本研究旨在透過說話者對稱讚之不同應答，探討存在於中國社會中，不同群體間之溝通問題。稱讚應答(compliment response)可分為三種俗定語(routine)：「否定」、「迴避」、以及「接受」。基於此三項分類，研究者提出四組假設：(一)傳統「否定別人稱讚」的回應方式，已漸被「接受別人稱讚」所取代；(二)具不同社會特徵之受試者，對三種俗定語持不同偏好；(三)俗定語的選擇與親近程度共變；(四)稱讚應答是否細分，依親近程度而定。資料主要採集方式，以問卷發放行之。親近程度乃由四項因素操控：熟悉度、輩份、階級、以及性別差異。在十三個題目中，受試者須自九個選項選出答案，以回應不同親近程度的人所給予之稱讚。蒐集的資料，以卡方考驗分析之。 「稱讚應答」正在改變是首要發現：「接受」的回應已超越了傳統的「否定」而成為新的慣例。這或許與「個人主義」從固有受壓抑之自我中釋放出來有關。其次，稱讚應答會依受試者之年齡、性別、及教育程度而有不同偏好。大柢而言，高教育程度、年齡介於36至45歲、及女性最有可能主導此稱讚應答之改變。其中，又以36至45歲、擁有高學歷之女性為最。這幾個社群的主導權，可能來自於自身的獨立思考、反權威思潮、以及女性主義運動的影響。其三，稱讚應答的細分與否，確與親近程度有關。在與熟人暨不同輩分的人應對時，稱讚應答會有較精細的區分。其四，「接受」的選用會隨親近程度而改變；然而此關係在「否定」的選用上並未發現。其五，「直接與否(±direct)」與「接受與否(±accept)」兩組觀念即可充分解釋稱讚應答的基底結構。大體而言，四組假設幾乎都證實為真。 上述發現，可經由中國社會裡，整體價值轉型所引起的個人基模改變所解釋。文中嘗試以李齊(Leech)的謙遜原則(Modesty Maxim)與同意原則(Agreement Maxim)，復以布朗與萊文生(Brown and Levinson)的面子處理原則(face want approach)解釋此變異與變遷。個人主義所促發的相異禮貌原則(Politeness Principles)與傳統文化所形成的相同期望之間的拉鋸，突顯出現代與固有間的矛盾與衝突。 此研究在幾個方面迥異於前人：(一)對稱讚應答的分類最少；(二)對於基模做量化的探討；(三)賦子面子處理原則新的詮釋；(四)以動態時間的觀點闡述禮貌原則的應用情形。 / This study is aimed at exploring the communication problem between different social groups via the change of compliment response in Chinese society. Compliment response is divided into three routines: rejection, avoidance, and acceptance, based on which, four hypotheses are proposed: a) the traditional compliment routine－rejection－is surpassed by acceptance; b) the preference for a certain routine of compliment response co-varies with informants' social characteristics; c) the selection of routines varies with intimacy; d) the differentiation of compliment response varies with intimacy. Questionnaire is the main tool to collect data, within which intimacy is controlled by four factors: familiarity, generation, ranking, and gender difference. Nine possible answers are offered for the informants to respond to the compliment paid by people of different intimacy in thirteen questions. The collected data is analyzed with Chi-Square test. The first major finding is that compliment response is changing, with the use of acceptance surpassing traditional rejection and becoming a new normative response. This may be related to the release of individualism from the traditionally repressed self. Second, compliment response is diverse according to the classification of informants by age, gender, and educational level. Higher educational level, middle age group, and females all contribute to the change, among which, higher-educated, middle-aged females' behavior is the most significant. This may be explicated via independent thinking of informants, anti-authoritarianism movement, and feminism. Third, the differentiation of compliment response co-varies with the degree of intimacy. More elaborate differentiation is used in talking to familiars and different generation. Fourth, the selection of acceptance varies with intimacy while rejection does not. Fifth, [±direct] and [±accept] are sufficient to account for the deep structure of compliment response. Generally, almost all the hypotheses are verified. The above findings can be explained by the change of frame caused by the value shift in Chinese society. Leech's Modesty and Agreement Maxim as well as Brown and Levinson's face want approach are adopted to account for the variation and change. It is proposed that the keen competition between various politeness principles, resulting from individualism, and identical expectation, formed by the traditional culture, manifests the conflict of modernization and tradition preservation. The study is different from previous ones in several respects: a) the least classification of compliment response, b) a quantitative study of frames, c) a new interpretation for face want approach, and d) the application of politeness maxims from a dynamic point of view.

國立政治大學研究所碩士論文提要 研究所別：語言學研究所 論文名稱：中文交談中修復之社會語言學分析 指導教授：詹惠珍 博士 研究生：魏詩婷 論文提要內容： 在交談情境中，當說話者(Interlocutor)無法清楚表達其訊息時就必須進行修復(Repair)。修復的種類不僅止於句法結構，在說話者發現語意不足時，就有做語意修復的必要性。而修復的種類也會依其所行使的語用功能(Pragmatic Function)而有所不同。修復的方式更有可能因交談者雙方的年齡差距大小而改變。因此，本研究針對說話者行使的語用功能及交談者的年齡差距來探討修復的語言形式與使用情形。 本研究所使用的語料來自十份日常生活會話。其中，三份來自於20-30歲的說話者，三份來自於40-55歲的說話者；其餘四份來自於跨年齡層的交談者。另外，交談者的關係若非好友則為親戚，因此較沒有距離感。每份語料長約三十至四十分鐘，主題均與日常生活相關，以便蒐集到最自然的語料。 語料又根據修復的方式分為句法層次（Syntactic Level）及語意層次(Semantic Level)。其中句法層次又包含刪除（Deletion與添加(Addition)兩重種策略；語意層次則包括替換(Replacement)及添加(Addition)兩個策略。語用功能則分為釐清(Clarification)、確認(Confirmation)、解釋(Explanation)、贊成(Agreement)、強調(Emphasis)及弱化(Alleviation)六種。 所有語料先經分類後，再加以統計檢定。研究結果發現：(一)說話者使用語意修復的頻率顯著高於句法修復，(二)在語意修復中，又以縮限(Narrowing)的使用情形最多。(三)修復大多用來行使釐清語意的功能。(四)說話對象的年齡對修復的使用有部分顯著的影響。(五)年紀小的說話者較少對年紀大的聽話者進行修復。除了量化分析之外，本研究亦追加訪談，以便雨量話分析的結果做初步比對。訪談內容發現，大部分的說話者認為他們的確會因為不同的語用目的而使用不同的修復，但交談者的年齡並不會完全影響修復的使用情形。 關鍵字：社會語言學，交談分析，語用學，修復 / Abstract Perfect utterances do not occur all the time during the conversation. An unclear message is usually repaired to maintain the clarity of meaning. Repair forms at Syntactic and Semantic levels are examined in this study. Also, it is proposed that formal distribution of repair forms are conditioned by pragmatic and social factors. On pragmatic aspect, the principles of Clarity and Expressivity are conformed. For social constraint on repair forms, the influence of interlocutors’ age is suggested. Data analyzed in this study are collected from ten dyadic, face-to-face daily conversations, with each lasting more than 30 minutes. Subjects in the ten conversations share the same ethnic background—Taiwanese. In addition, they are from two different age groups, with half of them at the age between 20 to 30 and the other half between 40 to 55. Among the ten conversations: three of them are conducted by both interlocutors being old, three by both interlocutors being young, and four by interlocutors from different age groups. Repair forms found in the data are categorized into two linguistic categories. In Syntactic aspect, repairs are derived from Deletion and Addition strategies, the former consists of Word-Deletion, Ellipsis, and Marker Deletion, and the latter Modal Addition, Addition of Marker for Focus Changing, and Addition of Marker for Attitudinal Adjustment. As for Semantic repairs, they are those resulted from strategies of Replacement and Addition. The former includes Synonyms, Substantializatoin, Hyponymy, and Hypernymy; while the latter is composed of Narrowing. Results of quantitative analysis yield several patterns. First, repair forms at Semantic level score significantly higher than those on Syntactic level. Moreover, within the Semantic realm, Narrowing is the strategy most frequently used. Second, there seems to be a significantly stronger preference for repairs to conform Clarity principle than to comply Expressivity principle. Among pragmatic functions under Clarity principle, Clarification is the pragmatic function that recieves first priority. Interlocutors’ age is only partially influential to a speaker’s choice of repair forms with interlocutors from younger age group being noticed to be putting more emphasis on the importance of hearers’ age than those from older age group. Follow-up interviews suggest that interlocutors manifest repair differently for certain purposes. However, most interviewees point out that the consideration of both interlocutors’ age does not influence the choice of repair forms. Instead, it is hearers’ age, solely, that lay significant effects on the use of repairs for pragmatic functions. Key Words: Sociolinguistics, Conversation Analysis, Pragmatics, Repair

新詞反映在某一段時間、在某一個社會環境的變遷下所產生的新事物、新概念和新觀念，從新詞的內容和其形式方面來看，它具有相當鮮明的時代性特色。本文針對現代漢語新詞進行研究，首先，使用「地區」的概念，以「台灣地區」和「大陸地區」通行的漢語新詞為主要的研究對象，分析漢語共同語中新詞的特點。其次，本文中現代漢語新詞的範圍還包括「港澳地區」和「新加坡地區」通行的漢語新詞，透過討論這兩個地區廣為流傳的新詞，了解漢語新詞在不同地區之差異。本文所舉的漢語新詞實例，主要是以收錄於新詞詞典的新詞為主，也包含各種專書和期刊論文及報章雜誌中的新詞。 本研究共分為六章，各章的核心內容如下： 第一章 〈緒論〉，說明本文的研究動機與目的，新詞之界定與範圍，以及研究範圍與方法。 第二章 〈現代漢語新詞形成之背景及當前研究狀況〉，在進入現代漢語新詞的正式範圍之前，本章以海峽兩岸地區為主，來說明現代漢語新詞形成之背景。並回顧當前兩岸學者們對新詞的研究，以及漢語新詞詞典的出版狀況。 第三章 〈現代漢語新詞之類型及其構詞形式〉，針對現代漢語新詞，分析討論其類型及構詞形式的種類。 第四章 〈現代漢語新詞之發展傾向及其功用〉，探討現代漢語新詞之類型及其構詞形式，整理出現代漢語新詞之數種發展趨勢，並討論現代漢語新詞對語言文化與社會發展產生了哪些作用。 第五章 〈現代漢語新詞在不同地區之差異及其規範問題〉，主要討論在香港和新加坡地區通行的漢語新詞和其特點，並進一步討論現代漢語新詞的規範問題。 第六章 〈結論〉，歸納整理現代漢語新詞的特點，並提出一些對未來漢語新詞研究之展望。 如今，隨著中國大陸經濟的崛起，現代漢語，在國際社會上已成為相當重要的全球語言。因此，本文強調及時整理漢語新詞的重要性，以及未來建立一個全球性現代漢語語料庫的必要性。本文希望透過對現代漢語新詞的整理，以梳理新詞所產生的社會狀況及詞彙本身的演變過程。此外，隨著科學的進步和社會的發展變化，新詞也以前所未有的速度大量湧現，希望語言研究者能繼續關注漢語新詞的產生及發展變化，讓漢語新詞的研究能有更蓬勃的發展及更為傑出的表現。

本論文探討在女性時尚雜誌中，美容用品廣告所使用的社會語用策略及語言手段。在本研究中，以Cook (2001)的廣告方法，Searle (1969)的適切條件，Grice (1975)的合作原則，以及Leech (1983)的禮貌原則做為分析的準則。 研究中分析的資料來自兩本女性時尚雜誌，Beauty和Elle。在語料量化分析方面，收錄了200條廣告詞，均分為兩類美容用品：化妝品和保養品。此外，在訪談質化分析方面，有12位女性受訪，以便評量4條選定的廣告詞之可信度。 語料的量化分析顯示：(1) 不同種類的美容用品有偏好的廣告方式。(2) 合作原則和禮貌原則的分配情形不同。(3) 以女性意識形態來說，化妝品廣告和保養品廣告有相異之處。(4) 不同的語言手段被用來廣告這兩類美容用品。 訪談的質化分析顯示：(1) 受訪者的社會背景(教育程度和年齡)影響她們對廣告的態度。(2) 不同的廣告方式影響受訪者對廣告的態度。(3) 廣告的類別不影響受訪者在適切條件、合作原則、以及禮貌原則上對廣告的態度。基於以上的分析，可以發現潛在消費者對說服力的認知與廣告主不吻合。也就是說，消費者不認為所分析的廣告有說服力，這顯示廣告無法滿足消費者的需求。本研究建議廣告主應該從消費者的觀點出發並補救這個問題。 / This study aims at exploring the sociopragmatic strategies and the linguistic devices employed in the beauty product advertisements in women’s fashion magazines. In this study, Cook’s advertising approach (2001), Searle’s Felicity Conditions (1969), Grice’s Cooperative Principle (1975), and Leech’s Politeness Principle (1983) are the criteria for analyses. This study takes both quantitative analyses and qualitative analyses. For quantitative analyses, 200 pieces of advertisements were collected from two women’s fashion magazines, Beauty and Elle. These data are equally distributed to two types of beauty products: cosmetic products and skin-care products. In addition, for qualitative analyses, twelve women were interviewed to evaluate the effectiveness of the elements contained in four pieces of advertisements selected. Results of quantitative analyses show (1) that hard-sell approach is preferred on beauty products; (2) that the distribution of the maxims of Cooperative Principle is that Quality Maxim and Manner Maxim are obeyed most frequently, but Quantity Maxim is violated most often; (3) that the distribution of the maxims of Politeness Principle is that Tact Maxim and Modesty Maxim are implemented the most frequently; (4) that cosmetic ads and skin-care ads emphasize on different components of woman ideology; (5) different linguistic devices are used to advertise the two types of beauty products. The qualitative analyses of the data show (1) that the subjects’ social backgrounds (in this case, education level and age) do affect their attitudes of persuasiveness toward advertisements; (2) that different advertising approaches do influence the subjects’ attitudes toward the advertisements; (3) that advertisements of different types of beauty products do not influence the subjects’ attitudes toward the advertisements no matter by Felicity Conditions, by Cooperative Principle, or by Politeness Principle. Based on the analyses given above, it is found that the subjects’ perception of persuasiveness does not match with that of the advertiser’s. To these potential consumers, those advertisements analyzed are not persuasive, which indicates that the advertisements fail to satisfy the consumer’s demands. It is suggested that the advertiser takes the consumer’s perspective to promote the persuasiveness of advertisements and the consumer’s acceptance of the commodities to be sold.

本論文分析中文使用者如何選擇同意行為中相關之同意類別、同意程度、和語用策略。此外，本研究也檢視性別對人們同意使用的影響力。本論文採用言談分析(conversational analysis)作為研究框架。除此之外，本研究以言語行為理論(speech act theory)，合作原則(Cooperative Principles)及禮貌原則理論(Politeness Principles)作為理論基礎。 本篇論文調查八個雙人面對面的日常會話，其中同性別的會話共四份（包含男生和男生的會話兩份，以及女生和女生的會話兩份），跨性別之間的會話共四份。在這八段會話當中，總共找到152筆語料。在分析的過程中，先將同意的語料做分類，進而分析同意的類別、程度、語用策略的使用、社會因素(性別)，以及這四者之間的互動。 研究結果顯示，（一）同意類別方面，人們使用同意核心（Head act alone）和同意修飾語（Supportive moves alone）的頻率皆高於同意核心和修飾語的併用；（二）六個同意支類別方面，同意表徵（Agreement marker）使用頻率顯著高於其他五個同意支類別；（三）同意的強度方面，無條件同意（Agreement without contingency）的使用率顯著高於有條件同意（Agreement with contingency）；（四）無條件同意的支類別方面，強化同意（Upgrading agreement）的使用率顯著高於持平同意（Preserving agreement）；（五）語用策略方面，篇章修辭策略（Textual rhetoric strategies）的使用率顯著高於人際修辭策略（Interpersonal rhetoric strategies）；（六）篇章修辭策略的支類別方面，強調策略（Emphasis）和闡述策略（Elaboration）是最常被使用的；（七）修飾語的支類別和篇章修辭策略的互動方面，研究結果發現一項語用策略分工：強調策略通常使用於受同意的命題內容（Agreed propositional content），而闡述策略通常使用於新增的命題內容（Extra propositional content）；（八）人際修辭策略方面，研究結果也發現一項語用策略分工：讓步策略（Concession）通常使用於同意核心，而支持策略（Supporting）通常使用於同意修飾語；（九）最後，研究結果顯示性別會影響人們的同意使用情形。特別是女性容易在同意類別、同意強度和語用策略的使用上，受到聽話者的性別的影響。 / This thesis investigates people’s choice among categories of agreement construction, degrees of agreement, and pragmatic strategies in agreement. Also, the influence of gender is examined. Conversational analysis (CA) is taken as the framework of this thesis. Besides, speech act theory (Austin, 1962; Searle, 1975), Cooperative Principle (Grice, 1975), and Politeness Principles (Brown and Levinson, 1978, 1987; Leech, 1983) are theoretical foundations of this study. 8 face-to-face conversations, including 4 same-gender groups and 4 cross-gender groups, which yield 152 tokens of agreement, were investigated. Related data are classified and analyzed by categories of agreement, degrees of agreement, and pragmatic strategies in agreement, social factor—gender in this study, and the interaction among the four. The results of quantitative analyses confirm the following findings. (1) For categories of agreement, people apply both head act alone and supportive move alone more frequently than head act with supportive moves. (2) For the six subcategories of agreement, agreement marker overrides the other five. (3) For degrees of agreement, agreement without contingency emerges much more frequently than agreement with contingency. (4) For the subtypes of agreement without contingency, upgrading agreement is used significantly more than preserving agreement. (5) For pragmatic strategies, textual rhetoric strategies are applied much more frequently than interpersonal rhetoric strategies. (6) In textual rhetoric strategies, emphasis and elaboration are adopted most of the time. (7) For the interaction of subtypes of supportive moves and textual rhetoric strategies, a division of pragmatic labor emerges: emphasis often occurs in agreed propositional content, while elaboration often occurs in extra propositional content. (8) For interpersonal rhetoric strategies, a division of pragmatic labor is also located: concession often appears in head act alone, whereas supporting often appears in supportive moves alone. Lastly, (9) Gender is an influential factor in the use of agreement. Women are the one who tend to be influenced by hearer’s gender in their choice of categories of agreement, degree of agreement, and pragmatic strategies in agreement.