Study Objectives: Sleep bruxism (SB) is a repetitive jaw-muscle activity characterized by clenching or grinding of the teeth and/or by bracing or thrusting of the mandible occurring during sleep. SB is scored, from electromyographic traces, as rhythmic masticatory muscle activity (RMMA). Most RMMA occurred during sleep in association with sleep arousal. Since not all RMMA episodes were associated with sleep arousal we hypothesized that some event could be observed in relation to small fluctuations of the oxygen level resulting in mild desaturation/hypoxia. Methods: Sleep laboratory or home recordings from 22 SB (teeth grinding) patients were analyzed from our data bank. A total of 143 RMMA/SB episodes were classified in 4 categories: (i) no arousal & no body movement; (ii) arousal + & no body movement; (iii) no arousal & body movement +; (iv) arousal + & body movement +. Minimum blood oxygen levels were assessed from finger oxymetry signal: 1) during the baseline period before RMMA, i.e., an average of 7 s before RMMA onset (-20 s to -14 s); 2) during RMMA, i.e. a window of 15 s corresponding to -5 s before the onset until +10 s after the episode. For all episodes, the minimum oximetry values were compared for each patient. Results: There was a significant variation of blood oxygen level over time (p=0.001) with a statistically significant transient hypoxia during RMMA at time (+7),(+8) and (+9) s. The variation over time was similar among the 4 groups (non significant group*time interaction p=0.10) and no overall difference was observed between groups (p=0.91). Of the 22 subjects, 6 subjects (27%) remained equal or had a slight increase in SaO2 (+8) s after the RMMA/SB onset compared to baseline (-20 s to -14) s, 10 subjects (45%) showed a small decrease in SaO2 (>0 to <1%) and 6 others (27%) had a decrease of 1-1.8%. Conclusions: These preliminary findings suggest that in some SB patients, RMMA episodes are potentially triggered by minor transient hypoxia. Key words: sleep bruxism, oximetry, desaturation, hypoxia, rhythmic masticatory muscle activity / Objectifs: Le bruxisme du sommeil (BRS) est une activité répétitive des muscles de la mâchoire caractérisée par le serrement et le grincement des dents et/ou par le bracing et le thrusting de la mandibule durant le sommeil. Les mouvements des muscles de la mâchoire que l’on appelle activité rythmique des muscles de la mastication (ARMM) sont des activités oromotrices qui constituent le modèle de base du BRS. La plupart des ARMM sont reliées à un micro-éveil de sommeil. Étant donné que ce ne sont pas tous les épisodes qui sont associés à un micro-éveil, notre hypothèse est qu'une légère désaturation/hypoxie en oxygène pourrait contribuer à l'apparition de certains épisodes d'activité rythmique des muscles de la mastication associé au bruxisme du sommeil-grincement des dents (ARMM/BRS). Méthodologie: Des enregistrements polysomnographiques en laboratoire ou ambulatoire de notre banque de données de 22 patients BRS ont été analysés. Leurs épisodes d'ARMM/BRS sont ensuite classifiés en 4 catégories : (i) sans micro-éveil & sans mouvement; (ii) micro-éveil + & sans mouvement; (iii) sans micro-éveil & mouvement +; (iv) micro-éveil + & mouvement +. Les valeurs minimales de saturation en oxygène sont évalués : 1) à la valeur de base avant le début de l'ARMM, correspondant à une moyenne de 7 sec avant le début de l'épisode, équivalent de (-20) sec à (-14) sec; 2) pendant l'ARMM dans une fenêtre temporale de 15 sec, correspondant de (-5) sec avant le début jusqu'à (+10) sec après l'épisode. Ensuite pour tous les épisodes, tous les points minimaux en oxymétrie sont comparés pour chaque patient. Résultats: Il y a une variation significative de la saturation en oxygène dans le temps (p=0.001) avec une hypoxie transitoire statistiquement significative durant l'ARMM à (+7), (+8) et (+9) sec. La variation dans le temps était semblable pour les 4 catégories (interaction non significative catérogie*temps p=0.1) et pas de différence globale n'est observé entre les catégories (p=0.91). Sur les 22 patients, 6 (27%) ont eu une légère augmentation ou sont restés stables dans la saturation en oxygène (+8) sec après le début de l'ARMM comparé à la valeur de base; 10 (45%) ont eu une légère diminution (>0 à <1%) et 6 autres (27%) ont eu une désaturation en oxygène de 1 à 1.8%. Conclusion: Ces résultats préliminaires suggèrent que chez certains patients BRS, les épisodes d'ARMM/BRS sont possiblement déclenchés par une légère hypoxie transitoire. Mots-clés : bruxisme du sommeil, oxymétrie, désaturation, hypoxie, activité rythmique des muscles de la mastication

Objectifs : Le bruxisme survenant au cours du sommeil est un trouble du mouvement caractérisé par du grincement de dents et l’activité rythmique des muscles masticateurs (ARMM). Le bruxisme/ARMM est souvent associé à des mouvements du corps et des à éveils corticaux. Une séquence d’activation précède le ARMM/bruxisme. Ces événements incluent une augmentation des variables suivants : l’activité sympathique (-4 minutes), les activités encéphalographique (-4 second), le fréquence cardiaque, l’amplitude de la respiration (-1 second) et l’activité des muscle suprahyoïdiens (-0.8 second). La présente étude a examiné l’association entre le bruxisme et les changements de la pression artérielle. Méthodes: Dix sujets avec le bruxisme (5 hommes, 5 femmes, âge moyen = 26 ± 1,8) ont complétés 3 nuits de polysomnographie qui comprenait l'enregistrement non invasive de la pression artérielle. La première nuit a servi de dépistage et d’habituation au laboratoire. L'analyse a été réalisée sur les deuxièmes et troisièmes nuits enregistrements. Seuls les épisodes de bruxisme isolés survenant au cours du stade 2 du sommeil ont été utilisés pour l’analyse, pour un total de 65 épisodes. Les mesures des pressions systolique et diastolique ont été prises 20 battements avant et 23 battements après l'apparition de chaque épisode bruxisme lors du sommeil. Les épisodes de bruxisme ont été classés comme suit: 1) bruxisme avec éveil cortical; 2) bruxisme avec mouvement du corps (MC), 3) bruxisme avec éveil cortical et MC. Une quatrième catégorie, bruxisme seul, a également été analysée, mais utilisée comme donnée préliminaire puisque la catégorie se composait de seulement 4 épisodes de bruxisme. Résultats: Les deux pressions systolique et diastolique ont augmenté avec les épisodes de bruxisme. Cette augmentation a été statistiquement significative pour la pression systolique et diastolique pour les épisodes de bruxisme avec éveil cortical et/ou MC (p ≤ 0,05). L’augmentation moyenne de la pression (systolique / diastolique ± SE) a été : 28,4 ± 2,4/13,2 ± 1,5 mm Hg pour le bruxisme avec éveil cortical; 30,7 ± 1,6/19.4 ± 2.3 mm Hg pour bruxisme avec MC; 26.4 ± 2,8 / 14,6 ± 2.0mm Hg pour bruxisme avec éveil cortical et MC; 22,9 ± 5,2/12,4 ± 3,3mm Hg pour les épisodes de bruxisme seuls. Conclusion: Le bruxisme du sommeil est associé à des hausses de la pression artérielle pendant le sommeil. Cette hausse est supérieure dans les épisodes de bruxisme associés à un éveil cortical et / ou MC, qui sont souvent associés avec les événements bruxisme. Ces résultats sont en accord avec nos observations antérieures, où le bruxisme est précédé par une augmentation de l'activité sympathique et de la tachycardie sinusale. / Objectives: Sleep Bruxism (SB) is a movement disorder identified by tooth grinding and rhythmic masticatory muscle activity (RMMA). It is often associated with body movements and sleep arousals. Increases in autonomic sympathetic activities that characterize sleep arousal precede SB. These events include an augmentation of the following variables: sympathetic cardiac activity (-4 minutes), electroencephalography frequencies (-4 seconds), heart rate and respiratory amplitude (-1 seconds), and suprahyoid muscle activity (-0.8 seconds). This study examined whether these sympathetic activities are associated with significant changes in arterial blood pressure (BP). Methods: Ten subjects with SB (5 male; 5 female; mean age ± standard error = 26 ± 1.8) underwent 3 nights of full polysomnography that included non-invasive beat to beat BP recording. The first night served as a screening and habituation night. Analysis was performed on second and third night recordings. Overall analysis was based on single SB episodes occurring in stage 2 sleep only, for a total of 65 episodes. Systolic and diastolic BP measurements were taken from a window of 20 beats before and 23 beats after onset of each SB episode. SB episodes were categorized as: 1) SB + cortical arousal; 2) SB + body movement (BM); 3) SB + cortical arousal + BM. A fourth category, SB alone, was also analysed but used as preliminary data since the category consisted of only 4 episodes. Results: Both systolic and diastolic BP increased with SB episodes. This increase was significant for both systolic and diastolic BP for SB events with cortical arousal and/or BM (p≤0.05). The average BP surges (systolic/diastolic ± SE) were: 28.4 ± 2.4/13.2 ± 1.5mm Hg for SB + cortical arousal; 30.7 ± 1.6/19.4 ± 2.3mm Hg for SB + BM; 26.5 ± 2.8/14.6 ± 2.0mm Hg for SB + cortical arousal + BM; 22.9 ± 5.2/12.4 ± 3.3mm Hg for SB episodes occurring alone. Conclusion: Sleep bruxism is associated with blood pressure fluctuations during sleep. This BP surge is greater in SB episodes associated with cortical arousal and/or BM, which often co-occur with SB events. These results are congruent with our previous observations, where SB is preceded by a rise in sympathetic activity and sinus tachycardia.

The purpose of this study is to develop a fourteen-week program for teaching beginning music reading through rhythmic and pitch notation to pre-school children in piano classes. The historical background for the study discusses man's learning abilities in the group process in music education with the particular reference to class piano and its development and publications by leading authorities concerning class piano and rhythmic training in the classroom. The second chapter contains analyses and summaries of five selected texts pertinent to the study. The findings of research of the five selected texts serve as the groundwork for the development of the program which is contained in the third chapter.

L’amusie congénitale est un trouble neuro-développemental se définissant par des difficultés à percevoir la musique, et ce malgré une ouïe et une intelligence normales. Un déficit de discrimination fine des hauteurs serait à l’origine de ce trouble, qui se traduit notamment par une incapacité à détecter les fausses notes. afin de mieux comprendre les facteurs génétiques contribuant à la manifestation de l’amusie congénitale, la présente étude avait pour objectif: (a) de déterminer si la performance sur diverses tâches musicales et auditives était plus similaire chez les jumeaux identiques (monozygotes ; MZ) que chez les jumeaux non-identiques (dizygotes ; DZ) et (b) d’explorer les variables relatives à l’environnement musical des jumeaux, afin de mieux comprendre les contributions de l’environnement et de la génétique dans les différences sous-tendant les habiletés musicales. De plus, le profil des sujets amusiques a été analysé afin de vérifier s’il correspondait à celui décrit dans la littérature, faisant état de difficultés tonales, mais non rythmiques. Huit paires de jumeaux MZ et six paires de jumeaux DZ, parmi lesquelles au moins un des co-jumeaux était potentiellement amusique, ont pris part à cette étude. Les tâches consistaient en un test en ligne de perception mélodique et rythmique, un test de détection des différences de hauteurs, ainsi qu’un test de chant. L’analyse de la performance et de l’environnement musical des jumeaux MZ et DZ ne révèle aucune distinction comportementale entre ces deux groupes en ce qui concerne les habiletés musicales. Cela suggère que celles-ci puissent être davantage influencées par l’environnement partagé que par les facteurs génétiques. Enfin, les jumeaux amusiques ont le profil habituel d’habiletés musicales. En effet, ils commettent des erreurs de perception et de production musicale au niveau mélodique, mais ont une perception rythmique préservée. D’autres études, notamment avec de plus grands échantillons de jumeaux, seront nécessaires afin d’élucider la possible étiologie génétique sous-tendant l’amusie congénitale. / Music is an important part of every known culture, and its universality raises the question of a possible biological basis. Musical disorders, such as congenital amusia, offer compelling insight into these roots. In order to examine the genetic basis of this phenotype, we used a classical twin study paradigm. Our study had two main goals: (a) investigate if identical (monozygotic; MZ) co-twins perform more similarly on auditory and musical tasks than non-identical (dizygotic; DZ) co-twins and (b) explore the twins’ musical environments in order to better understand the contribution of environmental versus genetic factors in the differences underlying musical abilities. In addition, we sought to replicate previous investigations that demonstrated impaired pitch processing but intact rhythm perception in amusic participants. To do so, we tested eight pairs of MZ and six pairs of DZ twins in which at least one of the co-twins was potentially amusic. Participants completed an online amusia test, a pitch detection task and a singing task. We observed no performance or musical environment differences between MZ and DZ twins, suggesting that musical abilities might be more influenced by the twins’ shared environment than by genetic factors. In addition, and as reported in previous studies, amusics made pitch processing errors in both perception and production, but rhythmic perception was preserved. Future studies, particularly those with access to larger twin samples, will be able to further elucidate the roles of environmental and genetic factors in the amusic phenotype.

Title: Comparison of rhythmic stabilization according to Kabat with the techniques used in practice. Objectives: The main aim of this thesis was to measure and compare the level of muscle activity and the level of cocontraction of Muscle quadratus lumborum sinister, obliquus internus abdominis sinister, rectus abdominis sinister and dexter obliquus externus abdominis, which were exposed to different stabilization techniques - rhythmic stabilization and technique used in practice - technique "pushing". Methods: This is an experimental study which is analyzed and then assessing the level of cocontraction of antagonists and the degree of muscle strength in two different ways- the technique of PNF and technique pushing. We use a surface electromyography as an objectification method. The sample consisted of 7 probands. Results: It was discovered that left side lying position not enlarged to the level of activity of all muscles required, therefore the muscles involved in PNF diagonals. Prerequisite increased level of activation during rhythmic stabilization technique according to Kabat was confirmed only in m. quadratus lumborum sinister and m. obliquus externus abdominis dexter and the values statistically insignificant. Participation of the rectus abdominis though its dominant and statistically...

In this diploma work there are compared performances and the difficulty of gymnasts' routines (exercies) at the World level. In rhythmic gymnastics (RG) by monitoring and observation I am going to find out the reason, why the national team members the places in the fifth top ten gymnasts (athlets). In this work I am going to observe one of the best European gymnast A. Maksymenko of Ukraine, who regularly participates in the European, World Championships and in the Olympic Games, and the best Czech gymnast M. Míčková, the competitor without participation in the Olympic Games. Further I am going to observe one of the oldest Austrian gymnast, which is also the Olympic participant, but one of the last advancing, level is more similar exercises Czech gymnastics. By observing videos of gymnasts all around (exercise with hoop, ball, clubs and ribbon) according to the international rules of the RG, I am going to compare complexly the change of the rules which are valid in the contemporary olympic cycle and were valid in the previous rules of the last Olympic cycle. In this analyzes I am going to focus on the routines as a whole, from the perspective of the technical elements (difficulties), dynamic rotating elements with rotations under the apparatus (DER, "risc"), mastery handling, innovative handling...

Title: The Problematics of musicality in aesthetic-coordination sports Objectives:. This thesis deals with the problematics of musicality in conjunction with aesthetic-coordination sports, particularly acrobatic rock and roll, Latin American dances and modern gymnastics. The aim is to determine the level of musicality in active individuals operating in these sports sectors and compare these results. Method: The research was made by using standardized test of musicality by Arnold Bentley. The research group consists of competitors of early school age in acrobatic rock and roll (10), Latin American dances (10) and modern gymnastics (10). The results are interpreted by using the tables of frequency and bar graphs through a functions in Excel. Results: The Ranking aesthetic-coordination sports by success in the test musicality by Arnold Bentley is folowing: 1) Acrobatic rock and roll (58,1%), 2) Latin American dances (56,5%), 3) modern gymnastics (55,5%). Keywords: acrobatic rock and roll, music-movement relationships, Latin American dances, early school age, modern gymnastics

Title: The issue of musicality in gymnastics programs at UK FTVS Objectives: Qualify changes in the level of musicality on students due to the intervention program of subjects Rhythmic gymnastics, Gymnastics I - Dance and Adapted movement and dance pedagogy at UK FTVS and present results of testing. Methods: In my thesis I mostly used analytic and synthetic method based on consolidation of data from written and video sources and their organization in content of my thesis and context of time period. The thesis also used an experimental method associated with data collection and their evaluation. The practical part is conceived as testing. Results: Description of the musicality test results. Keywords: Musicality, height of tones, melodic memory, harmonies, rhythmic memory, A. Bentley.

The aim of this thesis was to capture the readiness of elementary school teachers in regards to aerobics. I came to a conclusion in my research that aerobic is not included into physical education classes enough, as teachers are not well prepared, and therefore they do not include it in their plans. This fact is rather disturbing because I am positive that the aerobics exercise would enrich students in area of aesthetics and physical skills and coordination.

The aim of the thesis is to describe methods which may be applied to develop a child's voice and its musicality within the first grade of a primary school. The thesis should be used as an inspirational teaching aid for teachers. The thesis is divided into two parts. The theoretical part is based on scholarly literature and deals with voice hygiene, proper technique of singing (breathing, posture, non-overstraining of voice). Peripherally it also mentions voice disorders and proper voice preparation for singing. I would like to transfer (apply) the knowledge gained in the theoretical part into an elaborately developed theme plan in the practical part. The conclusion of the theoretical part deals with the development of child's rhythmic creativity. The practical part includes a theme plan compiled for the peroid fo a school year. I tis arranged according to particular months and embraces the description of various activities, which are used to fill each music lesson whithin the period of a school year.