NASA’s Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security-Regolith Ex- plorer (OSIRIS-REx) spacecraft arrived at the near-Earth rubble pile asteroid (101955) Bennu in December 2018, where it took high resolution images of the surface. The im- ages revealed that the surface is covered with boulders of various sizes. The morphology of these boulders can provide valuable information about the body’s history and the mechanical properties of the regolith. In this work, I use OSIRIS-REx images to map the outline of boul- ders on Bennu in two different geologic units: a Rugged Unit and a Smooth Unit. The two units are differentiated by surface texture, shape features and geologic features. This work was implemented using the open-source software QGIS. I compare the two units’ boulder morphology firstly in terms of boulder roughness by looking at the shape factors solidity (to what extent a boulder’s area equals that of its convex hull area) and circularity (to what extent a boulder’s perimeter is similar to the circumference of a circle with the same area). Then I study boulder compactness, by looking at the shape factors elongation (the ratio between its minor and major axis) and roundness (to what extent a boulder’s area resembles that of a circle enclosing the boulder). Despite the geologic differences, I find that there is no significant difference in the boulder roughness and compactness between the two units. Both regions’ boulders possess a large variation of values that overlap significantly. My results match well with laboratory impact experiments, implying that the regolith was created by a catastrophic impact, which is in agreement with Bennu’s status as a rubble-pile asteroid. I also find that the Smooth Unit tends to have smaller boulders (0.579 ± 0.35 m) with more boulders mapped (total 2426) than the Rugged Unit (0.711 ± 0.48 m, total 1774 boulders mapped). Finally, I show that smaller boulders tend to be rounder and less rough than larger boulders in both units. My results imply that boulder morphology is relatively uniform over the surface of Bennu, also indicating that the mechanical material properties associated with the boulder shape (such as for example tensile strength of the assembly, bulk porosity and formation history) are similar in the two units. Although the units are geologically distinct, the boulder morphology is homogeneous.

quatro artistas paulistas: Luiz Paulo Baravelli, Frederico Nasser, Carlos Fajardo e José Resende, antes alunos de Wesley Duke Lee. A Escola existiu entre 1970 e 1974 em São Paulo. Os quatro fundadores eram nos anos 60 estudantes de arquitetura; três deles participaram da Rex Gallery & Sons, criada por Geraldo de Barros, Nelson Leiner e Duke Lee. A galeria os colocou em contato com o meio artístico brasileiro, especialmente o paulista, e seus debates. Os pressupostos conceituais e a experiência social da Escola Brasil: apresentam pontos de intersecção com experiências e projetos artísticos (e culturais) situados entre os anos 50 e 70, dois pontos altos da modernização brasileira; e é esse o eixo temporal, histórico, em que se procura situar criticamente sua existência. Os principais nexos de relação entre a Escola e este recorte temporal são as sintonias que apresenta, tanto do ponto de vista da produção artística como da experiência de ensino, com o projeto construtivo e o Tropicalismo. / This work is about Escola de arte Brasil: (two points), one institution founded by four artistis from São Paulo: Luiz Paulo Baravelli, Frederico Nasser, Carlos Fajardo and José Resende, that before studied with Wesley Duke Lee. The Escola existed between 1970 and 1974 in São Paulo. The four founders were on the 60s architecture students; three of them participated of Rex Gallery & Sons, created by Geraldo de Barros, Nelson Leirner and Duke Lee. The gallery got them in touch whit the Brazilian artistic environment and pleading, specially with the scene from São Paulo. The conceptual assumptions and the social experience of the Escola Brasil: presents points of intersection with artistic (and cultural) experiences and projects situated between the decades of 50s and the 70s, two highlights of the Brazilian modernization process; and this is the temporal axis, historical, that this work try to situate critically its existence. The main links of relation between the Escola and this temporal axis are the tunings that presents, both from the point of view of artistic production as the teaching experience, with the constructive project and with the Tropicalismo.

Rex - den nya redovisningsstandarden. Ett examensarbete för kandidatexamen i företagsekonomi.Uppsatsens syfte är att analysera auktoriserade redovisningskonsulters syn på den nya redovisningsstandarden Rex och särskilt om den kan bidra till att utveckla yrket mot en redovisningsprofession.Data har insamlats genom litteraturstudie samt genom en enkätundersökning. Respondenterna till enkäterna är auktoriserade redovisningskonsulter hos Srf konsulterna. Enkäterna skickades ut till 300 auktoriserade redovisningskonsulter varav vi erhöll 45 stycken svar. Data från enkäterna har slutligen bearbetats genom z-tester och hypotesprövningar. Genom z-tester och hypotesprövningar kom vi fram till att en signifikant andel av respondenterna anser att Rex utvecklar yrket mot en redovisningsprofession. Våra resultat tyder på att Rex bidrar till att auktoriserade redovisningskonsulter utvecklas till en redovisningsprofession.Vår uppsats har bidragit med kunskap om huruvida auktoriserade redovisningskonsulter kan anses vara en profession. Brundin Franksson och Eisersiö (2011) kom i sin kandidatuppsats fram till att Reko var ett steg som utvecklade yrkesrollen till att bli en profession. Utgångspunkten var då den tidigare redovisningsstandarden Reko. En ny redovisningsstandard har dock lanserats och den här studien har därför baserats på den nya redovisningsstandarden Rex. Med vår studie har vi kommit fram till samma slutsats som Brundin Franksson och Eisersiö. Skillnaderna har dock, förutom att vi har undersökt olika standards, varit att respondenterna i studierna har skilt sig åt. Brundin Franksson och Eisersiö undersökte både revisorer, redovisningskonsulter och auktoriserade redovisningskonsulter hos FAR medan vi endast har undersökt auktoriserade redovisningskonsulter hos Srf konsulterna. Uppsatsen har bidragit med kunskap om yrket kan komma att utvecklas till följd av den nya kontexten. Uppsatsen har även bidragit med att fylla kunskapsluckor om Rex, då vi tidigare ej funnit forskning som hunnit behandla den nya standarden. / Rex - the new accounting standard. Final assignment for bachelor’s degree in business administration.The purpose of the essay is to analyze the views of authorized accounting consultants on the new accounting standard Rex and if it can contribute to develop the profession towards an accounting profession.Data was collected through literature study and through a survey. Respondents to the questionnaires are authorized accounting consultants at the Srf consultants. The surveys were sent to 300 authorized accounting consultants, of which we received 45 responses. Data from the surveys has finally been processed by z-tests and hypothesis tests. We found through z-tests and hypothesis tests, that a significant part of the respondents believes that Rex develops the profession towards an accounting profession. Our results indicate that Rex contributes to the development of authorized accounting consultants into an accounting profession.Our essay contributes with knowledge of whether authorized accounting consultants can be considered a profession. Brundin Franksson and Eisersiö (2011) concluded that Reko was one step towards developing the occupational role to become a profession. The starting point was based on the previous accounting standard Reko. This study has been based on the accounting standard Rex. We came to the same conclusion as Brundin Franksson and Eisersiö. However, apart from the fact that we have examined different standards, the differences have been that we have had different respondents. The essay has contributed with knowledge that the profession may develop as a result of the new context. The essay has also contributed to filling knowledge closures about Rex, as we have previously found no research that has already dealt with the new standard. The contribution can be guaranteed even if the results are not representative of the entire population.

quatro artistas paulistas: Luiz Paulo Baravelli, Frederico Nasser, Carlos Fajardo e José Resende, antes alunos de Wesley Duke Lee. A Escola existiu entre 1970 e 1974 em São Paulo. Os quatro fundadores eram nos anos 60 estudantes de arquitetura; três deles participaram da Rex Gallery & Sons, criada por Geraldo de Barros, Nelson Leiner e Duke Lee. A galeria os colocou em contato com o meio artístico brasileiro, especialmente o paulista, e seus debates. Os pressupostos conceituais e a experiência social da Escola Brasil: apresentam pontos de intersecção com experiências e projetos artísticos (e culturais) situados entre os anos 50 e 70, dois pontos altos da modernização brasileira; e é esse o eixo temporal, histórico, em que se procura situar criticamente sua existência. Os principais nexos de relação entre a Escola e este recorte temporal são as sintonias que apresenta, tanto do ponto de vista da produção artística como da experiência de ensino, com o projeto construtivo e o Tropicalismo. / This work is about Escola de arte Brasil: (two points), one institution founded by four artistis from São Paulo: Luiz Paulo Baravelli, Frederico Nasser, Carlos Fajardo and José Resende, that before studied with Wesley Duke Lee. The Escola existed between 1970 and 1974 in São Paulo. The four founders were on the 60s architecture students; three of them participated of Rex Gallery & Sons, created by Geraldo de Barros, Nelson Leirner and Duke Lee. The gallery got them in touch whit the Brazilian artistic environment and pleading, specially with the scene from São Paulo. The conceptual assumptions and the social experience of the Escola Brasil: presents points of intersection with artistic (and cultural) experiences and projects situated between the decades of 50s and the 70s, two highlights of the Brazilian modernization process; and this is the temporal axis, historical, that this work try to situate critically its existence. The main links of relation between the Escola and this temporal axis are the tunings that presents, both from the point of view of artistic production as the teaching experience, with the constructive project and with the Tropicalismo.

Ce mémoire présente à la fois un état des lieux de la recherche scientifique sur le sujet, en réponse à une certaine demande sociale, une synthèse de notre propre activité, et un positionnement scientifique dans le champ de la géographie des risques. Il est alimenté par des réflexions théoriques et méthodologiques plus ou moins abouties, mais illustrées par des résultats concrets issus de nos recherches. Il laisse le champ à des questionnements scientifiques à portée opérationnelle et à des perspectives de recherche visant à mieux caractériser les systèmes de vulnérabilité aux catastrophes naturelles et faciliter ainsi les modes d'évaluation intégrée et spatialisée des risques naturels. Evaluation intégrée, car la vulnérabilité y est appréhendée selon des approches multi-critères propres à caractériser les multiples facettes et facteurs qui la déterminent. Evaluation spatialisée, car le risque est mis en carte, de différentes façons et à différentes échelles, toujours selon une démarche intégrée où se combinent, critères de vulnérabilité, enjeux et aléas.

Bacillus cereus est une bactérie très largement disséminée dans l'environnement. Certaines souches sont à l'origine de toxi-infections alimentaires de type émétique ou diarrhéique. Afin de coloniser l'intestin et induire un syndrome diarrhéique, B. cereus doit s'adapter aux variations d'oxygénation et de potentiel d'oxydoréduction rencontrées, se multiplier et sécréter des toxines. En comparant les capacités métaboliques et les capacités de sécrétion de l'entérotoxine Nhe de quatre souches de B. cereus, nous avons mis en évidence que la L-lactate déshydrogénase A (LdhA) était quelles que soient les conditions de croissance impliquée à la fois dans le métabolisme fermentaire et dans la toxinogénèse de B. cereus. LdhA contribue au maintien du ratio NAD+/NADH intracellulaire et son absence affecte les capacités d'expression de plusieurs gènes d'entérotoxines en anaérobiose et en aérobiose chez la souche F4430/73. Afin de déterminer si l'effet observé sur les toxines était indirect et dépendant du régulateur rédox Rex, un mutant ne synthétisant plus Rex a été construit. La caractérisation de ce mutant a mis en évidence le rôle de Rex dans le métabolisme de B. cereus, dans la réponse au stress oxydant et dans la toxinogénèse. De part sa structure et sa capacité a lié l'ADN, Rex pourrait être un facteur de transcription contrôlant l'expression des gènes codant les entérotoxines. Sa capacité de fixation sur l'ADN est dépendante du ratio NAD+/NADH. Afin de déterminer si LdhA pouvait réguler directement l'expression des gènes des toxines, ldhA a été exprimé chez E. coli et purifiée sous la forme d'une protéine fusion. Les premières expériences de retard sur gel n'ont pas permis de mettre en évidence de fixation sur les régions promotrices de toxines

This master's thesis focuses on the deposition of the king Wenceslas (1361-1419) from the throne of the Holy Roman Empire. The dethronement act was realised in August 1400 by four Rhenish electors (Count Palatine and archbishops of Mainz, Cologne and Trier) after years- long preparations. The first chapter briefly questions the possibility of king's deposition in medieval political thought. The second chapter describes long political fights in the Holy Roman Empire before 1400 and highlights the most important events which finally led to the king's deposition, such as the fight for the controll over the archbishopric of Mainz. The third chapter analyses the legal dimension of the dethronement act and puts forward possible interpretation of its role in the constitutional history of the Holy Roman Empire. The elector's activity can be understood as a part of long-term growth of political power of the electoral college, as it was codified in the Golden Bull of Charles IV.

The Inner Piedmont (IP) is the Neoacadian migmatitic orogenic core of the southern Appalachians, exhibiting the widest area of high-grade metamorphism; regional upper amphibolite facies with isolated pods of granulite grade metamorphism. Peak P-T conditions in central GA reached 4.0-7.6 kbars and 630-715 ̊ C. The Brindle Creek fault (BCf) separates high-grade metasedimentary rocks of the eastern Tugaloo terrane (Tt) and Cat Square terrane (CSt). The Tt consists of the Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic(?) Tallulah Falls Formation, Chauga River Formation, and the Mid-Ordovician Poor Mountain Formation, intruded by Early to Middle Ordovician granitoids. The CSt consists of Siluro-Devonian metasedimentary rocks, such as sillimanite-schist, biotite gneiss, amphibolite, and minor calc-silicate, intruded by Acadian-Neoacadian plutons. Original termination of the CSt was mapped by the USGS just south of Athens, GA, against the central Piedmont suture; however, new evidence from aeromagnetic anomalies and detailed geologic mapping revealed that the CSt and BCf extend into central GA. The BCf truncates a suite of curved magnetic anomalies on the aeromagnetic map. The curved anomalies that truncate against the linear feature may represent the Neoacadian deflection of the IP southwestward along the crustally weak Brevard fault zone. Another prominent lineament was identified southeast of the BCf; detailed geologic mapping revealed an additional thrust sheet in the CSt. Mesozoic brittle reactivation of the late Paleozoic dextral Towaliga fault was also identified striking NE-SW through the field area. Multiple episodes of movement were observed in outcrop and at the micro-scale, defined by crosscutting fracture sets. Low temperature quartz mylonite (350-450 ̊ C) may signify continued shearing of the IP into the late Alleghanian orogeny. A felsic plutonic suite extends the length of the field area, consisting of three distinct granitoids: (1) an older biotite-rich megacrystic granite with megacrysts of K-feldspar; (2) a weakly foliated medium to coarse grained inequigranular granodiorite; and (3) a younger non-foliated fine-grained granodiorite. Analysis revealed that granitoids from central GA are similar texturally and petrographically with granitoids from NC’s CSt. Further whole-rock geochemical analysis revealed that these rocks share similar REE, trace element, and tectonic discriminate patterns. The most important point garnered from the trace element and REE patterns in spider diagrams, such as similarities in peaks and troughs, is that they must share either a common parent, process, or contaminant.

The Inner Piedmont (IP) is the Neoacadian migmatitic orogenic core of the southern Appalachians, exhibiting the widest area of high-grade metamorphism; regional upper amphibolite facies with isolated pods of granulite grade metamorphism. Peak P-T conditions in central GA reached 4.0-7.6 kbars and 630-715 ̊ C. The Brindle Creek fault (BCf) separates high-grade metasedimentary rocks of the eastern Tugaloo terrane (Tt) and Cat Square terrane (CSt). The Tt consists of the Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic(?) Tallulah Falls Formation, Chauga River Formation, and the Mid-Ordovician Poor Mountain Formation, intruded by Early to Middle Ordovician granitoids. The CSt consists of Siluro-Devonian metasedimentary rocks, such as sillimanite-schist, biotite gneiss, amphibolite, and minor calc-silicate, intruded by Acadian-Neoacadian plutons. Original termination of the CSt was mapped by the USGS just south of Athens, GA, against the central Piedmont suture; however, new evidence from aeromagnetic anomalies and detailed geologic mapping revealed that the CSt and BCf extend into central GA. The BCf truncates a suite of curved magnetic anomalies on the aeromagnetic map. The curved anomalies that truncate against the linear feature may represent the Neoacadian deflection of the IP southwestward along the crustally weak Brevard fault zone. Another prominent lineament was identified southeast of the BCf; detailed geologic mapping revealed an additional thrust sheet in the CSt. Mesozoic brittle reactivation of the late Paleozoic dextral Towaliga fault was also identified striking NE-SW through the field area. Multiple episodes of movement were observed in outcrop and at the micro-scale, defined by crosscutting fracture sets. Low temperature quartz mylonite (350-450 ̊ C) may signify continued shearing of the IP into the late Alleghanian orogeny.A felsic plutonic suite extends the length of the field area, consisting of three distinct granitoids: (1) an older biotite-rich megacrystic granite with megacrysts of K-feldspar; (2) a weakly foliated medium to coarse grained inequigranular granodiorite; and (3) a younger non-foliated fine-grained granodiorite. Analysis revealed that granitoids from central GA are similar texturally and petrographically with granitoids from NC’s CSt. Further whole-rock geochemical analysis revealed that these rocks share similar REE, trace element, and tectonic discriminate patterns. The most important point garnered from the trace element and REE patterns in spider diagrams, such as similarities in peaks and troughs, is that they must share either a common parent, process, or contaminant.

Les travaux de cette thèse portent sur l'élaboration d'une approche d'anticipation des comportements possibles de l'opérateur humain lorsqu'il ne respecte pas certaines règles de sécurité. Le non-respect des règles de sécurité, considéré comme une erreur humaine, constitue la source majeure d'incidents/accidents dans le domaine des agroéquipements. Ce domaine caractérisé par un manque de formalisation de son REX. L'approche proposée consiste à définir une méthodologie permettant de proposer des plans d'actions humaines possibles résultant d'un non-respect des règles de sécurité et de les évaluer par la suite. La génération des plans d'actions alternatifs aux prescriptions est réalisée à travers un outil que nous avons développé, baptisé A2PG (Alternative Action Plan Generator). Ce dernier, s'inspirant des modèles de l'opérateur humain, est basé sur les paramètres suivants à définir : la tâche à réaliser et le catalogue d'actions qui contient l'ensemble des actions, des pré-conditions nécessaires et de sécurité associées à chaque action ainsi que les effets de l'exécution de l'action. Le non-respect peut être modélisé au niveau d'A2PG par la variation d'au moins un de ses paramètres (sauf les pré-conditions nécessaires). Nous nous sommes intéressés plus particulièrement à la variation des pré-conditions de sécurité, c'est-à-dire la non-prise en compte par l'opérateur humain des pré-conditions de sécurité. Des algorithmes de génération des plans d'actions alternatifs ont été mises en œuvre. L'identification des plans a été réalisée à travers une adaptation de l'algorithme SHOP2 qui se base sur le planificateur HTN (Hierarchical Task Network). Les plans alternatifs sont élaborer par un algorithme qui permet principalement de définir les combinaisons de pré-conditions de sécurité à considéré dans la spécification d'A2PG et dont au moins une pré-condition de sécurité est supprimée. L'applicabilité de l'approche a été démontrée sur le cas des tondeuses à gazon autoportées.