This study evaluates the adoption and impacts of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) adoption for rice in Cambodia. Extent of adoption and characteristics of adopters are discovered. Farmers are considered high adopters of IPM if they used two non-pesticide or minimal-pesticide practices to control rice insect, disease, weed, or rodent pests in the last twelve months; farmers are considered low adopters if they used one practice; farmers are considered non-adopters if they used zero practices. IPM practices include pest-resistant variety; stale seedbed (sequential harrowing or harrowing followed by a non-selective herbicide); apply Trichoderma on seeds or seedlings, no insecticide spray for the first 40 days; apply bio-pesticides such as neem, Bt, and metarhizium, and Beauvaria; Sarcocystis bait for rodents; hand weeding at recommended growth stage; and/or another practice specified by the farmer. Out of 394 farmers surveyed, 40 (10.15%) were found to be high adopters, 228 (57.86%) were found to be low adopters, and 126 (31.97%) were found to be non-adopters of IPM. IPM practices currently include mostly hand-weeding and no spray for 40 days; few other practices were adopted. Our study reveals a need for broader education on rice IPM throughout Cambodia. The high frequency of pesticide applications among rice farmers, the finding that adoption of IPM was not found to have a meaningful influence on the number of pesticide applications, and the finding that less than one-quarter of farmers in our study have received training on IPM reveal the need for increased knowledge of IPM in Cambodia, and the need for future education on IPM to focus on reducing pesticide use. / Master of Science / This study evaluates the adoption and impacts of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for rice in four provinces in Cambodia. IPM is an ecologically-friendly pest management philosophy that offers alternatives to reliance on harmful chemical pesticides. Farmers are divided into groups of high adopters, low adopters, and non-adopters depending on the number of IPM practices used. Proportion and characteristics of adopters, frequency and type of IPM practices, and scope of IPM training in the region are discovered. Determinants of adoption and the effect of adoption on level of pesticide use on rice are analyzed using econometric analysis. Out of 394 farmers surveyed, 40 (10.15%) were found to be high adopters, 228 (57.86%) were found to be low adopters, and 126 (31.97%) were found to be non-adopters of IPM. Adopters primarily use only two types of IPM practices. Less than one-quarter of farmers in our study have received training on IPM. Farmers who have more years of experience in rice cultivation, and farmers who consider agricultural extension a top source of agricultural information are more likely to adopt IPM. Farmers who have more family members who are able to work, and farmers who consider input suppliers a top source of agricultural information are less likely to adopt IPM. Adoption of IPM was not found to meaningfully influence the number of pesticide applications on rice. Our study reveals the need for increased training on rice IPM in Cambodia, and the need for future IPM education to focus on reducing pesticide use.

With the adoption of the Xtend® technology growers began to report reduced control levels of weedy grasses when applying tank-mixes of glyphosate and dicamba. Therefore, research was conducted at the Delta Research and Extension Center in Stoneville, MS from 2019 to 2021 to examine influence of herbicide mixtures with dicamba, as well as carrier volume and nozzle type. Results indicated barnyardgrass control 14 and 28 DAT was greatest with glyphosate alone. Control was not different when DGA or BAPMA dicamba or 2,4-D choline were mixed with glyphosate. At 28 DAT, barnyardgrass control was 15 to 18% lower with herbicide mixtures compared with glyphosate alone. Barnyardgrass control with glyphosate plus dicamba was not decreased by drift-reducing nozzles. Carrier volume of > 94 L ha-1 provided greater control of barnyardgrass compared to 47 L ha-1. These results indicate potential of reduced barnyardgrass control with glyphosate plus dicamba.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1961 C73

BACKGROUND:The rhizome, the original stem of land plants, enables species to invade new territory and is a critical component of perenniality, especially in grasses. Red rice (Oryza longistaminata) is a perennial wild rice species with many valuable traits that could be used to improve cultivated rice cultivars, including rhizomatousness, disease resistance and drought tolerance. Despite these features, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that contribute to rhizome growth, development and function in this plant.RESULTS:We used an integrated approach to compare the transcriptome, proteome and metabolome of the rhizome to other tissues of red rice. 116 Gb of transcriptome sequence was obtained from various tissues and used to identify rhizome-specific and preferentially expressed genes, including transcription factors and hormone metabolism and stress response-related genes. Proteomics and metabolomics approaches identified 41 proteins and more than 100 primary metabolites and plant hormones with rhizome preferential accumulation. Of particular interest was the identification of a large number of gene transcripts from Magnaportha oryzae, the fungus that causes rice blast disease in cultivated rice, even though the red rice plants showed no sign of disease.CONCLUSIONS:A significant set of genes, proteins and metabolites appear to be specifically or preferentially expressed in the rhizome of O. longistaminata. The presence of M. oryzae gene transcripts at a high level in apparently healthy plants suggests that red rice is resistant to this pathogen, and may be able to provide genes to cultivated rice that will enable resistance to rice blast disease.

The Mae Tao watershed, northwestern Thailand, has become contaminated with cadmium (Cd) from the zinc mining activities area in the nearby Thanon-Thongchai mountains. Consumption of Cd-contaminated rice has led to documented human health impacts. The aim of this study was to clarify transfer pathways from creek and canal waters to the paddy field soils near Baan Mae Tao Mai village and to determine the relationship between Cd forms in the soil and uptake by rice plants. Soils, irrigation canal sediments and water samples were collected during the dry season and at the onset of the rainy season. Rice samples were collected at harvesting time and samples of soil fertiliser were also obtained. Water samples were filtered, ultrafiltered and analysed by ICP-MS whilst sub-samples of dried, ground soils and sediments were first subjected to micro-wave assisted acid digestion (modified US EPA method 3052). XPRD and SEM-EDX methods were used for mineralogical characterisation and selective chemical extractions have assisted in the characterisation of solid phase Cd associations. Transfer mainly occurred in association with particulate matter during flooding and channel dredging and, in contrast with many other studies, most of the soil Cd was associated with exchangeable and carbonate-bound fractions. Moreover, there was a significant positive relationship between soil total Cd and rice grain Cd (R2=0.715), but a stronger relationship between both the Tessier-exchangeable soil Cd and the BCR-exchangeable soil Cd and rice grain Cd (R2=0.895 and 0.861, respectively). Stable Isotope Exchange (gives isotopically exchangeable Cd - E value) is generally considered to provide a better measure of bioavailability. The results of this study showed that SIE gave values which significantly positive correlated with the Tessier exchangeable fraction. Biochar has a porous structure and acidic functional groups on its surface which give it a high capacity to affect heavy metal adsorption when added to soils. Biochar samples were produced from rice husk (RHC) and miscanthus (MC) since these are cheap and readily available materials in Thailand. Indeed rice husk char is already used for rice seed germination by local farmers. Evaluation of the chemical and physical properties of the chars showed that the lower temperature (350°C) chars had greater proportions of oxygen-containing functional groups than those produced at 700°C. Moreover the low temperature RHC had the greater cation exchange capacity than the MC produced at the same temperature. In abiotic feasibility tests, it was shown that RHC was more effective than MC at lowering soil available Cd. The former reduced the E values for the medium-Cd soils by 4.7% and 16.0% when 1% and 5% RHC, was added, respectively. From pot experiments, in medium-Cd soils, 1% and 5% RHC amendment showed the potential to decrease Cd uptake by rice roots. However, further work involving addition of a greater proportion of biochar with a higher number of replicates is needed to reach more robust conclusions.

The Germans of Geilenkirchen-Hengesburg region of Germany were convinced by relative and friend, Father Peter Leonard Thevis, of the Archdiocese of New Orleans, to emigrate to the United States for a number of reasons: political, religious, and economic. After establishing themselves on land previously used for grazing cattle, the Germans soon discovered rice could easily be cultivated in large amounts. Along with their success as rice farmers in Roberts Cove, Louisiana, these Germans soon involved themselves in politics and engaged one another and the surrounding community in numerous court cases. These court cases, overlooked by previous historians, demonstrate that the Germans of Roberts Cove had begun to assimilate, prior to World War I and the passage of anti-German legislation.

Em cerâmicas refratárias, a formação de mulita (3Al2O3.2SiO2) \"in situ\", a partir da reação entre alumina e sílicas amorfas sintéticas (SAS´s) aumenta a resistência ao choque térmico e à corrosão destes materiais. Essa reação é fortemente afetada pelas características físico-químicas e morfológicas das SAS´s. Este estudo comparou a formação de mulita\"in situ\" a partir da combinação de alumina calcinada ultrafina (α-Al2O3) com quatro tipos de SAS´s obtidas por diferentes processos de sínteses (precipitação de silicato de sódio, extração da cinza da casca do arroz, extração da casca do arroz e precipitação de vapor de silício elementar) e com características variadas. Inicialmente, esses quatros tipos de SASs foram caracterizados em relação às suas propriedades físico-químicas, microestrutura e morfologia. Em seguida, após mistura com alumina, compactação e sinterização (1100-1500°C) assistida por dilatometria, as amostras foram caracterizadas em relação à sua porosidade, densidade, módulo elástico, resistência à flexão, microestrutura e fases presentes. Verificou-se que as propriedades das estruturas finais foram fortemente afetadas pela mudança de SAS´s. De forma geral e em comparação com as amostras de referência (100% alumina ou 100% mulita pré-formada por eletrofusão), houve significativo ganho de rigidez e tensão de ruptura em menores temperaturas e grande redução de porosidade final. Valores de tensão de ruptura e módulo elástico da ordem de 114 MPa e 308 GPa foram obtidos, respectivamente. A correlação das propriedades obtidas com as características prévias das sílicas mostrou que a área superficial e o volume de poros internos das partículas afetaram mais o ganho de rigidez e redução de porosidade do que o tamanho médio das partículas. Além desse aspecto, a presença de fases de baixo ponto de fusão (em especial nas amostras com microssílica) também contribuiu fortemente para densificação. / In refractories ceramics, the formation of mullite (3Al2O3.2SiO2) \"in situ\", from the reaction between alumina and synthetic amorphous silica (SAS\'s) increases the resistance to thermal shock and corrosion of these materials. This reaction is strongly affected by the physic-chemical and morphological features of SAS\'s. This study compared the mullite formation \"in situ\" from the combination of calcined alumina with four kinds of ultrafine\'s SASs obtained by various synthesis processes (precipitation of sodium silicate, from rice husk, extraction of rice husk ash and steam precipitation of silicon metal) and with varying characteristics. Initially, these four kinds of SAS´s were characterized in relation to their physicochemical properties, microstructure and morphology. After compaction and sintering (1100-1500°C) assisted by dilatometry, samples were characterized regarding their porosity, density, elastic modulus, flexural strength, microstructure and phases present. The properties of the final structure were strongly affected by the change of SAS\'s. In general, and in comparison with reference samples (100% alumina or 100% mullite preform for electrofusion), a significant stiffness gain of strength at low temperature and lower final porosity, respectively. Value of rupture and elastic modulus of the order of 114 MPa and 308 GPa were obtained. The correlation of properties obtained with the prior characterization of SAS´s showed that surface area and the volume of the internal poros of the particles affect the gain more stiffness and lower porosity than the average particle size. Aparts from this, the presence of phases of low melting point (especially in samples with microssilica) also contributed strongly to densification.

O arroz integral pigmentado (vermelho ou preto) (Oryza sativa, L.) é saudável. Ambos são nutritivos, possuem elevado teor de compostos bioativos, e apresentam características sensoriais diferenciadas ao arroz integral branco. O grande destaque sob o ponto de vista de composição química é o seu elevado teor de compostos fenólicos, associado à alta capacidade antioxidante. A demanda por arroz pigmentado ainda é reduzida, porém, existe uma tendência e o interesse em agregar valor a esses grãos, produzindo alimentos alternativos como flocos de arroz, cereais matinais e snacks. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver produtos extrusados expandidos a partir de duas novas cultivares comerciais de arroz integral preto (SCS 120 ÔNIX) e vermelho (SCS 119 RUBI), provenientes da Epagri/SC. Na otimização do processo considerou-se as melhores propriedades tecnológicas e a retenção de compostos bioativos. Foi investigado o efeito do processo de extrusão nos fitoquímicos e sua atividade antioxidante, antes e após a extrusão. Além disso, a aceitabilidade de dois produtos finais foi realizada com 150 consumidores. O arroz preto apresentou teores significativamente maiores de macronutrientes (proteínas, fibras e minerais) do que o arroz vermelho. O teor de compostos fenólicos totais (CFT) e flavonoides no arroz preto foi de 25% (569,3 mg eq. ác. ferúlico/100g) e 44% (496,9 mg eq. catequina/100 g), respectivamente, superior ao do arroz vermelho. Os flavonoides são representados principalmente por antocianinas no arroz preto e por proantocianidinas no arroz vermelho. O arroz preto apresentou maior atividade antioxidante. A partir do delineamento composto central rotacional as condições ótimas de extrusão foram de 15,5 e 16% de umidade e de 159 e 150ºC de temperatura, para o arroz preto e vermelho, respectivamente. O processo de extrusão resultou em perdas drásticas de TPC, flavonoides, proantocianidinas e o conteúdo remanescente não foi maior que 14% no arroz vermelho e a atividade antioxidante residual também foi baixa. O arroz preto também foi afetado significativamente pela extrusão mas em menores proporções. A concentração após a extrusão foi de 32 % (TPC), 22% (flavonoides), 11% (antocianinas) e a atividade antioxidante remanescente de 40% e 30% pelos métodos de ORAC e DPPH, respectivamente. Quanto à análise sensorial, os extrusados obtidos de arroz preto e vermelho não tiveram diferença significativa na aceitação (p≤0,05). As notas médias atribuídas por 150 provadores para todos os atributos avaliados ficaram situadas no intervalo de 4,8 a 7,7 (correspondente as categorias \"nem gostei/nem desgostei\" a \"gostei muito\") da escala hedônica de 9 pontos. Altos valores de aceitabilidade (maiores que 70%) foram observados para formato, tamanho, cor e crocância no cereal seco e consistência no cereal com leite. A menor aceitabilidade (60%) foi notada no sabor. Isto pode ser explicado pela ausência de aromatizante e/ou edulcorante na formulação. Ainda, foi observado que 26% dos provadores certamente comprariam ambos os extrusados. A farinha de arroz pigmentado é uma alternativa para a elaboração de cereais matinais extrusados na qual apresentam coloração própria, boas características nutricionais e sensoriais, além de ser um produto isento de glúten. / Whole pigmented rice (black and red) (Oryza sativa, L.) is a healthy food. Both types present are nutritious and present high contents of bioactive components, and show distinguishing sensorial properties, unlike those found in whole white rice. However, the most noticeable difference regarding the chemical composition of black and red rice is their high content of phenolic compounds, associated to a high antioxidant activity. Consumption of pigmented rice is still low, but there is an increasing trend and interest in adding value to pigmented grains, producing alternative food products such as rice flakes, breakfast cereals and snacks. Then, the objective of this study was to produce extruded rice from whole grain of black (SCS 120 ÔNIX) and red rice (SCS 119 RUBI). Rice cultivars were grown at experimental fields of Epagri/SC. The conditions of the extrusion process were optimized to achieve the best technological properties and to attain the retention of bioactivties. The phytochemical composition antioxidant activity and technological properties of the pigmented rice flour were investigated before and after extrusion. In addition, the acceptability of the two selected final products was assessed by 150 consumers. The black rice showed significantly higher contents of macronutrients (protein, fiber and minerals) than red rice. The total phenolic compounds (TPC) and total flavonoids in black rice were also 25% (569.3 mg eq. ac. ferulic/100 g) and 44%, (496.9 mg eq. catechin/100 g) respectively, higher than in red rice. In black rice flavonoids were represented mainly by anthocyanins, while in red rice the main flavonoids were proanthocyanidins. Black rice showed the highest antioxidant activity. The predicted optimum extrusion conditions were settled down at 15.5 and 16 % of moisture and 159 and 150ºC of temperature for black and red rice, respectively. The extrusion process induced a drastic loss of TPC, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins and remaining contents were not higher than 14% in red rice and residual antioxidant activity was also very low. Black rice was also significantly affected by the extrusionm but in a lesser degree. The concentration after extrusion was 32% (TPC), 22 % (flavonoids), 11% (anthocyanins) and a remaining 40 % and 30 % antioxidant activity by ORAC and DPPH methods, respectively. Consumer acceptability of extrudates was similar and the average scores awarded were located between 4.8 to 7.7 (corresponding to the categories \"not liked/disliked to \"liked so much\") for all attributes evaluated in the 9-point hedonic scale. High acceptability scores (higher than 70 %) were observed for shape, size, color and texture hardness in dry extrudates and consistency in extrudates with milk. The lowest acceptability (60 %) was noted for flavor. It could be explained because of the extrudates were not flavoured. Furthermore, it was shown that 26 % of consumers certainly would buy both extrudates. The pigmented rice flour demonstrated to be a good alternative to produce extruded breakfast cereals which had his own color, showed good nutritional and sensory properties, besides being a gluten-free product.

Xue, Yan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-102). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Thesis committe --- p.2 / Statement --- p.3 / Abstract --- p.4 / Acknowledgement --- p.8 / General abbreviations --- p.10 / Abbreviations of chemicals --- p.13 / List of figures --- p.15 / List of tables --- p.16 / Table of contents --- p.17 / Chapter Chapter 1 --- General Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Impact of bacterial blight on rice production --- p.25 / Chapter 1.2 --- The plant immune system --- p.25 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Preformed resistance --- p.25 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- PAMP triggered immunity (PTI) --- p.26 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Effecter triggered immunity (ETI) --- p.27 / Chapter 1.2.3.1 --- R genes --- p.27 / Chapter 1.2.3.2 --- Hypersensitive responses (HR) --- p.27 / Chapter 1.2.3.3 --- Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) --- p.28 / Chapter 1.2.3.3.1 --- Salicylic acid is required for SAR establishment --- p.28 / Chapter 1.2.3.3.2 --- Involvement of lipid-based molecules in SAR signaling --- p.28 / Chapter 1.2.3.3.3 --- NPR1: the master regulator of SAR --- p.29 / Chapter 1.2.3.3.4 --- Expression of pathogenesis related (PR) genes --- p.29 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Interaction between SA and JA --- p.29 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Other important signaling components in plant defense responses --- p.30 / Chapter 1.2.5.1 --- G proteins --- p.30 / Chapter 1.2.5.2 --- G proteins in defense responses --- p.30 / Chapter 1.3 --- OsGAPl is a C2 (protein kinase C conserved region 2) domain harboring GTPase activating protein --- p.32 / Chapter 1.4 --- OsYchFl is a GTPase and an interacting partner of OsGAPl --- p.32 / Chapter 1.5 --- Hypothesis and objectives of this research --- p.33 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- materials and methods / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Chemicals and reagents --- p.39 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Commercial kits --- p.40 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Primers used --- p.41 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Equipment and facilities used: --- p.47 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- "Buffer, solution, gel and medium:" --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods: --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Culture of bacterial strains --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Composition of medium used in this work for cultivating bacterial strains: --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Plant growth and treatment --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Surface sterilization of Arabidopsis thaliana seeds --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Seed germination and Arabidopsis plant growth --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Generation of transgenic Arabidopsis --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- Agrobacterium-mediated Arabidopsis transformation --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Pathogen inoculation test --- p.54 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Molecular cloning --- p.54 / Chapter 2.2.6.1 --- DNA sequencing: --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.6.2 --- Transformation of E. coli strains: --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.6.3 --- Transformation of Agrobacteria by electroporation --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- DNA and RNA extraction --- p.56 / Chapter 2.2.7.1 --- Plasmid DNA extraction from bacterial cells --- p.56 / Chapter 2.2.7.2 --- Genomic DNA extraction from plant tissues --- p.56 / Chapter 2.2.7.3 --- RNA extraction from plant tissues --- p.56 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Northern blot --- p.57 / Chapter 2.2.9 --- Subcellular localization studies --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2.9.1 --- Transformation of tobacco BY-2 cells --- p.58 / Chapter 2.2.9.2 --- Maintenance of transgenic tobacco BY-2 cells --- p.59 / Chapter 2.2.9.3 --- Confocal microscopy --- p.59 / Chapter 2.2.9.4 --- Electron microscopy --- p.59 / Chapter 2.2.10 --- Bimolecular fluorescence complementation studies (BiFC) --- p.60 / Chapter 2.2.10.1 --- Construct making --- p.61 / Chapter 2.2.10.2 --- Preparation of rice protoplasts --- p.61 / Chapter 2.2.10.3 --- PEG-mediated transfection --- p.62 / Chapter 2.2.10.4 --- Detection of protein-protein interaction --- p.62 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Results / Chapter 3.1 --- OsGAPl interacts with OsYchFl in vivo --- p.63 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Construction of vectors for BiFC transient assay in rice protoplasts --- p.64 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- BiFC assay in rice protoplasts revealed in vivo interaction between the OsGAPl and the OsYchFl proteins --- p.66 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Subcellular localization of OsGAPl --- p.68 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Localization of OsGAPl and OsYchFl in rice leaves revealed by electron microscopy --- p.70 / Chapter 3.3 --- Functional characterization of OsYchFl / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Characterization of Arabidopsis YchF1 knockdown mutant --- p.75 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Complementation of AtYchF1 knockdown Arabidopsis --- p.77 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- Pathogen inoculation test --- p.80 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Discussion / Chapter 4.1 --- Significance of the project --- p.85 / Chapter 4.2 --- In vivo interaction between OsGAPl and OsYchFl --- p.86 / Chapter 4.3 --- OsGAPl is located either inside the cytosol or on the plasma membrane in transgenic tobacco BY-2 cells --- p.87 / Chapter 4.4 --- Study of wounding effect on the subcellular localization of OsGAPl and OsYchFl at whole plant level by EM --- p.88 / Chapter 4.5 --- OsYchFl functions as a negative regulator of defense responses in A.thaliana --- p.90 / Chapter 4.6 --- Conclusion --- p.92 / References --- p.95 / Appendix --- p.103

The CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is rising dramatically each year. Increases are certain to influence growth of C3 plants. This thesis focuses on the growth and development of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Jarrah).The major questions addressed in this thesis were whether elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations would : 1/ increase grain yield where the soil was flooded or unflooded under conditions of varying phosphorus supply; 2/ change the timing of development; 3/ alter the partitioning of dry weight and nutrients between the roots and shoots; and, 4/ influence grain quality. The mechanisms underlying growth and developmental changes at elevated CO2 were also investigated. After experimentation, it is concluded that the grain yield of rice will increase as the atmospheric CO2 concentration rises even when phosphorus supplies are low. The largest response to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations will occur under dryland conditions but increases of up to 60 per cent are likely in flooded rice. Importantly, there is likely to be a reduction in the life cycle of rice crops as the CO2 concentration rises. This would have the advantage that more crops could be sown in one season. The quality of the rice grain produced at high CO2 concentrations will also change, with milling quality appearance likely to improve. The cooked rice will be firmer. Experiments also showed that rice grown in flooded soil at different CO2 concentrations is an excellent system for investigating the control of plant growth and development, particularly the influence of hormones. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)