Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:39:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Geraldo da Silva.pdf: 685183 bytes, checksum: aa375a6eceeca2401599810da72277c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-12 / The emergence of corporate governance according to a majority of the academic world was in the 20th century, with the study of Berle and Means in 1932. But there is another thought that arose in the 18th century, with the need to reverse an economic crisis of 1754 in the Grand State of Para and Maranhão, where was prepared a document of the enterprise s statutes. The agency conflict becomes the central point of this discussion, as well as financial scandals, and with it the need of increasing to create procedures and laws to minimize these types of problems, and this way keeping in constant evolution. The overall objective is to examine if the entry of firms at different levels of Corporate Governance of Bovespa influences on financial performance. In Brazil, the Corporate Governance is increasingly present in the environment of companies, due to globalization, and this has led organizations such as CVM, IBGC and Bovespa to establish new recommendations / guidelines for business practices. Since 2001, some companies started to stick to the rules for admission to different levels of corporate governance established by Bovespa. The study was based on a sample of 42 companies listed in levels of Corporate Governance of Bovespa, and the independent variable is the date of admission to these levels, and the dependent variables are ROA and ROE, which were divided into 12 quarters before and 12 quarters after admission, to measure financial performance. In the statistical tests including the linear regression could not find any evidence that they improved the financial performance of companies in the selected sample. The final conclusion of this work paper is that it was not prove that the fact that companies submit to the regulations and consequently joined differentiated levels of Corporate Governance of Bovespa had any positive impact in financial performance these companies / O surgimento da Governança Corporativa de acordo com uma grande maioria do mundo acadêmico data do seculo XX, com o estudo de Berle e Means em 1932. Mas existe outra corrente que explica que tenha surgido no século XVIII, com a necessidade de reverter uma crise econômica de 1754 no Estado do Grão-Pará e Maranhão, aonde foi elaborada uma minuta dos estatutos do empreendimento. O Conflito de Agência se torna o ponto central desta discussão, como também os escândalos financeiros, e com isso a necessidade de cada vez maior se criar procedimentos e leis para minimizar estes tipos de problemas, desta forma se mantendo em constate evolução. O objetivo geral é analisar se o ingresso das empresas nos níveis diferenciados de Governança Corporativa da Bovespa influencia no desempenho financeiro das empresas. No Brasil, a Governança Corporativa está cada vez mais presente na vida das empresas, devido à globalização, e com isso levou entidades como CVM, IBGC e Bovespa a definirem novas recomendações/regras para obter melhores práticas corporativas. A partir de 2001, algumas empresas começaram a se adequar às regras para o ingresso nos níveis diferenciados de Governança Corporativa criados pela Bovespa. O estudo partiu de uma amostra de 42 empresas listadas nos níveis de Governança Corporativa da Bovespa, sendo que a variável independente é a data de adesão a estes níveis, e as variáveis dependentes são ROA e ROE, que foram divididos entre 12 trimestres antes e 12 trimestres depois da data de adesão, para medir o desempenho financeiro. Nos testes estatísticos incluindo a regressão linear não foi possível encontrar nenhuma evidência de que houve melhora no desempenho financeiro das empresas da amostra selecionada. A conclusão final do trabalho é que não se pode comprovar que o fato, de as empresas que submeteram aos regulamentos e consequentemente ingressaram aos níveis diferenciados de Governança Corporativa da Bovespa, teve algum impacto favorável no desempenho financeiro dessas empresas

This thesis deals with the relationship between the labour productivity and the economic performance of small and medium-sized enterprises. It is divided into the theoretical and the practical part. The metodology of this thesis describes the process of creating this work. The theoretical part of this thesis is the result of studying the literature. It contains basic information about the labour productivity and the economic performance. The economic performance is expressed by the indicators of the liquidity, profitability, indebtedness, activity, creditworthy and bankruptcy models and the Economic value added. The practical part of this thesis deals with the data processing from Albertina database, where all the necessary data can be found. For the purposes of this theses, a part of the data from Czech engineering industry was used, specificaly manufacture of electrical equipment (27 CZ-NACE) in the time period of 2013 - 2017. This data was further processed and analyzed. The next part of thesis is the analysis of the relationships between the labour productivity and the three indicators of economic performance - Return on Assets, index IN05 and the creditworthiness index. The last part of all is the conclusion where all found relations are described.

Background: It is today common for companies to provide some sort of incentive for CEO's and senior management positions to motivate, retain and benefit employees within a company. This is in order to drive the goals of the CEO and management in the direction that is desired by the owner. Currently, the Swedish centre-right government has forbidden the use of such variable pay within state-owned companies. There are two different attitudes to variable pay, one that is in favour and one that rejects it. However most people agree on the fact that a well-functioning incentive scheme can be of great strategic importance for a company. Approach: has variable pay to CEO's had any effect on the company's profitability. Aim: the aim of the study is to compare companies who use variable pay to CEO's with companies that do not in relation to their profitability in terms of profit margins, yearly performance, returns on total capital and returns on equity. Method: the study uses a quantitative approach. The statistical methods that are used to answer the research question are linear and logistic regression analyses of 51 publicly owned companies in Sweden. The statistical analyses utilises an existing database (Affärsdata) which has information based on the companies’ annual report. Due to the fact that the database lacked information concerning incentive schemes, this information was retrieved manually from the company websites (annual financial reports). The research approach is deductive as we have used a range of theories which we thereafter test through our empirical analysis. Results: The results for the linear regressions show that variable pay to CEO has little or no connection to the degree of the company’s profitability. The logistic regressions show a positive significant relationship between variable pay and the company’s odds of being profitable or not. Conclusion: The study shows that variable pay to the CEO is unlikely to have a big impact on the degree of profit or loss for a company. It does however show that variable pay to the CEO is of importance in terms of whether the company makes a profit or not. / Bakgrund: Det är idag vanligt att företag använder sig av någon typ av incitament till VD och ledande befattningshavare. Syftet är att motivera, behålla och gynna anställda inom ett företag.  Detta för att kunna styra VD och ledningens mål i den riktning ägaren önskar. I dagsläget har den borgerliga regeringen i Sverige beslutat om att bruket av rörlig ersättning inom statligt ägda företag är förbjudet. Uppfattningar kring företags tillämpande av rörlig ersättning skiljer sig från de som helt förkastar användandet till de som fullt ut förespråkar dem. Däremot är de flesta överens om att ett fungerande incitamentsprogram kan vara av stor strategisk betydelse för ett företag. Problemformulering: Har rörlig ersättning till VD någon effekt på företagets lönsamhet? Syfte: Syftet med studien är att jämföra företag som använder sig av rörlig ersättning till VD med företag som inte gör det med avseende på deras lönsamhet i form av vinstmarginal, årets resultat, avkastning på totalt kapital och avkastning på eget kapital. Metod: Studien har en kvantitativ ansats. De statistiska metoder som används för att besvara forskningsfrågan är linjär och logistisk regressionsanalys av 51 publika aktiebolag i Sverige. De statistiska analyserna grundar sig på en existerande databas (Affärsdata) som tillhandahåller information om företagens årsredovisningar. Då databasen saknade information kring incitamentsprogram hämtades denna information in manuellt via de studerade företagens hemsidor (årsredovisningar). Ansatsen är deduktiv då vi valt att utgå från en uppsättning teorier som vi därefter prövar med hjälp av våra empiriska analyser. Resultat: Resultaten för de linjära regressionerna visar att rörlig ersättning till VD har en obetydlig koppling till företagets grad av lönsamhet eller förlust. De logistiska regressionsanalyserna visade emellertid att rörlig ersättning till VD har betydelse för huruvida företaget går i vinst eller förlust. Slutsats: Studien visar att rörlig ersättning till VD troligtvis inte har en så stor betydelse för graden av vinst eller förlust för ett företag, men däremot för huruvida företaget går med vinst eller inte.

Bakgrund: Samhällsintresset bland konsumenter har ökat, vilket har bidragit till att både svenska och internationella företag måste agera och ta sitt sociala ansvar.  Hållbarhet berör alla företag runt om i världen och i takt med detta skapas en angelägenhet för företag att arbeta i linje med CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility). Hur mycket ansvar ska företagen ta? Är målet att endast uppnå vinstmaximering eller ska CSR-perspektivet tas i beaktning? Syfte: Syftet i denna studie är att undersöka hur CSR-arbete påverkar svenska företags finansiella prestanda, med avseende på lönsamhet (CFP). Metod: Denna studie har använt en deduktiv kvantitativ metod, för att kunna besvara studiens frågeställning samt uppfylla syftet. Folksams rapport “Index för ansvarsfullt företagande” användes för att operationalisera CSR-variabeln och Tobin’s Q, ROE, ROA samt vinstmarginal användes för att operationalisera lönsamhet. För att undersöka vilket samband som råder genomfördes multipel regressionsanalys. Slutsats: Studiens resultat påvisar att det råder ett negativt samband mellan CSR och lönsamhetsmåttet ROE. Resterande lönsamhetsmått Tobin’s Q, ROA och vinstmarginal råder det inget samband, då det inte går att statistiskt påvisa. / Background: Consumer interest in the community has increased, which has helped both Swedish and international companies to act and take their social responsibility. Sustainability affects all companies around the world and, such as, creates an issue for companies to work with CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility). How much responsibility should companies take? Is the goal to only maximize profits, or should the CSR-perspective be considered? Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine how CSR affects Swedish company’s financial performance, in terms of profitability (CFP). Methodology: This study has used a deductive quantitative method to be able to make a statistical generalization, to answer the question of the study as well as fulfillment the purpose. Folksam’s report “index för ansvarsfullt företagande” was chosen to operationalize the CSR-variable, and Tobin’s Q, ROE, ROA och profitmargin were used to operationalize profitability. To examine how CSR affects financial perfomance a multiple regression analysis was used. Conclusion: The studys results indicate that there is a negative correlation between CSR and ROE. Remaining profitability Tobin’s Q, ROA and profitmargin indicates that there is no significant correlation between CSR and profitability.

The goal of this thesis is to assess the link between labour productivity and firm competitiveness. An indispensable condition is to identify appropriate indicators measuring competitiveness. The link is examined in small and medium-sized companies active in manufacturing industry, specifically in section CZ-NACE 10. Manufacture of food products. First, an analysis of labour productivity and selected competitiveness indicators is made. Selected competitiveness indicators are Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Sales (ROS), Current Liquidity and index IN05. The relationship between labour productivity and competitiveness measured by selected indicators is examined by correlation and regression analysis. The significant positive link was found between labour productivity and competitiveness measured by ROA and ROS. Small and Medium-sized companies active in food industry can improve their ROA and ROS, and through this also competitiveness, by increasing their labour productivity. These indicators have also proved to be an appropriate tool for measuring the competitiveness of the company, especially in the food industry in the Czech Republic. The link between labour productivity and competitiveness measured by current liquidity and index IN05 was not explained in more detail.

Titel: Påverkar VD:ns aktieinnehav bolags finansiella prestation?  - En kvantitativ studie om sambandet mellan VD:ns nivå av aktieinnehav inom bolaget och dess finansiella prestation.    Författare: Carl-Oscar Backlund & Viktor Granström   Handledare: Jörgen Hellström   Problembakgrund och problemdiskussion Synen på VD:ns roll och dennes betydelse för ett bolag har ändrats mycket genom åren. I modern tid anses en VD vara ytterst ansvarig för bolagets verksamhet, med lagstadgade uppgifter, men också samtidigt vara ansiktet utåt mot media och press. Hur pass stark är korrelationen mellan bolaget prestation och dess VD? Många börsnoterade bolag väljer att knyta VD:ns finansiella kompensation till dess aktiekurs, och på så vis få VD:n att börja arbeta mer utifrån aktieägarnas intressen. Andra bolag väljer att tillämpa olika typer av incitamentsprogram. Huruvida VD:ns aktieägande inom ett bolag påverkar bolagets prestation är studerat ur ett internationellt perspektiv, men det saknas forskning på svenska bolag. Vidare finns det ett flertal faktorer som särskiljer den position svenska bolag befinner sig i gentemot utländska bolag.    Syfte  Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka huruvida det finns ett samband mellan VD:ns finansiella incitament och bolagets finansiella prestation. Studien avser bolag listade på Nasdaq OMX Stockholm. Vidare är syftet att redogöra för relevanta teorier inom ämnesområdet för att därefter avgöra ifall det återfinns stöd för dessa utifrån studiens resultat.   Metod Studien utgår ifrån en kvantitativ metod med en deduktiv forskningsansats där en tvärsnittsstudie tillämpas med hjälp av insamlade sekundärdata. Den data som samlats in är för bolag som varit listade på stockholmsbörsen under år 2019. Multipla regressionsmodeller har skapats för att undersöka huruvida samband existerar genom testande av hypoteser.    Teori Agentteorin, stewardship-teorin, entrenchment-teorin, och det resursbaserade synsättet ligger till grund för studiens teoretiska referensram tillsammans med tidigare forskning kring ämnet.    Empiri & slutsats Uppsatsens resultat tyder på att inga säkerställda samband mellan VD:ns nivå av aktieinnehav och den finansiella prestationen, operationaliserat som ROA och ROE kan återfinnas under räkenskapsåret 2019 på Stockholmsbörsen. Varpå studiens resultat genomförande finner stöd för stewardship-teorin, och därmed återfinns inget stöd för agentteorin respektive entrenchment-teorin på en 5% signifikansnivå.

Thesis (M. Com. (Accounting)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / Sustainability reporting (SR) in South Africa is on a ‘report and explain’ basis because the King IV Code has not made it mandatory for all companies operating but only for those companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. It has become difficult to align SR with stakeholder value creation. This study examines the relationship between SR and stakeholder value creation represented by employees’ health and occupational safety, return on assets, community projects and green investments. The study used a quantitative method that utilises the multiple regressions method to analyse data from selected manufacturing companies for 11 years (2007-2017) listed at South African Johannesburg Stock Exchange’s (JSE). The study measures the relationship between employees’ health and occupational safety, investment in community projects, green investments and ROA. Results show insignificant relationships between employees’ health and occupational safety and ROA, investment in community projects and ROA and green investments and ROA. The study recommends future research on all sectors or inter-country research on sustainability reporting and stakeholder value creation. Keywords: sustainability, sustainability reporting, stakeholder value creation, employees’ health, occupational safety, community projects, green investments, return on assets.

The growing lack of confidence in public companies arises from the recent accounting scandals and corporate collapses, which have been attributed to the consequences of separation of ownership and control in modern firms. Agency theory predicts a conflict of interest between managers and shareholders that leads to agency costs and weak performance. This study used agency, stakeholders', and stewardship theories as the theoretical framework and multiple regression analysis to examine the relationship between corporate governance mechanisms and organizational performance in nonfinancial firms listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. The results of the study could help clarify understanding of corporate governance to managers, investors, and regulators who seek to understand how corporate governance impact firms' performance. In this study, corporate governance mechanisms included board independence, audit committee independence, board size, number of board meetings, and executive compensation. The data were collected from the firms' published accounts on their websites and on the archives of the Nigerian Stock Exchange for a period starting from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2015. The measures of financial performance in the study were return on assets, return on capital employed, and Tobin's Q. The study found a positive but not statistically significant relationship between corporate governance mechanisms and financial performance. This study has implications for positive social change by showing managers and other stakeholders of firms how a good corporate governance system assures investor confidence, employee loyalty and commitment, the reduction in conflict of interest and agency costs, and a strong financial performance.

Free cash flow and capital structure is a widely covered topic, with several studies conducted in previous years and markets. We set out to examine the possible effects of free cash flow and capital structure on the Stockholm Nasdaq OMX between the years 2018 and 2022. Regarding this period, no previous studies had been conducted that consisted of a population encompassing an entire market. We decided to employ a deductive approach to perform our quantitative research. Using the ORBIS database, we gathered data regarding variables free cash flow, debt ratio, debt-equity ratio, asset turnover ratio, return on equity and return on assets. Return on equity and return on assets worked as our dependent variables, with free cash flow, debt ratio, debt-equity ratio and asset turnover ratio as independent variables. After testing the data for heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation, a fixed effects regression model was both constructed and examined along with a Pearson’s correlation test.  Our results indicated a significant negative relationship between free cash flow and return on equity, as well as a significant positive relationship between asset turnover ratio and return on equity. From these results, we gathered we had detected evidence to support the financial slack theory, which is a theory that highlights the importance of keeping an excess of resources to use when needed. The theory advocates using additional resources and not allowing an overflow of assets to gather dust in inventory.

This study examines the relationship between financial conditions and on-field success among 36 prominent European football clubs from 2010 to 2017. The research employs panel regression analysis to explore how clubs’ financial indicators such as wage costs, increasing revenues, debt-equity ratios, and return on assets correlate with their sporting performance. The findings suggest a substantial association between these financial factors and the clubs’ achievements. In particular, the results emphasize the importance of wage costs and increasingrevenues in boosting a club’s capacity to invest in high-quality players, thereby improving sporting outcomes. The presence of a top globally ranked player also has a significant impacton a club’s performance. These findings carry important policy implications for club management and governing bodies, particularly in revising wage regulations and promoting vigilant financial management for sustainable growth and competitiveness.