One of the challenging issues with the Microgrid is that the bidirectional power flow providedby the distributed generator (DG) which modify the fault current level. Furthermore, theinverter based-renewable energy source (IB-RES) limits the total fault current contributionto the grid due to its thermal capability. Since Microgrid should be able to operate in gridconnectedand islanded mode, protection strategies are needed to solve this challenging issue.By only having IB-RES and battery storage system, the fault condition and normaloperation cannot be distinguished. Apart from fault clearing issue, there is a consideration tostudy the fault isolation in the Microgrid under the limited fault current provided by IB-RES.To have fault isolation capability, the intelligent electrical device (IED) is needed. The firststep is to find a method that can detect a fault under the fault level modification constraint.This thesis presents a zero and negative sequence current protection to detect a fault.However, to make it selective, this protection will be applied directionally. It is common thatthe distribution grid has unbalanced load operation, thus providing zero and negativesequence component in the grid. To apply the directional zero and negative sequence currentprotection, the unbalanced load flow is simulated to distinguish the fault and normaloperation under unbalanced load condition.Safety and regulation are discussed briefly in this thesis. It is important that each of theIB-RES has fault ride-through (FRT) capability that follows a regulation. However, thisregulation is expected to have a coordination with the proposed protection in the Microgridso the reliability, selectivity, and sensitivity can be achieved in grid-connected and islandedmode. This thesis shows the coordination between fuses, IED, and inverter FRT capability.After providing a protection strategy, the adaptability of the proposed protection isassessed regarding of Microgrid expansion. The result shows that by applying the schemeand following the grading margin requirement that is presented in this thesis, the Microgridexpansion will not disrupt the proposed protection coordination. Since it is known that thedistribution grid is expanding its load capacity and microgeneration in continuous basis, it isconvenient that the proposed protection in the IED is expected to be adaptable, means that ithas a fixed IED setting when the grid is expanded. The analysis is performed by electrical transient analysis program (ETAP) and MatlabSimulink. The short circuit analysis, sequence-of-operation, and unbalanced load flow aresimulated by ETAP, while the protection stability is simulated by Matlab Simulink. / Ett problem som finns med microgrid är att de distribuerade produktionsgeneratorerna harett dubbelriktat effektflöde som modifierar felströmmen. Dessutom, inverterbaseradeförnyelsebara energikällor (IB-RES) begränsar det totala felströmsbidraget på grund av desstermiska kapacitet. Eftersom microgrids ska vara operativ vid både anslutning till externt nätsamt önätsdrift behövs skyddsstrategier för att kunna hantera fel, speciellt vid önätsdrift.Om endast IB-RES och batterilager används kan feldrift och normal drift inte särskiljas.Bortsätt från felhantering är det viktigt att studera felbortkoppling för microgrid underbegränsad felström som fås av IB-RES. För att kunna åstadkomma felbortkoppling behöveren IED (från engelskans Intelligent Electronic Device). Det första steget är att finna en metodför att kunna detektera fel under fel nivå modifiering. Denna avhandling tittar på att användanoll- och minusföljds ström sekvensskydd för att detektera fel. För att göra skyddet selektivtkommer det att titta på riktningen av effektflödet. I distributionsnät är det vanligt att haobalanserade laster vilket medför noll- och negativa sekvenskomponenter i nätet. För atttillämpa riktningsskydd för noll och negativ sekvens ström simuleras ett obalanserateffektflöde för att särskilja på feldrift och normal drift vid obalanserad last.Säkerhet och förordningar diskuteras kortfattat i denna avhandling. Det är viktigt att varjeIB-RES har en feltålighet som följer vissa förordningar. Denna förordning förväntassamordna det föreslagna skyddet i micronåt så att pålitlighet, selektivitet och känslighet kanåstadkommas vid nätanslutning och önätsdrift. Denna avhandling visar samordningen mellansäkringar, IED och feltåligheten för växelomriktare.Anpassningsförmågan för det föreslagna skyddet bedöms med avseende på expansion avmicrogrid. Resultatet visar att en expansion av ett microgrid inte kommer att störa denföreslagna samordningen om skyddsmetoden och tidsfördröjningskravet som presenteras idenna avhandling följs. Eftersom det är känt att distributionsnätet kommer att fortsätta ökasin lastkapacitet och mikrogenerering, är det lämpligt att skyddet förväntas varaanpassningsbart vilket innebär att det har en fast IED inställning när nätet expanderas.Analysen genomförs med mjukvarorna electrical transient analysis program (ETAP) ochMatlab Simulink. Kortslutningsanalysen, arbetssekvensen och obalanserad lastflödesimuleras av ETAP, medan skyddsstabiliteten simuleras av Matlab Simulink.

Renewable energy is playing an increasingly significant role in power system operation and stability assessment with its numerous penetration expansion. This is not only brought by its uncertain power output and inverter-based equipment structures but also its operation characteristics like Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT). It is thus necessary to take these characteristics into consideration and further to find more adaptive schemes to implement them for more effective analysis and safer power system operation. All the aforementioned is based on the accurate identification of the system fundamental information. In this dissertation, a systematic approach is proposed to find the valid system model by estimating the transmission line parameters in the system with PMU measurements. The system transient stability assessment is conducted based on this validated model. The constrained stability region is estimated with Lyapunov functions family based method in the center of angles reference frame considering renewables LVRT as operation limits. In order to integrate the LVRT constraints, a polytopic inner approximation mechanism is introduced to linearize and organize the transformed constraints in state space, which brings much scalability to the whole process. From the voltage stability perspective, an approach to adaptively adjust LVRT settings of the renewable energy sources in the system is formulated to guarantee the system load margin and thus the voltage security. A voltage prediction method is introduced for critical renewable energy sources identification. Estimation methods based on interpolation and sensitivities are developed and conducted for saving computation effort brought by continuation power flows. Multiple test cases are studied utilizing the proposed approaches and results are demonstrated. / Doctor of Philosophy / Renewable energy utilization is continuously rising nowadays. They are clean but highly dependent on natural resources, which causes their uncertainty and intermittence in electric power output. The power system, on the other hand, is designed for schedulable and controllable power generators, which make the traditional methods for system operation and analysis of the system stability much less effective facing the trend of renewables integration. In this dissertation, a series of systematic approaches are proposed firstly identify the system parameters for more accurate system modeling through PMU measurements, then to assess the system transient stability considering the renewable energy sources operation limits, and finally to adaptively adjust these operation limit for improving the system voltage security. The operation limits are transferred into the form in terms of system states. Linearization and approximation methods are also introduced to enhance the scalability of the processes. Multiple test cases are studied with the proposed approaches and the results demonstrate their effectiveness and efficiency.

In order to reduce emissions and achieve sustainable energy systems, renewable energy is increasingly being integrated into the power grid. However, the integration of renewable energy into the grid poses several challenges, including maintaining a stable power supply under changing and unpredictable conditions. Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) assesses a generator's ability to maintain stable voltage during grid voltage drops, which is crucial for renewables due to their low inertia and vulnerability to voltage disruptions caused by changes in wind or sunlight. LVRT requirements are defined by regional grid codes and regulations, which vary in their diversity. A study was conducted using Matlab Simulink to model and simulate the LVRT phenomenon on Siemens Energy's medium gas turbine generator. The entire power system generation system was simulated to observe the system's response and the generator's behavior during LVRT events. A previous gas turbine power plant project in Romania, delivered by Siemens Energy in Finspång, was simulated for analysis and compared against the grid code requirements. The findings indicated that the Siemens Energy gas turbine model SGT-750 satisfies the Romanian LVRT grid code requirements.

High penetration of wind energy requires innovations in different areas of power engineering. Methods for improving wind energy and power system interconnection, control, and operation are proposed in this dissertation. A feed-forward transient compensation control scheme is proposed to enhance the low-voltage ride-through capability of wind turbines equipped with doubly fed induction generators. Stator-voltage transient compensation terms are introduced to suppress rotor-current overshoots and torque ripples during grid faults. A dynamic stochastic optimal power flow control scheme is proposed to optimally reroute real-time active and reactive power flow in the presence of high variability and uncertainty. The performance of the proposed power flow control scheme is demonstrated in test power systems with large wind plants. A combined energy-and-reserve wind market scheme is proposed to reduce wind production uncertainty. Variable wind reserve products are created to absorb part of the wind production variation. These fast wind reserve products can then be used to regulate system frequency and improve system security.

Avec le développement de l’éolien, les prescriptions techniques de raccordement de cette technologie obligeront le maintient de sa connexion lors d’incidents sur la tension du réseau électrique. L’enjeu pour le gestionnaire du réseau est de pouvoir utiliser tous les générateurs pour garantir la stabilité du système électrique.A partir d’un modèle dynamique d’une éolienne à base de Machine Asynchrone à Double Alimentation (MADA), une commande vectorielle améliorée a été proposée en prenant en compte la dynamique du flux statorique engendrée par la chute de tension. Les performances supérieures en terme de maintient de la production ont été établies par comparaison avec la méthode de commande classique. Son domaine d’utilisation a été également déterminé.Pendant les creux de tension importants, une protection matérielle (crowbar) est implémentée avec un contrôle de la démagnétisation de la MADA. En outre, de la puissance réactive peut être produite à la fois par la MADA et par le convertisseur connecté au réseau électrique au cours de la défaillance du réseau.Un contrôle vectoriel à hystérésis des courants pour les deux convertisseurs électroniques multiniveaux est proposé et évalué pour améliorer la réponse dynamique de ces convertisseurs et pour réduire les effets des variations des paramètres sur les performances de la commande. Selon la durée du défaut, des objectifs différents de contrôle doivent être réalisés en priorité pour empêcher des surintensités rotoriques et pour fournir de la puissance réactive. Une reconfiguration complète du dispositif de commande de cette éolienne est détaillée pour renforcer le maintient de la production éolienne lors de défaillances / With the massive development of wind energy, the technical requirements for connecting this technology will require the improvement of the fault ride-through capability of grid-connected wind turbines. The task for the grid system operator is to use all generators to ensure the stability of the electrical system.From a dynamic model of a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) based wind generator, an improved vector control has been proposed by taking into account the dynamics of the magnetic flux, which are generated by the voltage dip. The higher performances have been established by comparison with the conventional control method. The operation domain was also determined.During serious voltage dips, a hysteresis control scheme of the active Crowbar is proposed to protect the system within a demagnetization method of the DFIG. Moreover, additional reactive power can be produced both by the MADA and the grid-side converter in order to support the electric network during the grid fault.A space vector hysteresis current control strategy of both three-level converters is proposed to improve the dynamic response of the system and to reduce the parameter variation effects on the control performanceDepending on the grid fault duration, different control objectives have to be achieved with priority to restrain the rotor over-current or to supply reactive power. Then the reconfiguration scheme of the control strategies of high power DFIG wind turbine system is proposed to enhance the fault ride-through capability of the DFIG system. With this specific methodology, the DFIG can stay connected and can supply maximal reactive current during voltage dips to help voltage recovery

Les variateurs de vitesse modernes sont exclusivement basés sur l’utilisation de moteurs triphasés alimentés par des onduleurs à modulation de largeur d’impulsion (MLI). La plupart des applications modernes de la variation de vitesse, comme les ascenseurs, les grues et les machines-outils sont caractérisées principalement par un rapport élevé entre la puissance crête et la puissance moyenne et une forte demande de freinage à la puissance nominale. Dans les variateurs de vitesse ordinaires, l’énergie de freinage, qui est de l’ordre de 30 à 50% de l’énergie consommée, est dissipé dans une résistance. Outre les problèmes « énergétiques », les interruptions et dégradations de la tension d’alimentation ainsi que la qualité du courant d’entrée et la fluctuation de la charge, sont d’autres questions à aborder et à résoudre.Le super-condensateur dédié aux applications de conversion de puissance est ainsi proposé. Un variateur de vitesse équipé avec des super-condensateurs est présenté dans la thèse. Les super-condensateurs, interconnectés par un convertisseur DC-DC sont utilisés pour stocker et ré-injecter l'énergie de freinage. De plus, le convertisseur DC-DC contrôle le courant du redresseur et la tension du bus DC. Le THD du courant d’entrée est ramené à 30%. La tension du bus DC est élevée et en permanence contrôlée et lissée indépendamment de la charge et de la variation de la tension réseau. Pour terminer, les pics de puissance peuvent être lissés. La solution présentée est analysée théoriquement et vérifiée par un ensemble de simulations et expérimentations. Les résultats sont présentés et commentés / Modern controlled electric drives are exclusively based on three-phase motors that are fed from three-phase pulse width modulated (PWM) inverters. Most of modern controlled electric drive applications, such as lifts, cranes and tooling machines are characterized by high ratio of the peak to average power, and high demand for braking at the rated power. In ordinary drives, the braking energy, which represents 30-50% of the consumed energy, is dissipated on a braking resistor. Apart from the “energetic” issue, the mains interruption and degradation, the input current quality and the load fluctuation are additional issues to be addressed and solved.The ultra-capacitor dedicated for power conversion applications has been discussed. In comparison to electrochemical batteries, the ultra-capacitors have higher power density and efficiency, longer life time and greater cycling capability. This makes the ultra-capacitor an excellent candidate for power conversion applications.A new electric drive converter equipped with the ultra-capacitor is presented in the dissertation. The ultra-capacitor with an inter-connection dc-dc converter is used to store and recover the drive braking energy. Moreover, the dc-dc converter controls the rectifier current and the dc bus voltage. The drive input current THD is reduced to 30%. The dc bus voltage is boosted and controlled constant and ripple free regardless on the load and the mains voltage variation. Moreover, the drive input peak power can be smoothed. The presented solution is theoretically analysed and verified by set of simulations and experiments. The results are presented and discussed

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-04-24T19:07:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 pedromachadodealmeida.pdf: 10367147 bytes, checksum: 04b7cf913c75cb9f82395bf7b9769825 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-04-25T15:25:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pedromachadodealmeida.pdf: 10367147 bytes, checksum: 04b7cf913c75cb9f82395bf7b9769825 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-25T15:25:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pedromachadodealmeida.pdf: 10367147 bytes, checksum: 04b7cf913c75cb9f82395bf7b9769825 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-29 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A presente tese contribui para a análise, modelagem e projeto de controladores discretos de um sistema de geração fotovoltaico de 30 kWp conectado à rede elétrica sem filtros passivos. O conversor fonte de tensão (VSC) de interface é interligado a rede elétrica usando somente as indutâncias de dispersão de um banco de transformadores monofásicos como filtros harmônicos. Modelos discretos são desenvolvidos tanto para o lado CC quanto para o lado CA do conversor. A modelagem do lado CA foi feita nos sistemas de coordenadas αβ0 e dq0. Já a modelagem da dinâmica do lado CC foi feita no sistema de coordenadas dq de acordo com balanço de potência entre os terminais do VSC. Baseado nos modelos obtidos, duas estratégias básicas foram investigadas e discutidas para projetar os compensadores discretos usados para controlar as correntes sintetizadas por um sistema de geração fotovoltaico no modo de corrente. Resultados experimentais mostram que o uso apenas de controladores lineares, proporcional–integral (PI) e proporcional–ressonante (PR), sintonizados na componente fundamental não é suficiente para manter a qualidade das correntes geradas dentro dos padrões internacionais, devido a operação não linear do transformador de conexão. Para contornar o problema anterior duas soluções foram investigadas: (i) inclusão de múltiplos controladores ressonantes nas coordenadas αβ; e (ii) inclusão de um controlador repetitivo em paralelo com o controlador PI nas coordenadas dq. Resultados experimentais mostraram que ambas estratégias são adequadas para compensar as componentes harmônicas. Finalmente, foi proposta uma estratégia para controlar o conversor durante faltas assimétricas (Fault–ride through) e eliminar as oscilações no barramento CC durante condições de desbalanço. O controlador proposto é composto por uma parcela PI e duas parcelas ressonantes, as quais controlam as componentes média e oscilante, através da injeção correntes de sequencia positiva e negativa na rede, respectivamente. Resultados de simulação mostram que o controlador proposto é adequado para eliminar as oscilações no barramento CC sem prejudicar as estabilidade do sistema. / The current thesis contributes to the analysis, modelling and design of discrete time controllers which aim is to control a 30 kWp photovoltaic dispersed generation system connected to the electric grid without passive filters. In fact, the interface voltage– sourced converter (VSC) is connected to the grid using only the leakage inductance of a single–phase transformer bank as harmonic filters. Initially, discrete time models are developed to the converter’s DC–side as well as to the AC–side. The AC–side modelling is performed on αβ0 and dq0 coordinate systems. On the other hand, the DC–side dynamics are modeled on the dq frame according to the power balance between the converter’s terminals. Based on the models obtained, strategies to control the converter in the current mode control on the αβ and dq are developed and a methodology to design the controllers are addressed in details. Experimental results shown that only the use of linear controllers, proportional–integral (PI) and proportional–resonant (PR), tuned on the fundamental component are not sufficient to guarantee the quality of the generated currents according to international standards. This is due to the operation of the connection transformer in a nonlinear region. In order to overcome this drawback, two solutions are taken into account: (i) inclusion of several parallel resonant controller in αβ frame; and (ii) inclusion of a repetitive controller in parallel with the PI controller in the dq frame. Experimental results shown that both strategies are suitable to compensate the harmonic components on the output current. Finally, a strategy is proposed to control the system under asymmetrical faults (fault–ride through) and to mitigate the voltage oscillation on the DC–side during unbalance conditions. The proposed controller is composed of a PI part and two resonant parts, which controls the average and the oscillating voltage components, through the injection of positive and negative sequence currents into the grid, respectively. Simulation results shown that the proposed controller is suitable to mitigate the DC–side voltage oscillations without jeopardizing the system stability.

Attempts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are promising with the recent dramatic increase of installed renewable energy sources (RES) capacity. Integration of large intermittent renewable resources affects smart grid systems in several significant ways, such as transient and voltage stability, existing protection scheme, and power leveling and energy balancing. To protect the grid from threats related to these issues, utilities impose rigorous technical requirements, more importantly, focusing on fault ride through requirements and active/reactive power responses following disturbances. This dissertation is aimed at developing and verifying the advanced and algorithmic methods for specification of protection schemes, reactive power capability and power control requirements for interconnection of the RESs to the smart grid systems. The first findings of this dissertation verified that the integration of large RESs become more promising from the energy-saving, and downsizing perspective by introducing a resistive superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) as a self-healing equipment. The proposed SFCL decreased the activation of the conventional control scheme for the wind power plant (WPP), such as dc braking chopper and fast pitch angle control systems, thereby increased the reliability of the system. A static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) has been proposed to assist with the uninterrupted operation of the doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs)-based WTs during grid disturbances. The key motivation of this study was to design a new computational intelligence technique based on a multi-objective optimization problem (MOP), for the online coordinated reactive power control between the DFIG and the STATCOM in order to improve the low voltage ride-through (LVRT) capability of the WT during the fault, and to smooth low-frequency oscillations of the active power during the recovery. Furthermore, the application of a three-phase single-stage module-integrated converter (MIC) incorporated into a grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) system was investigated in this dissertation. A new current control scheme based on multivariable PI controller, with a faster dynamic and superior axis decoupling capability compared with the conventional PI control method, was developed and experimentally evaluated for three-phase PV MIC system. Finally, a study was conducted based on the framework of stochastic game theory to enable a power system to dynamically survive concurrent severe multi-failure events, before such failures turn into a full blown cascading failure. This effort provides reliable strategies in the form of insightful guidelines on how to deploy limited budgets for protecting critical components of the smart grid systems.

No description available.

Adding Power Electronic Interfaced Devices (PEID) generation to grids is an increasing trend because of the concurrent development of better power electronic converters and a greater interest in a better utilisation of energy resources. Small and dispersed energy sources that would previously not be worth introducing into the grid is becoming more and more viable and other potential benefits such as better control of voltage levels and smoothing out load changes also spur this development. But while there are great potential benefits of the controllability of these devices there are also risks when existing protection systems are made for the linear behaviour of traditional synchronous generators. This thesis describes the peculiarities of the short circuit behaviour of PEID generators and how this affects the short circuit energy levels in terms of short circuit current, I2t and incident arc energy. Using simulation, it is shown that in the case of the specific mine grid studied, the incident arc energy increases substantially and that this need to be considered when evaluating installation of PEID generation. / Användningen av nätansluten omformardriven generering ökar alltmer i takt med att bättre omformare utvecklas och intresset för ett effektivare nyttjande av energiresurser ökar. Små och utspridda energiresurser som tidigare inte var värda att ta vara på tillgängliggörs alltmer, och fördelar som bättre spänningsreglering och lastutjämning driver på utvecklingen. Men med de fördelar som kommer av omformarnas reglerbarhet så kommer också risker beroende av deras olinjäritet, eftersom existerande skyddssystem är anpassade till det linjära beteendet hos traditionella synkrongeneratorer. Den här avhandlingen behandlar säregenheterna i kortslutningsbeteendet hos effektelektroniska omformare och hur det påverkar kortslutningsenergin i bemärkelsen I2t, händelseenergin vid ljusbågar samt kortslutningsströmmen. Via dynamisk simulering så visas att händelseenergin i vissa fall kan öka avsevärt och att detta behöver övervägas vid installation av omformardriven generering.