This thesis argues that Irish can and should be revitalized. Conducted as an observational study, this thesis focuses on interviews with 72 participants during the summer of 2013. All participants live in the Republic of Ireland or Northern Ireland. This thesis investigates what has caused the Irish language to lose power and prestige over the centuries, and which Irish language revitalization efforts have been successful. Findings show that although, all-Irish schools have had a substantial growth rate since 1972, when the schools were founded, the majority of Irish students still get their education through English-medium schools. This study concludes that Irish will survive and grow in the numbers of fluent Irish speakers; however, the government will need to further support the growth of the all-Irish schools. In conclusion, the Irish communities must take control of the promotion of the Irish language, and intergenerational transmission must take place between parents and their children.

Part 2 of the present paper delineates the position of the Holy Spirit (respectively of pneumatology) in the history of the church! of theology in general as well as in the present missiology in particular. Some aspects in the work of the Holy Spirit which are relevant to mission are named separately and explained. Part 3 looks at the example of the revival among the Mennonites in Southern Russia around 1860. Therefore, first the early Anabaptists of the 16th century are described in their relation to the Holy Spirit. After this, the relation of the Mennonites in Russia to the Holy Spirit (mainly in the events around the revival of 1860) is depicted. Positive and negative results of the revival are shown. Part 4 combines the results of the previous parts of the paper and shows (in eight points) a wholesome and balanced way of mission and church for bapto - mennonite churches of today. / Christian Spirituality, Church History & Missiology / (M. Th. Missiology))

Interaction between South Africa's government policy and the Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk's mission policy from 1948 tot 1954 were analysed. This interaction proved simbiotic. To meet black people's needs - seen as disrupted through straying from their ancestry - and to prove the credibility of apartheid, government appointed the Tomlinson Commission. They found christian mission to do wonders towards changing black people's so called attitude of obstinacy and therefore proposed a vital role to christian mission in realization of the Bantu Development Programme. Thus government and church became team members defining christian mission as answering to a Godly call to custodianship over black people seen as of a lesser race. Custodianship ends when black people reached a stage of self sufficiency. Meantime church members were challenged to bring offerings of missionary acts. This call resulted in missionary involvement of many church members and stirred a missiological revival in the N G Church. / Interaksie tussen Suid-A:frikaanse staatsbeleid en Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk-sendingbeleid tussen 1948 en 1954 is geanaliseer. Hierdie interaksie is simbioties bevind. Om swartmense - gesien as ontwrig weens vervreemding van hulle afstamming - se behoeftes aan te spreek asook die kredietwaardigheid van apartheid te bewys, benoem die owerheid die Tomlinsonkommissie. Hulle bevind christelike sending doen wonders om swartmense se sogenaamde onwil te verander en verleen daarom aan christelike sending 'n sleutelrol in die Bantoegebiede-ontwikkelingsgprogram. Sodoende word kerk en staat spanmaats en word sending gedefinieer as 'n Godgegewe roeping tot voogdyskap oor swartmense wat as 'n mindere ras gesien is. V oogdyskap eindig wanneer swartmense selfstandigheid bereik het. Tussentyd word lid.mate opgeroep tot sendingofferdade. Hierdie oproep het tot grootskaalse sendingbetrokkenheid en sendingherlewing in die N G Kerk gelei. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / Th. M. (Sendingwetenskap)

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This study examines the relation between gender and genre in four novels that chart the development of American domestic life from the Colonial to the Gilded Age. In these novels, the presence in the house of women--mothers, daughters, sisters, servants, slaves--often threatens the fathers' dynastic ambitions and subverts the formal intentions of the narrative. These women represent familiar but strange forces of the uncanny which lurk beneath the apparently placid surface of domestic narrative. In "house" novels by Hawthorne, Stowe, Alcott, and James, interactions of the uncanny feminine with dynastic concerns threaten not only the novel's social message of destiny and dynasty, but the traditional form of the novel itself. In The House of the Seven Gables, Hawthorne constructs a narrative in which patrician fathers and domestic daughters struggle for control of the House and its story. Slavery disrupts domestic life in Uncle Tom's Cabin, inverting and thereby perverting traditional notions of home and family and producing monstrous mothers and failed households. Alcott details the abuses and dangers of reified gender roles in family life, while depicting a young woman's attempt to reconstruct domesticity as a female community in Work. Finally, James displaces domestic concerns entirely from The Other House, portraying instead the violent nature of feminine desire unrestrained by tradition, community, or family. Story and telling work at cross-purposes in these novels, creating a tension between Romantic structures and realistic narrative strategies. These authors depart from the tropes of their times, using gothic devices to reveal monstrous mothers, uncanny children, and failed or fallen houses within the apparently conservative domestic novel. Such gothic devices transcend literary historians' distinctions of romance and sentimental fiction as respectively male and female stories and reveal the fundamentally subversive nature of domestic fiction. For these writers, the uncanny presence of the feminine produces a counternarrative of gender, class, and race, redefines the cultural boundaries of home and family, and exposes the fictive nature of social constructions of gender and domesticity.

This thesis examines Josef Jungmann's translation of Milton's Paradise Lost. Josef Jungmann was one of the leading figures of the Czech National Revival and translated Milton's poem between the years 1800 and 1804. The thesis thoroughly describes the Czech cultural situation at the beginning of the 19th century, covers Jungmann's theoretical model of translation and presents Jungmann's motives for translation of Milton's epic poem. The paper also describes the aims Jungmann had with his translation and whether he has achieved them. Also described is the reception Jungmann's translation received after it was published and its significance for the Czech literature. Primarily, this thesis focuses on detailed translation analysis of how Jungmann's translation compares prosodically, lexically and stylistically to the original and the first Polish translation. It also explores assumptions of some scholars who claimed that Jungmann's translation was indirect. Key words: Josef Jungmann, John Milton, Czech National Revival, indirect translation, neologism

In the first half of the 19th century, the emancipation efforts of the ethnic groups living under domination of bigger nations grew stronger. Emancipation movements were influenced by the humanistic ideas of Johann Gottfried Herder, proclaiming the language as the most important characteristic feature of a nation and that every nation has the natural right to claim it's identity. Motivated by these concepts, the Czechs identified the enforcement of Czech language with the fight for the nation. This Diploma thesis deals with the textual analysis of the German manuscripts by the Czech revivalists Karel Alois Vinařický, František Palacký and Pavel Josef Šafařík, regarding the state of education in the Czech lands and the comparison between these manuscripts. The textual analysis (Brinker: 2001) reflects the communication field, the purpose of writing the text, circumstances of their creation, the role of the emittent and the recipient and finally the intention of the author, which is related with the indenfitication of the text function. All texts contain elements of the text type "language defense". The consideration of the lexemes with the help of the contemporary dictionaries (Adelung, Grimma, Jungmann), etymological dictionary (Pfeifer) and Duden (2006) focuses on the semantic field of National...

This thesis examines Josef Jungmann s translation of Milton s Paradise Lost. Josef Jungmann was one of the leading figures of the Czech National Revival and translated Milton's poem between the years 1800 and 1804. The thesis thoroughly describes the Czech cultural situation at the beginning of the 19th century, covers Jungmann s theoretical model of translation and presents Jungmann s motives for translation of Milton s epic poem. The paper also describes the aims Jungmann had with his translation and whether he has achieved them. Also described is the reception Jungmann s translation received after it was published and its significance for the Czech literature. Primarily, this thesis focuses on detailed translation analysis of how Jungmann s translation compares prosodically, lexically and stylistically to the original. It also explores assumptions of some scholars who claimed that Jungmann s translation was indirect.

The 1970s were a period of renaissance for the crafts in Britain, often referred to as a craft revival. The creation of national organisations and infrastructures to support craft, and define its identity, played a crucial role in this. The received craft revival narrative focuses on the Crafts Council of England and Wales, with its emphasis on raising the status of craft and promoting it as fine art, largely through the efforts the Minister for the Arts, Lord David Eccles. The narrative in Scotland was very different, and is a story that until now remains untold. Scotland had its own national agencies with responsibility for the crafts. But instead of having a focus on the arts, they were tasked with addressing Scotland’s economic decline, and saw an opportunity to develop Scottish craft as both an industry and a product. The emphasis was not on promoting craft as fine art as in England and Wales, but rather on developing craft as commodity. Borrowing from Adamson’s thesis that as a form of cultural production, ‘craft is itself a modern invention’ (Adamson 2013 p. xiii), this thesis will analyse how Scottish development organisations in the 1970s attempted to promote and invent Scottish craft as an industry and product, and how those involved in the making of Scottish craft responded to this. In order to do this, it will examine the origins of the 1970s craft revival in Britain, the legacy of the invention of modern Scottish craft, and the two development agencies tasked with its invention in the 1970s: the Highlands and Islands Development Board, and the Scottish Development Agency. This thesis makes an original contribution by telling the Scottish side of the 1970s craft revival story. It also addresses wider issues that have received little critical attention in craft history, namely the relationship between craft and commodification, and the tension between modernity and tradition in the invention of modern craft.

Collegiate Gothic architecture can be found on many American campuses, yet its beginnings in nineteenth-century United States are something of a mystery. As the nation’s colleges and universities grew more innovative in their modernized curricula and research, strangely, their architecture became more anachronistic with Collegiate Gothic being the most popular. Around the greens of their campuses, Americans built quadrangles of crenellated buildings and monumental gate towers with stained-glass windows, gargoyles, pointed arches, turrets, and spires, thus transforming their collegiate grounds into likenesses of the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. Why medievalizing buildings came to represent the archetypal college experience has confounded many educators, scientists, and industrialists, who wondered why some of America’s most revolutionary institutions built libraries and academic halls in a style that seemed to oppose everything that was modern. Scholarship has not fully addressed the reasons why Collegiate Gothic buildings came to occupy so many American college campuses. Authors have not regarded the style in its own right, having its own history within the nineteenth-century’s dynamic developments in higher education, religion, politics, urban planning, and architecture. My dissertation evaluates these relationships by addressing the Collegiate Gothic’s first one hundred years on American campuses from 1806 to 1906.