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Presented diploma thesis is focused on analysis of selected biologically active substances in different kinds of natural and peeled rice. In rice samples phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, content of saccharides and vitamin C were analysed. Active substances and saccharides were analysed by UV-VIS spectrophotometry and RP-HPLC-UV/VIS. Content of phenolic compounds and saccharides was measured before and after acid hydrolysis. The content of these compounds increased several times because of release of active substances from glycosides. As a part of diploma thesis basic sensory analysis was performed and consumer questionnaires were evaluated. The highest level of antioxidant activity was detected in Indian Wild rice. The highest content of total polyphenols and flavonoids was detected in Red Rice Natural before acid hydrolysis. After acid hydrolysis the highest content was detected in Indian Wild rice. The highest content of individual flavonoids, phenolic acids and catechins was detected in natural rice Indian Wild, Rice Three colours and in two samples of rice parboiled. The highest content of total and reducing saccharides was found in rice Indian Wild before hydrolysis, while after hydrolysis the content was very similar in all rice samples. The amount of individual monosaccharides after acid hydrolysis increased, while total content of disaccharides decreased. The highest value of simple sugars was detected in rice parboiled and Indian Wild rice. The content of vitamin C was detected only in four rice kinds - in two samples of rice parboiled, Rice Three colours and rice Indian Wild.

This thesis focuses on analysis, classification, simulation and assessment of the signal fading in the scope of terrestrial digital television reception. This is a phenomenon associated with signal multipath propagation caused by the reflection, dispersion and diffraction of electromagnetic waves in interaction with relief and artificial obstacles. Wave propagation issues in a specific landscape are not the central theme of this project. Signal transmission between the transmitter and receiver is defined by channel profile models. Attention is directed not only to static reception but also to portable and mobile reception. Simulation of this phenomenon takes place in the software environment of MATLAB. In the framework of this project program fundament was created which allows simulate the signal processing across the entire communication chain of television broadcasting, including its transmitting and receiving parts.

Les mutations et la libéralisation des marchés agricoles et alimentaires mondiaux ont accéléré la formation de relations verticales entre producteurs et firmes agro-industrielles et la diffusion de l’agriculture dite contractuelle dans les secteurs de la production et de la commercialisation des produits agricoles. L'agriculture contractuelle est un accord entre un exploitant agricole et un acheteur (ou entreprise), établi avant la saison de production, pour une quantité et une qualité spécifiques du produit, avec sa datede livraison à un prix parfois préétabli. Le contrat garantit au producteur la vente assurée de sa production et une assistance technique et financière (crédit, technologie,intrants agricoles). L'acheteur quant à lui, a la garantie d'une offre régulière du produit et du contrôle de la qualité.Cette thèse vise à évaluer le rôle de l'agriculture contractuelle dans la durabilité des chaînes de valeur du riz au Vietnam.Dans la sphère sociale de la durabilité, nous avons démontré que les modèles d’agriculture contractuelle privilégient davantage les moyennes ou grandes exploitations agricoles du fait des coûts de transaction accompagnant le contrat et le volume de production désiré. Cela engendre l’exclusion des petits agriculteurs qui ont de faibles capacités de production. Toutefois, la participation à un système d'intégration horizontale permet de lever cette contrainte. Sur le plan économique, les producteurs sous contrat gagnent plus que les producteurs sans contrat (environ 121 USD/hectare). Finalement, sur le plan environnemental, les producteurs sous contrat sont disposés à adopter des pratiques respectueuses de l'environnement. Cependant, les coûts élevés des certifications environnementales découragent les firmes à inclure ces normes environnementales dans les attributs de contrat. / In recent years, the structure of the Vietnamese rice sector has changed. From a highly fragmented value chain producing rice for low value-added markets, the shift toward more vertically integrated and coordinated value chains through contract farming has begun to emerge. Contract farming is used as a tool to govern more effectively rice quality and penetrate new and lucrative markets for higher quality rice.Many empirical studies have assessed the role of contract farming in developing economies. Contract farming is perceived as an engine for rural development and a golden opportunity for farmers to have direct access to modern markets, agricultural inputs, credit, and technical support. Worldwide, contract farming adoption is promoted as an institutional innovation. In the Vietnamese rice sector, there is a specific legislation to encourage its diffusion such as the Small Farm Large Field program.This thesis aims at assessing the contribution of contract farming to internalize sustainable production standards in rice value chains. The central assumption of this thesis is that some contract attributes may contribute to improving sustainability. A set of attributes of performance declined in sustainable indicators was selected to test our research hypothesis. The attributes of performance stem from the Sustainable Rice Platform’s principles of sustainable rice production and the existing contract attributes in the Mekong River Delta.In the economic dimension of sustainability, we found that participation in contract farming improves the welfare of rice farmers as farmers selling their paddy using a contract gain, on average, $121 per hectare of paddy more compared to farmers producing outside of a contract. The increase in price is mainly a result of an increase in the selling price (price premium).In the social principle of sustainability, we found that participation in contract farming could improve the welfare of small rice farmers through rent and risk-sharing. Export firms share some of its profits with farmers through a price premium. However, due to the large heterogeneity of contract farming models in the Vietnamese rice sector, not all contract models facilitate risk-sharing. In a marketing contract, farmers bear all the production risks whereas in resource contracts some of the production risks may shift to the export firms. Therefore, resource contracts are more likely to improve equity through risk-sharing between farmers and export firms. Moreover, participation in resource contracts is found to improve farmers’ financial inclusion. Export firms are willing to prefinance farmers under contract. However, the opportunity cost of prefinancing may include the loss of farmers’ autonomy. Evidence from our discrete choice experiment reveals a conflicting interest between farmers and export firms regarding the decision rights in a contract. Last but not least, smallest farmers were excluded from contract farming as firms did not always want to support the transaction costs of dealing with numerous individual farmers. However, our findings suggest that the scale-bias could be successfully relaxed through the Small Farm Large Field program.Finally, in the environmental dimension of sustainability, we examined both firms’ and farmers’ prospective responses to the internalization of sustainability through contract farming using an experimental approach. Farmers are found willing to internalize the environmental dimension of sustainability through contract farming in exchange for a price premium. Export firms are found less likely to implement the GlobalG.A.P./VietGAP or the Pesticide free production standards. The cost of such standard implementation and the lack of institutional support are more likely to justify this outcome.

The vast rice production in some developing Asian countries like Indonesia raises expectation on poverty alleviation and energy diversification through second generation biofuel production from rice residues, specifically rice straw. This work attempts to estimate the potential environmental and socioeconomic benefits of rice straw-to-ethanol project in Indonesia. Literature research and interviews are performed to quantify several environmental and socioeconomic indicators that are considered as the major concerns inimplementing an energy project. Assuming all the technically available rice straw in Bali is used (~244-415 kilotonne/year), ethanol production may yield gasoline replacement, lifecycle GHG savings, GDP contribution, foreign exchange savings, and employment beneficiaries of 55-93 ML/year, 140-240 millionUSD/year, 19-32 kilotonne of CO2-equivalent/year, 100-180 million USD/year, and 2,200-3,700 persons, respectively. Sensitivity analyses are done for some parameters, showing that ethanol yield, total capital cost, feed-in-tariff for electricity, and imported crude oil price are the major factors affecting the viability of rice straw-to-ethanol project in Indonesia. / Harnessing agricultural feedstock and residues for bioethanol production - towards a sustainable biofuel strategy in Indonesia

The aim of this study is to gain a better understanding of how agricultural activities in rice cultivation areas in southern Brazil’s Pampas biome in affect biodiversity. Aquatic insects and water parameters such as pH, oxidation reduction potential (ORP), dissolved oxygen and conductivity are used as bioindicators and are measured in field sampling and analyzed in laboratory studies. Research questions have been used to further discuss how water near rice cultivation areas and sustainable agriculture should be used for the future. Three different sampling points were used for the study, organic (OR) rice fields, conventional (CON) rice fields and natural wetlands (NA). Results show no significant influence of nitrogen on the insect richness or abundance, nitrite shows significant influence but not enough to draw any strong conclusions from the result. Water parameters with the highest correlation to the insect community in this study are pH, ORP, conductivity and total dissolved solids. Both the measured pH value and ORP are strongly correlated to the chemical status of the water and the insects that live there. Too high or too low pH value is not favorable for aquatic insects or the waters biodiversity, nor a too low value of ORP. Results could not show a significant difference among the aquatic insect composition between the three measured sampling sites. Although when measuring difference in insect composition, values from PERMANOA and NMDS indicates that the measured organic areas have a higher similarity to the natural areas than the conventional areas. This study is strongly linked to a sustainable development and Agenda 2030s goal 4 and 15 since biodiversity is a fundamental thing on this earth and needs to be preserved.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第23390号 / 農博第2463号 / 新制||農||1086(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R3||N5347(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 北島 薫, 教授 神﨑 護, 准教授 三谷 羊平 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

The agricultural sector is the backbone which supports the livelihoods and the economic development of nations across the globe. In consequence, the need for robust and continuous monitoring of agricultural crops is primordial to face the interlinked challenges of growth rate population, food security and climate change. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensors have the powerful imaging capability of operating at almost all weather conditions, independent of day and night illumination. By penetrating through clouds and into the vegetation canopy, the incident radar signal interacts with the structural and dielectric properties of the vegetation and soil, thus providing critical information of the crop state, such as height, biomass, crop yield or leaf structure, which can help devise sustainable agricultural management practices. This is achieved by means of the Polarimetric SAR Interferometry (PolInSAR) technique, which by coherently combining interferometric SAR acquisitions at different polarization states allows for the retrieval of biophysical parameters of the vegetation. In this framework, this thesis focuses on the development of crop monitoring techniques that properly exploit satellite-based PolInSAR data. All the known InSAR and PolInSAR methodologies for this purpose have been analysed. The sensitivity of these data provided by the TanDEM-X bistatic system to both the physical parameters of the scene (height and structure of the plants, moisture and roughness of the soil) and the sensor configuration (polarization modes and observation geometry) is evaluated. The effect of different simplifications made in the physical model of the scene on the crop estimates is assessed. The interferometric sensitivity requirements to monitor a crop scenario are more demanding than others, such as forests. Steep incidences associated with the largest spatial baselines provided by the available data set lead to the most accurate estimates under all the different model assumptions. Shallower incidences, on the other hand, generally yield important errors due to their characteristic shorter spatial baselines. Through the methodologies proposed in this thesis, PolInSAR data have shown potential to refine current methods for the quantitative estimation of crop parameters. Results encourage to continue further research towards the objective of achieving operational crop monitoring applications. / Work supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, the State Agency of Research (AEI) and the European Funds for Regional Development (EFRD) under Project TEC2017-85244-C2-1-P. Noelia Romero-Puig received a grant from the Generalitat Valenciana and the European Social Fund (ESF) [ACIF/2018/204].

The present research measures the role of exchange rate changes in explaining variations of sugar and rice trade. As background for this research, monetary, fiscal, and exchange rate policies of the Dominican Republic since 1970 are reviewed. The theoretical framework describing the relationship between exchange rate changes and sugar and rice trade has been tested empirically using the Dominican Republic's annual data for the period of 1970-1987. Regression analyses on the import of rice and export of sugar are estimated. The regression results conform with the expectation that exchange rate variance is most influential for rice import demand and less so for sugar export demand. That is to be expected because the trade environment for sugar is more restricted by noneconomic conditions than the trade environment for rice. The estimated exchange rate elasticity for rice import demand is 1.92, while for sugar export demand it averages 0.098 in the short run and 0.242 in the long run. Export volume is relatively insensitive to changes in the U. S price for Caribbean sugar but is responsive to changes in the real exchange rate. Empirical results of this research also indicate that the import demand for rice is highly sensitive to the gross domestic product but less responsive to changes in domestic rice production and exchange rates. The monetary and fiscal policies review shows that the Dominican government has consistently followed an expansionary fiscal and monetary policy. Over time monetary expansion and increasing government expenditures have resulted in an increasing exchange rate with predicable change in Dominican exports and imports including sugar (exports) and rice (imports ), therefore having some effect on sugar and rice trade as well. Dramatic depreciation of the Dominican peso in the past three years relative to the first 15 years of the data period suggests that further research and reestimation of the link o f monetary and fiscal policies to exchange rates and commodity trade should be done as the data are available to support them .

Durant cette thèse, nous avons abordé l'étude de la réactivité en phase gazeuse des biomolécules. L’avènement des techniques d’ionisation douces telle que l’ionisation par éléctronébulisation, a rendu possible ces dernières années, la formation d'ions en phase gazeuse sans dégrader la biomolécule étudiée.La Dissociation Induite par Collision (CID) est un cas particulier de spectrométrie de masse en tandem, que nous avons utilisée durant ce travail. Le principe du CID est d'activer les modes rovibrationnelles d’un système moléculaire ionique par collision avec un gaz inerte, ce qui augmente la probabilité de fragmentation de l'ion. Bien qu'étant une technique très utile d'un point de vue analytique, la spectrométrie de masse en tandem ne donne pas d'informations sur les mécanismes des réactions se produisant dans la cellule de collision; afin d’obtenir ces informations, les simulations de dynamique chimiques apparaissent comme un outil satisfaisant. En effet, en utilisant la dynamique directe, nous évitons ainsi d'explorer la totalité de la surface d'énergie potentielle, qui devient compliquée lors de l’étude d’édifices moléculaires de grande taille. Etant donné que les simulations de dynamique chimiques sont limitées à de courtes échelles, de l’ordre de la dizaine de picosecondes, nous avons également employé la théorie unimoléculaire RRKM (Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus) pour étudier la réactivité à des temps plus longs, en vue de comprendre les processus réactionnels se produisant à l’issue du processus de relaxation vibrationnelle intramoléculaire (IVR). Durant ce travail de thèse, nous avons choisi d'étudier comme système modèle de base nucléique la molécule d'uracile. Par ailleurs,nous avons aussi étudié la réactivité en phase gazeuse de sucres (cellobiose, maltose et gentiobiose), qui ont été au préalable dérivatisés afin de localiser la charge sur la molécule et ainsi simplifier l’étude théorique associée. / In the present thesis, we address the study of the reactivity of biomolecules in the gasphase.The advent of soft ionization techniques such as electrospray ionization, made possible, in the last years, the gentle formation of ions in the gas phase without breaking the molecule understudy.Collision Induced Dissociation (CID) is aparticular case of tandem mass spectrometrydynamics simulations are pointed like asatisfactory tool. Using direct dynamics weavoid exploring the whole potential energysurface, which becomes really complicatedwhen dealing with big molecules.Since chemical dynamics simulations arerestricted to the short time scale reactivity,typically ~10ps, we make use of the Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (RRKM)unimolecular theory to study the reactivity atUniversité Paris-SaclayEspace Technologique / Immeuble DiscoveryRoute de l’Orme aux Merisiers RD 128 / 91190 Saint-Aubin, Francethat we use in the present thesis. The aim of CIDis to activate the rovibrational modes of an ionicmolecular system by collisions with an inert gas,increasing the probability of the ion of beingfragmented.Despite being a really useful technique, tandemmass spectrometry does not give informationabout the mechanisms of the reactions takingplace in the collision cell; in order to obtain suchinformation, chemicallonger time scales to understand reaction pathsthat take place after intramolecular vibrationrelaxation (IVR).In the present thesis we have chosen to study asmodel system of nucleobase the uracil molecule.Furthermore, we also studied the gas-phase reactivity of carbohydrates (cellobiose, maltose and gentiobiose), which were preliminarily derivatized in order to simplify the charge localization, and consequently the theoretical study.