The theoretical part of the thesis is focused on surface treatments, their evaluation from the point of view visual properties, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition and analysis of thin layers prepared by plasma polymerization. The experimental part of the thesis deals with surface treatment of stainless steel AISI 304. Thin layers of pp-HMDSO (plasma-polymer) and of DLC are deposited on the steel´s surface for the purpose of preparing transparent layer, which protect steel´s surface against of making finger prints visible. As an objective method is chosen an immersion test in artificial sweat solution according to standard ČSN EN ISO 105-E04. Evaluation of the test is measured by a gloss-meter and by a colorimeter. Prepared layers are identificated by FTIR method.

Subject of this thesis is elemental description of DVB digital television and digitalization process of its terrestrial transmission according to DVB-T standard. The thesis characterizes in detail RF transmission channels used for wireless distribute of television. These channels ale mathematically described and their effect to OFDM signal is simulated in the MATLAB environment. It was created application with graphical user interface by this environment. Using simple setting of DVB-T and transmission channel parameters in the application user can simulate selective fading. Results of simulations with various settings are compared and analysed.

The aim of this thesis is to design and rectena that would be able to integrate into a cloth thanks to use of textile substrate. The first part deals with the possibilities of using various communication channels and services for maximizing the useable power. Attention is focused mainly on the use of textile materials for implementing microstrip circuits. It is made valorization of all the typical characteristics and problems using different fabrics as a microwave substrate and the possibilities of realization of conductive structures of microwave patch antenna and microstrip circuits. At the second part are identified parameters and constraints used for the design of the overall device with a rectifying antenna, which will be after the verification of the function in real implementation used for the final concept using textile structures. The design is verified by simulations by CST Microwave Studio and Microwave Designer. The initial design is being gradually extended by other concepts, the use of other materials and technologies. Several design are made, their properties evaluated and the best ones are then compared based on real measurements.

<p>Ubrzan razvoj bežičnih komunikacionih sistema postavlja zahtev za razvojem novih kompaktnih kola visokih performansi, na visokim učestanostima u mikrotalasnom i milimetarskom opsegu, koja će zadovoljiti potrebu za većim brzinama za prenos velike količine podataka. U okviru ove disertacije su predstavljena pasivna kola projektovana u tehnologiji mikrostrip talasovoda na bazi procepa, koja mogu da zadovolje zahteve postavljene od komunikacionih sistema.Predstavljeno je šest filtarskih topologija i jedan sprežnik. Prve četiri filtarske topologije zasnovane su na novim minijaturnim rezonantnim šupljinama u tehnologiji mikrostrip grebenastog talasovoda na bazi procepa. Filtri su projektovani na centralnim učestanostima u okolini 13,5 GHz i pokazali su odlične performanse u poređenju sa filtrima predstavljenim u literaturi. Druge dve filtarske topologije zasnovane su na dual-mod rezonatorima projektovanim za rad na milimetarskom opsegu učestanosti. Predloženim rezonatorima projektovan je filtar sa jednim i sa dva pola, na učestanostima većim od 30 GHz, realizovan u tehnologiji mikrostrip grebenastog talasovoda na bazi procepa. Sve filtarske topologije su fabrikovane u standardnoj tehnologiji štampanih ploča. Takođe, u disertaciji je predložen direkcioni sprežnik sa 0-dB odlaznim talasom realizovan u tehnologiji mikrostrip grebenastog talasovoda na bazi procepa. Sprežnik se odlikuje dobrim osobinama i postavio je osnove za dalja istraživanja.</p> / <p>The rapid changes in wireless communications systems establish the need for devices that operate at high frequencies in microwave and mm-wave region, provide higher performances and utilize higher frequency bands to deliver higher data rates. Within this thesis six bandpass filters have been developed and one forward-wave 0dB coupler has been designed. Firstly, bandpass filters have been designed based on novel cavity resonators with mushroom inclusions in microstrip-ridge gap waveguide technology (MS-RGW). Filters have been designed to operate at the frequencies around 13.5 GHz and have shown excellent performances. Next two bandpass filters have been designed to operate at frequencies above 30 GHz, based on dual-mode resonators designed in MS-RGW technology. The filters have been designed with two and four poles. All filter topologies have been fabricated in standard circuit board technology (PCB). Also, forward-wave 0-dB directional coupler has been designed with good performances.</p>

Depuis plusieurs années, le développement des technologies sans fil utilisant les ondes électromagnétiques dans différents milieux d’applications (télécommunications, médicales, militaires) ne cesse d’augmenter. Il devient donc nécessaire d’évaluer les effets de l’environnement sur les antennes en amont de leur conception afin d’optimiser la transmission entre les divers objets connectés. De plus, les études sur les systèmes utilisant les ondes électromagnétiques amènent à se poser un certain nombre de questions autour de l’interaction ondes/vivant, nous obligeant à considérer des modèles fortement hétérogènes tel que le corps humain.Face aux difficultés de mesures, la simulation permet de quantifier numériquement la puissance absorbée par les tissus au travers du DAS et l’élévation de la température correspondante. Dans ce domaine, la méthode TLM (Transmission Line Matrix) s’est révélée être particulièrement adaptée au calcul du DAS dans des structures fortement hétérogènes grâce à la colocalisation des champs au centre de la maille.Au cours de cette thèse, un outil basé sur la méthode TLM permettant d’effectuer des études dosimétriques en calculant le DAS et la température dans des milieux fortement hétérogènes a été développé. La première étape a été consacrée au développement d’un « module »pour calculer la DAS et la mise en place d’une interface pour lire les modèles voxélisés. Ensuite, un solveur thermique basé sur la TLM a été développé afin de simuler la température dans des milieux biologiques exposés aux ondes EM. Enfin, la comparaison avec le logiciel commercial CST a permis de valider notre outil et de l’appliquer par la suite pour étudier l’exposition d’une tête humaine au rayonnement d’un Smartphone modélisé par une PIFA fonctionnant à 900MHz / For several years, the development of the wireless technologies using the electromagnetic waves in various applications (telecommunications, medical, military …) does not stop increasing. Thus, it becomes necessary to evaluate the effects of the environment on antennas upstream to their conception to optimize the transmission between diverse connected objects. Furthermore, studies on the systems using the electromagnetic waves lead to ask a number of questions about waves/living interaction, obliging us to consider highly heterogeneous models such as human body.In front of difficulties of measures, the simulation allows to quantify numerically the power absorbed by tissues and the corresponding temperature rise. In this domain, the TLM method (Transmission Line Matrix) has proved to be particularly adapted to the simulation of the SAR in highly heterogeneous structures thanks to the co-localisation of the fields at the centre of mesh.In this thesis, a tool based on the TLM method to make dosimetrics studies by calculating the SAR and the temperature in highly heterogeneous media has been developed. The first step was dedicated to the development of a “module” to calculate the SAR and the implementation of an interface to read the voxelized models. Then, a thermal solver based on the TLM was developed in order to simulate the temperature in biological media exposed to the EM waves. Finally, the comparison with the commercial software CST allowed to validate our tool and to apply it afterward to study the exposure of a human head to the radiation of a Smartphone modelled by a PIFA antenna operating at 900MHz

Introduction Anyone who has ever overseen the installation of a new cyclotron is aware of the importance of addressing the numerous vendor-supplied site specifications prior to its arrival. If the site is not adequately prepared, the facility may face project cost overruns, poor cyclotron performance and unintended maintenance costs. Once a facility has identified the space, providing sufficient power is the next step. Every cyclotron vendor will provide you with a set of power specifications, but meeting these specifications can be difficult, especially when the cyclotron is placed in an existing structure. The cyclotron is an interesting collection of power supplies providing power to sensitive electronic circuitry. It is not sufficient to just provide enough power; you must also provide quality power. It is hoped that our efforts to resolve our poor power quality problems will assist others as they replace aging cyclotrons in existing institutions whose power quality has degraded over the years. The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics completed installation of a GE PETtrace 800 cyclotron in November 2011. Four months prior to installation, GE service personnel arrived to do a power assessment. The result was that we met their specifications, but with reservations. We could easily provide the quantity of power required, but the specification also states that GE recommends that primary power remain at 480 VAC ± 5%. GE service personnel attached a power quality analyzer to the cyclotron main power panel and determined that we did have some events of 7 to 8 % sag, but they were in-frequent, perhaps once or twice a week lasting 20 to 50 msec. Sags were confirmed to be the result of large non-linear loads elsewhere in the hospital. If these occurred during a run, they may shut down the cyclotron, specifically the RF power supply. Further investigation revealed the presence of harmonics on our power. Harmonics are the multiples of 60Hz power that are reflected back into your facility’s power grid from large motor drivers. Commercial air handler, water pump and fan motors often use variable frequency drives (VFDs) for proportional control to meet the changing facility demands. This pro-vides a significant on-going cost savings, but may play havoc with power quality throughout the institution. Harmonic distortion is often quantified as a total harmonic distortion (THD) percentage. Though not specifically mentioned in the site-specifications, our experience here will show that it is important not to overlook harmonic distortion. Its effects can be varied, erratic and wide-spread throughout the cyclotron system. When asked, GE service referred us to IEEE standards for electrical systems and equipment which states that THD is recommended to be below 5 % for most applications, but below 3 % for sensitive settings including airports and hos-pitals1. Mitigation of voltage sag and harmonic distortion is an expensive and complex topic. It is recommended that you consult with your cyclotron vendor to determine if there exists a field-tested solution. Additionally, you should consult a power systems specialist to do an audit of your building’s power system. Material and Methods Characterization of Power Quality: This was accomplished using a Hioki 3197 Power Quality Analyzer and a couple Dranetz PX-5 Power Xplorers. Each monitoring cycle logged data for about a week, which seemed to be about the limit for these units when logging both THD and surge/sag events down to the duration of a single 60Hz cycle. Analysis of the circuit diagrams and communication with GE engineers indicated that the main power contactors to the cyclotron RF system were dropping power to protect the system. The feedback for this shutoff is a detection signal from the front-end EHT (high-voltage generation) circuit that is set at a level to be representative of the 5% AC deviation specification. RF Power System Contactors: Every time the contactors of the RF power distribution system are energized/de-energized, some arching occurs at the contact surfaces. This arching pits the contactor surfaces such that over time the contactor surfaces become irregular and potentially resistive. Since the RF protection circuit triggered by the EHT circuit is downstream from the contactors, it is not so hard to envision why the system becomes more sensitive over time2. Additionally, the harmonic distortion also exists on the AC voltage energizing the contactors. As a result, they may not actuate as smoothly (de-pendent of degree of harmonic distortion) and further hasten the normal rate of pitting of contactor surfaces. Results and Conclusion Within weeks of installation, we began to get RF power shutoffs. They were infrequent at first, but soon began to occur numerous times a week, then numerous times a day. At approximately 3 months post installation, it was often difficult to get through a standard 30 to 45 minute bombardment to make F-18 for our daily patient FDG doses. We limped along for over a year until the University was willing to invest in a solution to address our power problems. Periodic Power Analyses: These analyses, per-formed over the next year, indicated that our power quality worsened in the winter and re-turned to functional levels in the summer. The instance of voltage sag remained approximately the same throughout the year (a few short sags per week), but the THD was down to 6 % in the summer and nearly 10% in the winter. This result, combined with RF shutdown tracking and lack of correlation between observed power sags and RF shutdowns, led us to the conclusion that our very high harmonic distortion combined with small power fluctuations (< 5 %) were the culprit. Mitigation Planning: There are a number of power conditioning technologies, but imposing the need to remove both voltage sag as well as harmonic distortion, quickly narrows the field. What remains are the following options: 1) UPS line conditioner with batteries, 2) UPS line conditioner with flywheel or 3) motor-generator power isolator. Battery maintenance costs ruled out the UPS battery line conditioner. Of the remaining two, if you have the space, the motor-generator is the simplest and cheapest (favored by forward military hospital units). But for the space constrained user, like us, the UPS flywheel line conditioner became the preferred option. Additionally, it was identified in a power audit that the THD was only 4% at the transformers connected directly to the local power utility company supply (upstream of load effect and harmonic distortion sources). This was to be expected as load effects and harmonic distortion are worse if your tie-in point to the building power grid is at the same level or downstream of their sources. Additionally, a test was performed during a hospital backup generator test, wherein the suspected primary offenders (large motors and VFDs) were diverted to backup. As a result, the THD measured at the cyclotron primary power panel dropped by 2.5 %. Working with University electricians, an outside power consultant, GE engineering and University Hospital Radiology Engineering, a two phase plan was created. Phase 1: With a repurposed utility transformer, the cyclotron and PET cameras got their own dedicated transformer connected to the main utility power feed. We also replaced the old contactors in the RF power distribution system. Since installation, the measured THD has remained at 4.5 to 5 % year round and the sag incidence and magnitude are slightly improved. Phase 2: With a quote from GE for a flywheel UPS we should be able to fully condition the power entering our facility, removing the load effect voltage sags as well as the harmonic distortion. One year of operation after Phase 1 implementation, it has been decided that Phase 1 was all that was required. We haven’t had a single new instance of RF shutdown since.

The continual increase of wireless technologies in the world has motivated the use of phased arrays to mitigate radio frequency interference (RFI). There are many methods of performing beamforming for RFI rejection, but they are traditionally physically large and complicated solutions. Phased arrays need to be shrunk and made cheaper for them to see widespread use. This work presents several compact phased array receivers for different applications. The first part of this thesis presents a software GPS processor for a digital beamforming GPS receiver. The receiver is small enough to be flown on drones and enables GPS signals to be processed and a user’s position to be determined. Using digital beamforming, it can operate even under poor conditions such as intentional jamming, RFI, and large multipath effects. Next, this work builds a frontend RF chain for a true time delay phased array receiver. The receiver uses analog true delay delay chips to mitigate radio frequency interference in sensitive instruments. True time delay allows for analog beamforming over a wide bandwidth, but compact true time delay solutions are new and untested. The receiver allows these solutions to be properly vetted in a full system. The chain uses novel compact wideband antennas for L-band frequencies and traditional low cost amplifiers and filters. The last section of this thesis updates the open-source CASPER project to fully support RF system-on-chips. CASPER is an open-source framework for radio astronomy instruments. It speeds up the design and implementation of radio astronomy instruments on compact platforms and makes them easier to interact with. This work expands the framework to use the transmit abilities of advanced RF system-on-chip platforms. With this expansion, full duplex systems such as communications and radar can now also use CASPER. A full loopback beamforming test built on CASPER demonstrates both transmit and receive beamforming.

The next technological revolution, Industry 4.0, is envisioned as a digitally connected ecosystem where machines and gadgets are driven by artificial intelligence. By 2025, more than 75 billion devices are projected to serve this revolution. Many of which are to be integrated into the fabrics of everyday life in the form of smart wireless sensors. Still, two major challenges should be addressed to realize truly wireless and wearable sensors. First, the sensors should be flexible and stretchable, allowing for comfortable wearing. Second, the electronics should scavenge the energy it requires entirely from the environment, thus, eliminating the need for batteries, which are bulky, create ecological problems, etc. By addressing these two challenges, this dissertation paves the way for truly wearable sensors. The first part of the dissertation introduces a biocompatible magnetic skin with exceptional physical properties. It is highly-flexible, breathable, durable, and realizable in any desired shape and color. Attached to the skin of a user, the magnetic skin itself does not require any wiring, allowing to place the electronics and delicate components of the wireless sensor in a convenient nearby location to track the magnetic field produced by the magnetic skin. To demonstrate the performance of the magnetic skin, wearable systems are implemented as an assistive technology for severe quadriplegics, a touchless control solution for eliminating cross contaminations, and for monitoring blinking and eye movement for sleep laboratories. The second part of the dissertation is about wirelessly powering wireless sensors. In doing so, radio frequency (RF) rectifiers are a bottleneck, especially for ambient RF energy harvesting. Therefore, two RF rectifiers are introduced in standard CMOS technologies. The first architecture utilizes double-sided diodes to reduce the reverse leakage current, thus achieving a high dynamic range of 6.7 dB, -19.2 dBm sensitivity, and 86% efficiency. The second rectifier implements a dual-mode technique to lower the effective threshold voltage by 37%. Consequently, it achieves a 38% efficiency at −35 dBm input power and a 10.1 dB dynamic range while maintaining the same efficiency and sensitivity. Ultimately, combining these wireless powering techniques with the magnetic skin allows for truly wireless and wearable solutions.

Les microcommutateurs MEMS ohmiques comportent un contact électrique sous très faible force, très sensible à des paramètres difficiles à maîtriser. Ce contact a été l'objet d'une méthode de modélisation développée précédemment au LAAS-CNRS, dont le principe consiste à effectuer une simulation par éléments finis du contact mécanique avec les données AFM puis évaluer analytiquement la résistance électrique. Cette thèse a pour objectif d'évaluer les possibilités d'extension de cette méthode à des simulations multiphysiques.La thèse comporte une partie dédiée à la validation de la simulation mécanique par éléments finis par rapport à des résultats expérimentaux obtenus précédemment.Des simulations multiphysiques sont alors réalisées et les résultats en termes de résistance électrique sont comparés avec des résultats expérimentaux. On observe une très forte sous estimationde la résistance électrique, et donc des élévations de température. Ce constat est attribué à la présence de films isolants en surface d'une au moins des surfaces de contact.Enfin, des modèles qui incluent un film isolant sont développés avec une géométrie simplifiée d'aspérité. Les modèles les plus intéressants incluent des "nanospots": le film isolant est parsemé de zones conductrices, de très faibles dimensions. Les résultats permettent de cerner les caractéristiques typiques possibles de la géométrie dans cette configuration. / MEMS ohmic microswitches include very low force electrical contacts. These are very sensitive to parameters which reveal difficult to control. A previously developed modelization method consists in computing mechanical contact using finite elements, then estimating electrical resistance using analytical expressions. Here we focus on the possibilities of multiphysical finite element computations instead.Validation of the contact mechanical computation is first attempted, based on experimental results of previous works. Multiphysical contact computations are carried out. Resulting electrical contact resistance isfound to be much lower than experimental results. The presence of insulating surface films is supposedly the cause for that. Eventually, a simplified geometry for asperities is used to build models with insulating films.The most relevant models feature “nanospots”: some very small conductive areas are scattered on the contact area. The results allow us to determine some possible geometry configurations that could lead to contact resistance values such as those measured on real devices.

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