This paper analyzes sustainable investments of Swedish mutual funds. Morningstar’s CarbonRisk Score (CRS) - funds exposure to a future of low-carbon economy - is analysed in termsof returns, management fees and flows. The CRS measure was introduced March 2018 with ahistorical series from March 2017, without the market being aware. Analysing CRS before theintroduction is therefore greenwashing-bias free. An empirical approach with regressions findthat there is a payoff between return and alignment with a low-carbon economy future, CRS.A 1% increased abnormal return causes a 0.13 standard deviations higher CRS. Regressionsalso find no relationship between management fee and CRS. A correlation between flow andCRS is found but no causality. The shown payoff between return and CRS implies that fundswhich are well-performing are less sustainable. Fund managers maximising their returnthereby lead to unsustainable investments. To handle this, a policy of tax relief or subsidyshould be implemented for investing sustainable. The tax relief or subsidy should beproportional to the increased return renounced when investing sustainable.

The following study sets out to investigate the effects of theories derived from Strategic Management & Planning, Resources Based View (RBV), Social Marketing, Absorptive Capacity (ACAP), and Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) and includes the following results of the investigation. After successfully being applied in other areas, the focus of DOI has rarely been a part of the energy policy query. After three decades of their promotion through policies and incentives, only 20-25% of the diffusion of RETs potential is achievable; changes in climate, as well as consumer cost savings, have not aided in the adoption of RET. RET is changing the environment, and, as a result, construction companies across the country are jumping on the opportunity of using RET as well. The construction industry of the United States has its sights set on renewable building practices. Responsible for a large part of energy consumption, the construction company has had a role in the production of materials and in the building process itself. According to a recent study by the U.S. Department of Energy, primary energy consumption makes up 40% of the country’s building sector and 19% of the worldwide energy consumption. Besides, business construction comprises approximately 90% of all power usage used during a building's lifespan. Such waste of energy extends to its operations and services (Groff, 2018). / Business Administration/Marketing

Thesis (M. Com. (Accounting)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / Sustainability reporting (SR) in South Africa is on a ‘report and explain’ basis because the King IV Code has not made it mandatory for all companies operating but only for those companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. It has become difficult to align SR with stakeholder value creation. This study examines the relationship between SR and stakeholder value creation represented by employees’ health and occupational safety, return on assets, community projects and green investments. The study used a quantitative method that utilises the multiple regressions method to analyse data from selected manufacturing companies for 11 years (2007-2017) listed at South African Johannesburg Stock Exchange’s (JSE). The study measures the relationship between employees’ health and occupational safety, investment in community projects, green investments and ROA. Results show insignificant relationships between employees’ health and occupational safety and ROA, investment in community projects and ROA and green investments and ROA. The study recommends future research on all sectors or inter-country research on sustainability reporting and stakeholder value creation. Keywords: sustainability, sustainability reporting, stakeholder value creation, employees’ health, occupational safety, community projects, green investments, return on assets.

This study examines drivers, challenges, and stakeholder perceptions of resource-efficient investments in the Stockholm real estate market under the EU Taxonomy. It is focused on a green activity involving repurposing energy waste and explores its value through a case study. Data collection involved conducting 13 interviews with stakeholders in the banking, valuation, and property owner sectors. Existing literature suggests limited consideration of environmental and social impacts in traditional real estate valuation. Empirical evidence supporting the influence of sustainability on market prices is scarce due to data comparability issues and a lack of standardisation from valuation organisations. This study used a mixed-method approach, combining interviews and a case study. The results found that stakeholders made different adjustments to meet EU Taxonomy criteria. Banks are driving green investments through attractive financing, causing many property owners to adjust accordingly. Valuers had limited awareness of including sustainability values. Property owners viewed green investments as vital for survival, influenced by financiers and tenants. The results from the case study show an increase in property value when investing in an internal mini data centre focused on repurposing waste energy and heat from the servers and utilising the property’s existing infrastructure. This study has concluded that enhancing awareness about the EU Taxonomy in an early stage could lead to the property industry being able to overcome the barriers and adopt sustainable practices better. / Denna studie undersöker de drivkrafter och utmaningar som finns bland intressenter att genomföra resurseffektiva investeringar på fastighetsmarknaden i Stockholm till följd av EU taxonomin. Studien har undersökt gröna investeringsaktiviteter som innefattar omvandling av resurser som spillvärme och spillenergi samt utforskar deras värde genom en fiktiv fallstudie. Datainsamlingen involverade 13 intervjuer med intressenter inom bank-, värderings- och fastighetsägarsektorn. Den befintliga litteraturen tyder på att traditionella fastighetsvärderingar i begränsad utsträckning tar hänsyn till miljöfaktorer, såsom gröna investeringsaktiviteter. Empiriska bevis visar att hållbarhetsinflytandet på marknadspriser är bristfälliga på grund av jämförbarhetsproblem med data och brist på standardisering från värderingsorganisationer. Denna studie använde en mixad metod, som kombinerade intervjuer och en fiktiv fallstudie. Studien visade att intressenter gör olika anpassningar för att uppfylla EU:s taxonomikriterier. Bankerna driver gröna investeringar utefter EU taxonomin genom att erbjuda en mer attraktiv finansiering, vilket leder till att många fastighetsägare har sin största drivkraft för hållbarhetsomställningen som finansiering. Värderare visade sig ha en begränsad medvetenhet om hur hållbarhetsvärden ska inkluderas i fastighetsvärderingen. Fastighetsägare såg ocksågröna investeringar som avgörande för överlevnad, påverkade av både finansiärer och hyresgäster. Samtidigt visade resultaten från fallstudien på en ökning av fastighetsvärdet vid investering i ett mini datacenter, fokuserat på att omvandla spillvärme och spillenergi från servrar samtidigt som fastighetens befintliga infrastruktur nyttjas. Slutsatsen har kommit fram till att ökad medvetenhet om EU:s taxonomi i ett tidigt skede kan leda till att fastighetsbranschen bättre kan övervinna de hinder som finns och samtidigt anta hållbara metoder.

The master´s thesis is a business plan focused on a marketing plan of small company. Intent of marketing support to stimulate sales of heat pumps. Form of business is self-employment established on name - František Faltýnek. Problem of company, which operate in North-Moravian region, is low adaptation on oportunities which are offered by market.

För att nå Parisavtalet 2050 är det viktigt att öka miljömedvetenheten och minska klimatavtrycket. Fastighetsbranschen bidrar till en betydande del av Sveriges totala utsläpp, närmare 21 procent. Följande examensarbete fokuserar på de gröna finansieringsalternativen inom de svenska kommersiella fastighetsbolagen och undersöker vad som krävs för att erhålla grön finansiering samt hur dessa kriterier påverkar små och stora fastighetsbolag. Studien bygger på en kvalitativ metod där litteraturstudier, dokumentstudier och tio semistrukturerade intervjuer utgör materialet för att besvara frågeställningarna. Studien visar att kriterierna för gröna finansieringsalternativ kan tolkas på olika vis, men att EU-taxonomin haft en inverkan på vad som kan klassificeras som “grönt”. Vidare kommer studien fram till att olikheterna i fastighetsbolagens gröna ramverk beror på avsaknad av enhetliga definitioner och standarder, vilket ger bolagen flexibilitet men skapar även otydlighet på marknaden. Jämförelsevis med bankerna som tillämpar EU-taxonomin för att öka standardiseringen. Studien pekar på att fastighetsbolagen som uppfyller EU-taxonomin har en bättre tillgång till grön finansiering från bankerna. Däremot lyfts det fram att förutsättningarna för grön finansiering skiljer sig mellan små- och stora fastighetsbolag, där brist på kunskap och resurser är utmanande för de mindre bolagen. Trots detta förväntas grön finansiering bli normen i framtiden, och fastighetsägare som inte arbetar proaktivt för att uppfylla kriterierna kan potentiellt påverkas av möjligheterna till finansiering. För de mindre fastighetsbolagen krävs dessutom en balans mellan kostnad och nytta för att välja gröna finansieringsalternativ. Sett till framtiden förväntas EU-taxonomin få en större inflytande på kriterierna, och hållbarhetslänkad finansiering kan vara ett alternativ för att möjliggöra förflyttningen inom det befintliga fastighetsbeståndet. Framtida forskning kan undersöka hur direktivet om energiprestanda kan minska energianvändningen i befintliga fastigheter och synen hos oberoende granskare samt investerare när det gäller skillnader i gröna ramverk. Slutligen kan vidare studier undersöka möjligheterna och utmaningarna med hållbarhetslänkad finansiering. / To achieve the Paris Agreement by 2050, it is important to increase environmental awareness and reduce carbon footprint. The real estate industry accounts for a significant portion of Sweden's total emissions, around 21 percent. The following thesis focuses on the green financing alternatives within the Swedish commercial real estate sector and examines the requirements for obtaining green financing and how these criteria affect small and large real estate companies. The study is based on a qualitative method where literature studies, document studies and ten semi-structured interviews constitute the material to answer the questions. The study reveals that the criteria for green financing options can be interpreted in different ways, but that the EU-taxonomy has had a significant impact on what can be classified as "green" and contributes to clarity. Furthermore, the study concludes that the differences in the green frameworks among real estate companies are due to the lack of unified definitions and standards, which gives companies flexibility but also creates ambiguity in the market. On the other hand, banks use the EU-taxonomy to increase standardization. The study also highlights that real estate companies that meet the EU-taxonomy have better access to green financing from banks. However, it is noted that the conditions for green financing differ between small and large real estate companies, where a lack of knowledge and resources is challenging for the smaller companies. Despite this, green financing is expected to become the norm in the future, and property owners who do not proactively work to meet the criteria may potentially be affected in their financing opportunities. For smaller real estate companies, a balance between cost and benefit is required for them to choose the green financing alternatives. Looking ahead, the EU-taxonomy is expected to have an increasing impact on the criteria’s, and sustainability-linked financing may be an option to enable the transition within the existing property stock. Future research could focus on how the energy performance directive can reduce energy consumption in existing properties and the perspectives of external reviewers and investors regarding differences in the green frameworks. Lastly, future studies could explore the opportunities and challenges of sustainability-linked financing.

The environmental problem has become more prominent in the last decade, and in the recent years there has been a number of alarming reports published on this topic. In order to fight the climate change, the financial industry can play a key role by directing their investments towards green projects and sustainable companies, pushing companies to participate in the transformation to a sustainable world. The development of issued green bonds is evidence on that the financial market has started to allocate more money in the green market, and this development is expected to continue going forward. The development is mainly driven by institutional capital, with only very little support from the Retail segment. Hence, the aim of this thesis is to provide the market with possible solutions on how to enhance the volume of capital invested in green products from this segment. Semi-structured interviews with 8 stakeholders on the market, together with seminar discussions on a TBLI Sustainability conference and thoughts obtained through a Sustainable Advisory Board at Nasdaq constitutes the foundation of this report in order to deduce patterns to why investors choose to invest or not invest in green instruments, as well as deducing the existing problems with the current market. The opinions are compiled and discussed in aspects concerning framework issues, definition issues, future outlook and policies. Our commissioner Nasdaq has helped guided the focus of this thesis. Our interviews combined with current literature works as the foundation to the findings on the specific area which could be of interest to all stakeholders on the financial market, but more specifically to investors, financial institutions and the government. Key findings of this thesis shows that the market in general is in need of clear guidance from the government in order to be able to adapt to the changing world. Further, the lack of a standardised framework and assessment of green investments leads to low transparency and problems with measuring impact. This describes why private investors say they do value sustainability, but fail to invest in it. Better transparency and reporting would make it easier showing the impact of the investment, which ultimately would affect private investors in a positive way as investors valuing sustainability would obtain a tangible sustainability measure on their investment, resulting in that their utility from the investment is maximised. In order to enhance the market in the current state, the authors of this report states that government support towards fintech companies contributing to the development of transparency, reporting and impact would be of interest. The authors see that such a subsidy would yield a lot of value to all stakeholders on the market, including the Retail sector. / Miljöproblemen har blivit allt mer framträdande under det senaste decenniet, framförallt under de senaste åren då flertalet alarmerande rapporter har publicerats inom detta område. För att motverka klimatförändringarna kan finansbranschen spela en nyckelroll genom att styra investeringarna mot gröna projekt och hållbara företag, och därmed driva företag till att vara med i omvandlingen till en hållbar värld. Utvecklingen av emitterade gröna obligationer är ett bevis på att finansmarknaden börjar investera mer pengar på den gröna marknaden, vilket förväntas fortsätta i framtiden. Utvecklingen drivs huvudsakligen av institutionellt kapital, med endast liten uppbackning av Retail-segmentet. Syftet med denna avhandling är därför att presentera möjliga lösningar på hur man kan öka volymen av investerat kapital i gröna produkter från detta kundsegment. Semi-strukturerade intervjuer med 8 intressenter på marknaden tillsammans med seminariediskussioner på en TBLI hållbarhetskonferens och tankar från Sustainable Advisory Board på Nasdaq utgör grunden för denna rapport. Baserat på detta härleds mönster till varför investerare väljer, eller inte väljer, att investera i gröna instrument, samt befintliga problem med den nuvarande marknaden. Åsikterna sammanställs och diskuteras rörande frågor om ramverk, definitioner, framtidsutsikter och marknadsfrämjande åtgärder. Vår uppdragsgivare Nasdaq har bidragit till att utforma inriktningen på detta arbete. Våra intervjuer i kombination med aktuell litteratur fungerar som grunden för resultaten i denna studie, vilka kan vara av intresse för alla intressenter på finansmarknaden, men specifikt för investerare, finansinstitut men också regeringen. De viktigaste resultaten visar på att marknaden i allmänhet behöver tydlig vägledning från regeringen för att kunna anpassa sig till den föränderliga världen. Vidare leder bristen på ett standardiserat ramverk och frånvaron av hur man bedömer gröna investeringar till låg transparens och problem med mätning av effekter. Detta beskriver varför privata investerare säger att de värderar hållbarhet, men misslyckas med att investera i det. Högre transparens och bättre rapportering skulle göra det enklare att visa effekten av investeringen, vilket i slutändan skulle påverka privata investerare på ett positivt sätt, eftersom investerare som värderar hållbarhet skulle få ett konkret mått på sin investerings bidrag, vilket leder till att den personliga nyttan av investeringen kan maximeras. För att förbättra marknadens nuvarande tillstånd påstår författarna till denna rapport att statligt stöd till fintech-bolag som bidrar till utveckling av transparens, rapportering och inverkan skulle vara intressant. Författarna ser att en sådan subvention skulle bidra med ett stort värde för alla intressenter på marknaden, inklusive den privata sektorn.