammering. However, the results of the clips did not account for the aforementioned findings of nonverbal sensitivity.

現代化與工業化改變了人們的生活方式，也對傳統的家庭型態與關係造成莫大的影響。在世界各國，同樣也面臨家庭解組、傳統價值逐漸瓦解的問題，隨著離婚率的逐年攀升，傳統家庭道德對現代人的規範力逐漸式微。這些現象意味著，若我們要理解台灣家庭或婚姻情況的真實樣貌，我們必須得先瞭解影響台灣離婚率和行為背後的離婚態度為何？而影響離婚態度的因素又是什麼？ 本研究所採用的是台灣社會變遷調查資料庫1984、1995、2000和2005年共四年份的調查資料。在這四年的問卷題組當中，受訪者都被問到「夫妻不合而離婚有沒有錯？」之相同問題。藉由長時期、相同問題重複的資料特性，並結合「階層式年齡-時期-世代別」之分析模型，本研究從個人層次、時期層次和世代層次來探討影響離婚態度變遷和差異的重要因素，進而描繪出台灣社會在過去二十多年的變遷軌跡。 本研究發現：首先，因為在婚姻市場上男性獲益較大，且女性隨教育提升、經濟獨立機會大增，女性對於傳統的婚姻價值會比男性更易鬆動，並且較能接受離婚。其次，男性和女性隨生命歷程的轉變，年齡效果沒有呈現非線性關係的倒U型趨勢。第三，在戰後嬰兒潮時期以及嬰兒潮之後出生的世代，對於離婚行為傾向較能接受；反之，出生於戰前和二戰期間的世代，對於離婚行為都會比較保守。第四，當外在社會瀰漫著一股離婚的風氣時，個人容易受周遭同儕和整體環境的影響，覺得離婚並非一件負面的事情，形成離婚世俗化的潮流，所以當社會的總體離婚率愈高的時候，人們的離婚態度就會愈開放。另外，在自變項與控制變項方面，受過高等教育者和白領職業的女性，其對離婚行為會偏向贊同和接受，而有宗教信仰者則會傾向保守並反對。

從1906到1999年間，台灣地區男性出生時平均餘命增加了43.55歲，女性增加了47.63歲，雖然台灣地區平均餘命不斷地在增加，地區間死亡風險的差異情形則未有所改善。本研究以生命表方式計算台灣地區縣市級、鄉鎮級平均餘命，尤以鄉鎮級為研究重心，配合統計地圖的使用以瞭解小地區間死亡風險的差異情形。 在縣市層級方面，男性與女性出生時平均餘命皆以七大都市較高，西部其他地區次之，東部地區的花蓮縣、台東縣最低。各縣市出生時平均餘命的差異，正指出各縣市之間的死亡風險差異甚大，特別是東部地區明顯地比西部地區更處於不利的狀態。 在鄉鎮層級方面，男性與女性各生命階段平均餘命皆呈現出西部地區高、東部地區低的明顯差異，而且平均餘命數值越低的地區其兩性平均餘命的差距也越大，此種現象尤以男性平均餘命越低的地區越為明顯。在空間模式上，男、女平均餘命最高的地區皆以大都市為中心向外擴散至其鄰近地區，平均餘命最低的地區則廣散在山地鄉之間。總的來說，中央山脈兩側的鄉鎮不僅死亡風險較其他地區高、兩性的死亡風險差異大，山地鄉之間的死亡風險結構更是呈現高度的異質性。 關鍵字：鄉鎮市區、死亡風險、平均餘命、性別差異、統計地圖、空間模式。 / Over the twentieth century (1906-1999), the life expectancy at birth in Taiwan has increased 43.55 and 47.63 years for males and females respectively. Undoubtedly, such a dramatic increase in life expectancy is resulted from the improvement of living quality in Taiwan over the past century. Nevertheless, after detailed examination of historical data, it shows that the areal variation in life expectancy over the life cycle is significant and has never diminished. This study, by applying the life table methods and statistical maps, attempts to analyze the areal variation in risks of death at small areas in Taiwan. The data sources for achieving this purpose come from the vital statistics and death-registration- profiles. The research findings show that life expectancies for both males and females are highest in the most-developed urban counties. On the contrary, the life expectancies are lower in rural counties. The gaps in life expectancies at birth between Taipei City and Taitung county reach 11 years and 7 years for males and females respectively. The spatial pattern of variation in life expectancy at the township-level is consistent with the research findings at the county-level. In general, the life expectancies for townships within the central metropolitan area are highest, and then gradually decrease for townships distant from the metropolis center. The life expectancies for both males and females are lowest in the rural-mountain townships. The gap in life expectancies between males and females is also larger in these rural-mountain areas. Finally, the life expectancies for the aboriginal townships are lowest in Taiwan. However, the age profiles for risks of death are heterogeneous in these aboriginal townships. Keywords: life expectancy, life table, statistical maps, spatial pattern

本研究旨在探討我國中學生建立對教師關係時，所使用的人際策略，包括 三種情境; 向教師提出要求時、希望與教師建立良好關係或好印象時，所 使用的向上影響策略，與教師發生不滿或衝突時，所使用的衝突處理策略 ；並探討性別、國高中別、學業成績與中學生對教師所使用的人際策略的 關係。本研究以臺灣地區國中、高中、高職學生為取樣對象，有效樣 本952人（男410人， 女542人）。研究工具包括「提出要求與使用方法」 、「建立良好關係與使用方法」、不滿、衝突與衝突處理方法」與「個人 基本資料」等四部分；統計方法，包括皮爾森積差相關、點二系列相關、 ｔ考驗、單因子與二因子多變項變異數分析、典型相關分析。結果如下： （一）提出要求與使用策略中學生向教師提出的要求，分析後共得八類， 其中最常提出「球類野炊活動」與「減少考試作業」的要求。所使用的策 略共有六種，最常用的是「迂迴訴求」最有效果是「條件交換」，最少用 且認為是最沒效果的是「以退為進」。性別與國高中別在向教師提出要求 時所使用策略上有交互影響。高中女生比國中女生與高中男生常使用影響 策略，且效果更好。學業成綪與使用策略之頻率有顯著差異，但在使用策 略的效果上則無顯著差異。（二）建立良好關係或好印象與使用策略中學 生希望與教師建立良好關係或好印象的類別，共有六類，最希望教師覺得 他是「循規蹈矩」的。所使用的策略共有五種，最常使用「乖巧盡責」， 且效果最佳。最少用且認為效果最差的是「撒嬌討好」。性別與國高中別 在親近關心與認真向上此二種策略之使用頻率上皆有交互影響，且在認真 向上、撒嬌討好與自我表白此三種策略之使用效果上有交互影響。學業成 績不同在乖巧盡責與認真向上策略的使用上有顯著差異。（三）與教師發 生的不滿或衝突與處理策略中學生自我知覺到與教師發生的不滿或衝突類 別，分別有七類，以「不滿教師的教學與處罰」為最多。衝突處理策略共 有五種，最常用的是「忍氣吞聲」，使用效果最佳的是「改過遷善」，最 少用且效果最差的是「委屈無辜」。性別與國高中別在賭氣冷戰、改過遷 善與委屈無辜三種策略之使用頻率上有交互影響，但在策略使用效果上無 顯著差異。學業成績在改過遷善與訴苦力爭策略使用頻率上有顯著差異， 而在改過遷善策略使用效果有顯著差異。

本研究目的是欲探討青少年處理認同議題的方式（即訊息取向、規範取向、散漫-逃避取向等三種認同策略）與適應問題之關係。青少年採用之認同策略與適應問題之關係為何？過去的研究未能獲得一致的結論。本研究認為主要的理由有二：一是測量工具的問題，過去常被研究者採用的測量工具—認同風格量表，僅能測得個體對於認同策略的「偏好」，而忽略了在不同的認同範疇下，青少年可能會採用不同的認同策略，進而影響認同策略與適應的關係；一是理論觀點的問題，過去這方面的研究多是從西方文化的角度切入，而未考量文化差異之影響。這兩點理由反映出，並非某一種認同策略必然對應於特定的適應結果，而是受到「脈絡」的影響。為此，本研究首先界定出青少年階段較為重要的兩種認同範疇：學習範疇與日常活動範疇，並將三種認同策略放在此兩種特定的認同範疇下，以編製新的測量工具—青少年認同策略量表；進而探討在台灣社會文化下，不同認同範疇之認同策略與青少年適應問題之關係。此外，本研究進一步探討青少年的個別差異（包括性別差異與發展階段之不同）如何調節認同策略與適應問題之關係。 本研究選取946位台北地區的國、高中在學生為研究受試，以自陳量表的方式填答背景資料、青少年認同策略量表，與青少年自陳量表（含內、外化問題行為）。男女人數分別為487與459人；國、高中生人數分別為456與490人。研究結果顯示，就整體青少年而言，隨著脈絡之不同，三種認同策略與青少年適應問題之關聯也有所不同。不同於西方文化強調訊息取向的適應價值，在台灣社會文化下，規範取向較有利於青少年適應，訊息取向次之，散漫-逃避取向則不利於青少年適應。認同範疇的不同決定了訊息取向對於適應的影響方向：學習範疇的訊息取向可些微降低適應問題，日常活動範疇的訊息取向則增加適應問題。 青少年在性別與發展階段的異質性則調節了認同策略與適應問題之關係。在性別方面，無論男女，規範取向皆可降低受試的適應問題，散漫-逃避取向則增加適應問題；但只有對男生而言，訊息取向才會顯著影響其適應問題。在發展階段方面，對國中生來說，只有學習範疇的規範取向與散漫-逃避取向影響其適應問題，日常活動範疇的認同策略並不具有影響力。在高中階段，兩種認同範疇的認同策略皆對於適應問題有影響，訊息取向對於適應問題的影響力到高中階段才被凸顯。 本研究結果說明了，有關認青少年同策略之使用與適應問題之關係，需放在脈絡下來探討；不同脈絡下，認同策略可能帶來不同的適應結果。而在特定脈絡下，青少年的個別差異則可調節認同策略與適應問題之關係。根據研究結果，我們進一步從研究者與實務者的角度來討論三種認同策略對於青少年之功能。 / The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between the ways in which adolescents approach identity issues (i.e. the three identity strategies: information-oriented, norm-oriented, and diffuse/avoidant-oriented) and adjustment problems. The relationship between identity strategies and adolescents adjustment problems has not been consistently replicated. Two reasons were considered: one was the limit of the Identity Style Inventory (ISI), which was extensively used to measure identity strategies. However, ISI could only measure the individuals’ “preference” of specific identity strategy, it ignored that people may use different identity strategies in different contexts. The other reason was the limit of theoretical view. In the past, such research issue was executed by the Western researchers; they didn’t consider the effects of culture differences. Our assumption was that one specific identity strategy will not necessary bring a specific adjustment outcome, but be influenced by “contexts”. For testing this assumption, we first identified two important identity domains in adolescence: learning domain and life-activity domain. Then, the new measurement tool named the Identity Strategy Inventory for Adolescence (ISI-A) was developed which measure three identity strategies in the two identity domains. Then, we used ISI-A to explore the relationship between adolescents’ identity strategies and adjustment problems in Taiwan. Furthermore, we explore how the individual differences (gender difference and different developmental stage) moderate the relationship between identity strategies and adolescent’s adjustment problems. 946 students (487 males, 456 junior high school students) in junior and senior high schools in Taipei were recruited. All students completed questionnaires on personal and family background, ISI-A, and Youth Self-Report Checklist (YSR) which measured externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors. Results indicated that the relationship between identity strategies and adjustment problems is different in different context. Information-oriented was considered the beneficial identity strategy in Western culture, but we found norm-oriented was more beneficial to adolescents’ adjustment than information-oriented. Like the findings in Western culture, we found diffuse/avoidant-oriented was detrimental to adolescents’ adjustment. Different identity domains determine the values of information-oriented. In learning domain, information-oriented was somewhat beneficial to adjustment, but in life-activity domain, information-oriented was detrimental to adjustment. Gender differences and developmental stages in adolescence moderate the relationship between identity strategies and adjustment problems. In the two identity domains, norm-oriented reduce and diffuse/avoidant-oriented increase adolescents’ adjustment problems across different genders, but information-oriented influence only male’s adjustment problems. For junior high school’s students, adjustment problem was influenced by norm- and diffuse/avoidant-oriented in learning domain, but wasn’t by any identity strategies in life-activity domain. For senior high school’s students, however, identity strategies in the two identity domains have effect on adjustment problems. Furthermore, the influence of information-oriented was highlighted in senior high school students. These findings indicate that it’s necessary to consider the relationship between adolescents’ identity strategies and adjustment problems in “contexts”. A specific identity strategy brings to different adjustment outcomes in different context. In a specific context, individual differences in adolescence moderate the relationship between identity strategies and adjustment problems. Based on these findings, we further discussed the three identity strategies’ function from the viewpoint of researcher and practitioner.

國內對於住宅需求的相關研究，多偏向住宅價格、合理房價與購買力、消費量等研究，但是對於消費者住宅選擇行為的研究則較少見。住宅需求的主體以個體的家戶為單位，家戶在所得的限制之下，追求效用的最大化，做出遷移決策、區位選擇、增建決策等。 觀察台灣的都市現象，台北市的房價所得比高達8倍以上，不但居全台灣之冠，更遠超過歐美國家的水準，國內高房價的壓力會影響家戶的遷移成本與區位選擇。另外，在台北市的住宅類型八成以上為公寓大廈，只能從陽台或屋頂平台小幅增建，增加的住宅面積有限，未申請建照的增建多屬不合法的違建行為，無法自由調整，因此家戶採取增建方式調整住宅需求的行為會受到限制。而國內住、商、工混雜，土地相容使用，就業區位可能與住宅區位相距不遠，因此通勤成本可能較低，這些與國外迥異的都市背景，使得本研究想解構在台灣家戶的住宅調整決策與區位選擇行為。 本研究將家戶的生命週期類型與住宅遷移、區位選擇、增建決策相連結，探討每個特殊的生命週期家戶，其住宅調整決策的差異，分析各生命週期家戶的區隔，其結果有助於了解住宅次市場區隔以及住宅下濾、換屋行為。進一步探討家戶的住宅區位選擇: 台北市女性就業，使家庭所得、通勤成本增加，其住宅區位選擇與通勤行為應與單薪家戶不同，並驗證是否受到房價與通勤成本的取捨、相關資源與夫妻決策權力、以及家庭責任義務的影響。最後，探討戶長及配偶對於區位選擇的影響，驗證戶長配偶模式是否比過去研究以戶長屬性代替家戶屬性的模式較佳，分析家戶屬性所引申的住宅需求如何影響家戶的住宅區位選擇，以及分析夫妻的資源與決策影響力的性別差異關係。女性身為戶長，其決策影響力的消長應與一般傳統家戶的成員不同，分析是否產生女性特殊的住宅區位需求，其結果可以作為住宅政策的參考。 本文回顧相關文獻，發現單從經濟學的模式不足以說明家戶的選擇行為，而社會學與性別方面的議題和假說也未深入探討家戶的住宅區位選擇，因此考量現實的背景，希望從實證主義，剖析不同生命週期家戶的住宅調整方式，以及從大幅改變住宅屬性的遷移方式中，進一步解構家戶的住宅區位選擇行為與通勤的決策，並討論家庭責任、性別差異等相關課題。實證資料係採1990年台閩地區戶口及住宅普查台北市的資料，探討家戶對於自有住宅的調整決策，將台北市各行政區中位置相鄰、性質相近者分為六區，作為住宅區位選擇的替選區位。本研究以效用理論為基礎，分析家戶的遷移決策、遷移選擇一個新的住宅區位、以及增建決策等，追求家戶住宅需求效用的最大化，以不連續選擇模型進行實證。 結果發現高所得家戶選擇遷移的機率較高，低所得、或小孩正在成長的家戶較傾向選擇增建，住宅區位選擇的結果，也可印證人口往新興發展的郊區移動，老舊的西區流動性較差，應用在都市發展的政策上，可以針對資源的流動與新興地區的住宅及公共設施建設、交通運輸建設等相關政策做出建議。 另外，藉由女性的決策權力與需求的結果，發現女性就業的特性與所得資源對於區位、通勤選擇的影響力較低，反而是照顧小孩的家庭責任是關鍵因素，女性同時在外工作與擔任母職的角色，非常需要工作地點與住宅區為方便的連結，工作與居住分離的都市形式或許不敷台灣社會的需要，方便的交通與大眾運輸工具、以及價格合理且鄰近社區的兒童扥育設施都是女性急需的公共服務。 同時考慮夫妻兩位家戶成員的戶長配偶模式比傳統的戶長模式較能解釋住宅區位選擇的決策，但是在1990年當時的已婚女性多是無酬的家屬工作者或未就業，因此較沒有顯著的經濟影響力，惟獨年輕、教育程度較高的女性展現較不同於傳統的決策行為，而且以女性為戶長的家戶的確有孑然不同的區位選擇影響力，與台北市全體家戶、以男性為戶長的家戶相比，女性的戶長影響力較大。 / This dissertation consisted of four relative essays. Due to lack of housing adjustment decisions and location choice issues in Taiwan’s housing research, this study focus on some specific background in Taipei City, and reference to the existing studies. The relative resources and couple’s decision-making power effect is an important discussion point to which I drew attention. Using the discrete choice model and the data from “1990 Census of Population and Housing in Taipei”, the empirical studies are tested. As we known, the housing price in Taipei is the highest in Taiwan, households choose moving decision would pay higher adjustment cost. The most popular housing types in Taipei are apartments, the addition behavior without government permission is normally illegal. But under the constraint of affordability, some families would choose home improvement instead of moving to satisfy their housing needs for saving adjusting cost. In the first paper, I examined different choices of moving decision, housing location choice, and addition decision, which every household made. Households in different life cycle stages, indicating different income level, number of members, marriage status or other specific characteristics, they how to adjust their housing demand and make their housing decisions. The results will provide housing market segmentation information and explain the housing filtering behaviors. This second paper explores the effects on housing location choice in single and double income households in Taipei, and examines the relative hypotheses, such as relative resources and couple’s decision-making power, and household responsibility constrains. Households’ residential location choice are subjected to income constrains, facing the trade-off between housing price and commuting cost. Husbands who are usually the financial resources of a family economy get more decision- making power than wives. However, it would not play more significant role on location and commuting choices for wife to taking care of children. The results would suggest the government to provide convenient public transportation mode and children care service. The last two papers examine the impact of aggregated needs of household members on the choice of housing location in Taipei. Especially the discussion of family decision- making issues was raised. The results indicate that the choice of housing location is significantly impacted by the age, family origin, past housing location, education and occupation status, and the location of workplaces of both spouses.　We also find that this decision is more significantly influenced by the attributes of the male spouse□than the female.　However, among the households with a female household head, the female spouse□characteristics are more likely to be significant.　Our results also offer a snapshot of today□Taiwanese culture that is dramatically different from the commonly understood male-dominance in the Chinese tradition.

本研究旨在探討單親就業家長所面臨之工作與家庭平衡問題，並就性別觀點，針對男女單親家長所具有之正式與非正式支持系統差異進行檢視，以進一步探究影響支持其工作與家庭角色平衡之因素。本研究之方法，係以育有未滿18歲未成年子女之十一位單親就業家長為研究對象，包含五位男性與六位女性，採用深度訪談法進行質化資料分析。主要研究結果如下： 一、工作與家庭平衡概況方面：無論男女單親家長均面臨較高的工作與家庭平衡困境，但女性單親家長因家庭角色影響工作角色之程度較男性單親為高，而男性單親家長因工作角色影響家庭角色之程度則較女性單親為高。 二、工作與家庭平衡支持方面：非正式系統中，男性單親獲得工作與家庭角色平衡支持的程度較女性單親為高；正式系統中，男性單親在企業職場獲得較高工作角色支持，而女性單親則是在政府社會服務與結構性非正式系統中獲得較高的工作與家庭平衡支持。 三、工作與家庭平衡能力之影響因素方面：托顧服務及請休假制度均有助於單親家長取得家庭角色之平衡，工作彈性化措施則有助於單親家長取得工作角色之平衡；此外，傳統父系社會觀念直接影響男女單親家長取得非正式系統對支持家庭角色平衡之性別差異，職業取向則間接影響男女單親家長取得企業職場支持工作角色平衡之性別差異。 　　最後，根據上述研究結果，本文參考歐美先進國家之友善單親相關政策與方案，嘗試對政府之社會與勞動部門、非營利之單親服務機構及企業組織，就政策面與實務面分別提出相關改善建議，以供未來研究政策規劃與執行之參考。 關鍵詞：單親家長、工作與家庭平衡、友善家庭政策、社會支持系統、性別差異 / The purpose of this study is to investigate the work and family balance challenges of employed single parents in Taiwan. From the gender perspective, this study also examines the differences between single fathers and single mothers in formal and informal support systems. Further, this thesis explores the impact of the factors which support the single parents to balance their work and family roles. Adopting in-depth interview, this study interviews employed single parents who raise children under 18, including five fathers and six mothers. The main findings of this research are as follows: 1. Both single fathers and mothers face higher work-family balance difficulties, but single mothers’ family-work conflicts are higher than single fathers, while single fathers’ work-family conflicts are higher than single mothers. 2. Single fathers have more informal support resources to the balance of work and family roles than single mothers, and also get more support on job than single mothers from companies. Instead, single mothers get more resources from government’s social services and structured informal system to balance work and family roles than single fathers. 3. Family care service and leave program are both useful to help single parents to obtain the balances between work and family, and the measures of work flexibility are helpful for single parents to balance their job roles. In addition, under the informal systems, the patriarchal concept of traditional Chinese society affects gender differences directly in terms of single parents’ balance of family roles. On the other side, career orientation affects gender differences indirectly to obtain the balance of job roles in companies. According to the study, this thesis makes some suggestions on policy planning and implementation for government's social and labor departments, nonprofit organizations as well as companies. Keywords: single parent, work and family balance, family-friendly policies, social support system, gender difference

自針對心理壓力的研究盛行以來，心理壓力和工作績效的關係得到了學界諸多領域的關注。警察是高壓群體，在量化和質化研究的雙重驗證下，得到了學界一致性的認同。而警察的壓力所影響的並不僅只是其個人工作績效，更關乎整個社會的治安狀況。此外，對於壓力而言，局限於測量警察族群的壓力，對於解決問題本身沒有根本性作用。基於以上原因，本研究專注於警察高壓的原因及形成機制。根據非正式預訪談得知所長是警察生涯中壓力最為突出的一個階段，故本研究將目標鎖定在警察階段的所長族群。為了挖掘所長高壓原因及其形成機制，本研究透過質化深入訪談的研究方法，深入訪談了大臺北地區7位男性派出所所長和3位女性所長。經過紮根理論的研究流程和資料分析法，結果發現所長階段的壓力較為嚴重的原因主要在於其特殊的工作特點，以及家庭和工作的難以平衡；就其工作特點而言，包括：壓力多元化、工作時間過長、體力硬線要求高、休假異常、績效結構欠佳、公務冗雜和媒體壓迫。也正是因為工作特點而使得其較難在工作與家庭之間取得平衡。對於女性而言，刻板印象和社會期待均使其在警察工作中處於劣勢，但優秀的表現也會獲得更多的讚賞，與期望破壞理論（Expectancy Violation Theory）一致；而男性也恰正是因為刻板要求和社會期待使得其肩負著和女性警察機制不同但是程度相當的心理壓力。總體而言，警察體制內受到詬病的是績效考核方式，績效結構不合理並且指標沒有上限，專案頻繁，儘管不同來源的所長最終都將自我調整心態到了無可奈何的接受狀態。也正是這一結果，證明目前警察體系內協助警察舒緩壓力的管道較為匱乏，亟需改善和解決。 / The influence by stress on performance is one of the popular research issues. Former qualitative and quantitative researches proved that policeman is one of jobs with high working stress. Stress on policeman not only affect their own working performance but also societal safety. Only measurement of stress cannot make policeman perform better. Thus, this study focuses on causes and mechanism of policeman’s stress. Police inspectors in local police stations are with extremely high working stress according to informal interviews. This study interviewed three female and seven male police inspectors from Taipei City, New Taipei City and Keelung in Taiwan. After data analysis with Grounded Theory, this study concludes that special working conditions and unbalance between family and work are the main sources of stress on policemen. This job is stressful with several traits including multi-faced stress, overtime work schedule, exhausting physical energy, irregular days-off, unreasonable performance evaluation structure, complicated working issues and bothering media. It is these working conditions that make policemen stressful and difficult to make balance between work and family. Furthermore, stereotypes and social desirability burden female policemen. However, consistent with Expectancy Violation Theory, female policemen would also gain more recognition and compliment when they perform positively; Male policemen are required to take over more work for female policemen because of social desirability. In general, the biggest source of stress for policemen in Taiwan is the unreasonable performance evaluation system. It comes out as taking it without other alternatives for most policemen no matter where they were trained before. There has not been effective assistance for policemen within police system in Taiwan.