This study provides the physical, mathematical and numerical basis of analysis work performed for predicting the flow around three-dimensional bluff body configurations. The flow has been treated as steady, incompressible, turbulent. The predictions were made using a two-equation turbulence model, solving transport equations for turbulence kinetic energy K and the turbulence dissipation rate ε, in addition to the partial differential equations for the conservation of mass and momentum. The program used was the well tested computer code "PHOENICS-84" based on work conducted by Prof. D.B. Spalding and Co-workers. Several computations have been performed, for three models: a single cube, a pair of cubes with different spacing, and a rudimentary representation of an offshore oil platform stucture. The prediction procedure was first tested for grid refinement and optimum solution domain size until profiles at several locations for selected variables showed little change with further increase of domain size and grid points. The effect of different wind directions was investigated for the three models; in addition, different pitching conditions of the oncoming flow were also considered for the platform-model configurations. Comparisons were made with wind tunnel test results on the same three models, and some discrepancies are noted, particularly in regions of separated, recirculating flow. Also comparisons were made with certain empirical calculation procedures used for wind load estimation in maritime engineering. Overall wind loading is nevertheless reasonably well predicted. Applications of the method in the area of wind loadings on a full scale offshore oil rig is discussed, and plans for refinement and extension of the present work are outlined. It is concluded that the present method can be used as a suitable starting point for generating a platform aerodynamics simulator. However, more work is required to this end, in order to represent adequately all aspects of platform-aerodynamics phenomena.

Notwithstanding that civil liability for pollution damage as well as compensation is emphatically recognised and established under international treaty, there is a conspicuous absence of a single comprehensive regional framework as well as universal treaty that address this issue with regards to offshore oil and gas exploration. The reason for this might not be unconnected to the occasional occurrence of offshore platform and oil well blowouts. Meanwhile, offshore operations pose a constant threat to the marine environment particularly in the face of new and continuous technological advancement as well as human quest for energy-oil supply, which has encouraged ultra deep exploration of oil and gas, therefore making ecological disaster imminent. The adoption of regional arrangement has been the trend adopted to tackle this predicament and this has been made more pronounced by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) by its declaration that ‘as much as bilateral and regional agreements are in view, global one is not’ coupled with the deafening silence of other related United Nations’ organs on the issue. So in the light of this, this study argues that Africa’s single and comprehensive regional treaty on offshore oil rig regulation is long overdue. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2015 / Centre for Human Rights / LLM / Unrestricted

The first part of the master's thesis deals with basic types and functions of dampers, together with a search of commonly used methods of damper force measurements. Consequently, a design of an on-road damper force measuring assembly is made and positioned onto a 3D model of a vehicle's damper. In the final part of the thesis there is made an evaluation of conditions of use of the measuring assembly together with its versatility.

Feed water heaters are large shell and tube heat exchangers. They from part of the Rankine cycle used in coal fired power plants with the main purpose being the improvement of the overall cycle efficiency. Like most heat exchangers, feed water heaters suffer from fouling. Fouling is defined as “any undesirable deposit on heat exchanger surfaces that increases resistance to heat transmission”. In the design of heat exchangers, fouling is accommodated by adding additional surface area to the heat exchanger. The amount of additional area is determined by the use of fouling factors. Although this is the only wide-spread method accepted in industry, the fouling factors in use are outdated, generally considered conservative and lead to oversized heat exchangers. The purpose of this study was to design and build a test rig that can accurately measure fouling factors of feed water heater tubes that has been in service for a full life cycle. A comprehensive literature study was performed to decide on the most effective test method, as well as the required instrument type and accuracy. The best method was found to be where the overall heat transfer coefficient for a fouled tube, outside cleaned tube (half clean) and clean tube was measured. The measured values are then converted to the internal, external and overall fouling factors. Validation test were done on the test rig. These included energy balance tests, theoretical comparison tests and repeatability tests. The results of all tests were acceptable and within measurement uncertainty limits. Five sample test tubes, obtained from a 30 year old LP heater at an Eskom power station, were tested. The results indicated that the average measured fouling factors were less than 20% of the commonly used HEI fouling factors. This is significantly lower and confirms that the fouling factors in use for this specific case are conservative. The test rig proved to be accurate and effective in measuring the fouling factors. Although the tests shows promising results, the small amount of tubes tested from only one heat exchanger are not sufficient to make meaningful conclusions. The test rig is now ready for a future study where a large sample of tubes can be tested.

Abstrakt Introduktion/bakgrund: I Sverige finns idag tre alpina riksidrottsgymnasier (RIG). Bland alpina idrottare är främre korsbandsruptur en vanlig skada. Rehabiliteringen är ofta lång och krävande där fysioterapeuten har en viktig roll i en lyckad rehabilitering för återgång till idrott. Syftet: Syftet med denna studie var att kartlägga förekomsten av ACLR och fysioterapeutiska insatser i rehabiliteringen hos elever på alpina RIG i Sverige. Metod: En webbenkät skickades ut till alla elever via lärare på de tre alpina riksidrottsgymnasierna. Resultat: Totalt besvarade 24 elever på enkäten. Av dessa hade 29% en främre korsbandsruptur och majoriteten av dessa elever upplevde att dem fick ett adekvat stöd av fysioterapeuten i sin rehabilitering. Drygt hälften av eleverna svarade att det fanns tillgång till fysioterapeut på skolan. Konklusion: Frekvensen av ACLR är hög hos elever på alpina RIG i Sverige. Studier med fler deltagare behövs för att kunna få ett mer omfattande resultat att dra slutsatser ifrån men författarna anser att resultatet belyser fysioterapeutens betydande roll både i rehabilitering och skade-preventiva åtgärder för elever på alpina RIG.

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Syfte Syftet med studien var att undersöka om relative age effect förekommer på svenska längdskidgymnasier bland antagna elever och hur eventuell förekomst ser ut bland flickor och pojkar samt hur det ser ut vid Riksidrottsgymnasierna och de Nationell Idrottsutbildningarna. Metod För att besvara syftet har statistisk data analyserats med hjälp av ett Pearson Chi2-test. Analysen har skett genom att undersöka födelsemånad, kön och inriktning bland antagna elever vid svenska längdskidgymnasier mellan åren 2010-2015. Resultat Resultatet visar att det finns signifikanta bevis på att relative age effect förkommer på svenska längdskidgymnasier (p= <0,05). Vid uppdelning av respektive utbildningsinriktning kunde det endast konstateras förekomst av relative age effect vid Riksidrottsgymnasierna, vid uppdelning av kön går det inte att säkerställa en signifikant förekomst av relative age effect. Slutsatser Studiens resultat visar att det förekommer relative age effect på svenska längdskidgymnasier, dock varierar den mellan de analyserade undervariablerna. Tydligast förekommer relative age effect vid Riksidrottsgymnasierna, medan det vid Nationell Idottsutbildning, kunde det inte konstateras bevis för en signifikant överrepresentation av elever födda under första kvartalet. När flickor och pojkar analyserades separat kunde ingen relative age effect konstateras. Det behövs mer forskning inom området för att få en överblick av konsekvenserna av relative age effect på längdskidgymnasier men även konsekvenserna för svensk längdskidåkning i stort. / Aim The purpose of this study was to investigate if relative age effect occurs at Swedish cross-country ski schools and if there were a differences in the presence among boys and girls, and between Riksidrottsgymnasier (Country-wide sport academy) and Nationell Idrottsutbildning (National sport academy). Method To answer the aim, statistical data were analyzed using a Pearson Chi2-test. The analysis has been done by examining birth month, sex and education among students at Swedish cross-country ski schools between 2010-2015. Results The result shows that there is a significant evidence of relative age effect at Swedish cross-country ski schools (p= <0,05). When the results were partial between Riksidrottsgymnasier and Nationell Idrottsutbildning, the relative age effect was only seen at Riksidrottsgymnasierna. There were no significant evidence for relative age effect when boys and girls where analyzed separately. Conclusion The results show that relative age effect appears on Swedish cross-country ski schools; however, there were some varies between analyzed variables. Strongest evidence for relative age effect was seen at Riksidrottsgymnaiserna. Further research is needed to get a overview of the consequences of relative age effect at cross-country ski schools, and the consequences it has in Swedish cross-country skiing overall, both for younger and older skiers.

O objetivo do trabalho é analisar alguns elementos retóricos e estilísticos de certos hinos gregos de várias épocas. Partindo deles, são estudos também alguns hinos da tradição indiana mais antiga, contidos no Rig Veda, a fim de sugerir traços comuns a essas duas tradições hínicas indo-européias e as suas respectivas especificidades. A tese procura apontar, com base na leitura de hinos paradigmáticos, as estratégias formais dos poetas para louvar a divindade. A preocupação básica é com as estruturas dos hinos, com os expedientes de que se vale o poeta para expressar seu louvor. São descritos os meios com que, no hino grego, a divindade é atraída para perto e como, em certos poemas, essa convenção é quebrada para alcançar efeitos literários. Estudam-se pares contrastantes que estruturam a composição de determinados hinos e também como esse mesmo contraste, em outros casos, é deliberadamente borrado em benefício do louvor. Quanto aos hinos rigvédicos, sugere-se uma forma peculiar a partir do qual se estruturam, a saber, a partir do seu centro. Conclui-se que, em ambas as tradições - a grega e a indiana - o hino é uma oferenda que instaura entre deus e devoto uma relação de reciprocidade na qual ele próprio, hino, atua como objeto de troca - um objeto de troca digno da estima divina, que chama atenção sobre si mesmo à força da sua elaboração estilística e retórica. / This work aims at analyzing some rhetorical and stylistic features of some Greek hymns from various periods. Taking them as a starting point, some hymns from the Rig Veda will be studied as well, in order to assess certain common characteristics of both hymnic traditions and their peculiarities. Based on the close reading of the hymns, the author tries to show the poet\'s formal strategy to praise the deity. The structure of each hymn is a main concern, as are the devices used by the poet to give voice to his praise. As for the Greek hymns, it will be described how the poet persuades the deity to come near and how he builds his work based on contrasting pairs. As for the Rigvedic hymns, it is suggested that some of them are organized around its middle section. The conclusion to be drawn is that in both traditions - in the Greek and the Indian one - the hymn is an offering that creates a bond of reciprocity between deity and his worshipper. The hymn itself is valued in the exchange by means of its stylistic and rhetorical quality.

O objetivo do trabalho é analisar alguns elementos retóricos e estilísticos de certos hinos gregos de várias épocas. Partindo deles, são estudos também alguns hinos da tradição indiana mais antiga, contidos no Rig Veda, a fim de sugerir traços comuns a essas duas tradições hínicas indo-européias e as suas respectivas especificidades. A tese procura apontar, com base na leitura de hinos paradigmáticos, as estratégias formais dos poetas para louvar a divindade. A preocupação básica é com as estruturas dos hinos, com os expedientes de que se vale o poeta para expressar seu louvor. São descritos os meios com que, no hino grego, a divindade é atraída para perto e como, em certos poemas, essa convenção é quebrada para alcançar efeitos literários. Estudam-se pares contrastantes que estruturam a composição de determinados hinos e também como esse mesmo contraste, em outros casos, é deliberadamente borrado em benefício do louvor. Quanto aos hinos rigvédicos, sugere-se uma forma peculiar a partir do qual se estruturam, a saber, a partir do seu centro. Conclui-se que, em ambas as tradições - a grega e a indiana - o hino é uma oferenda que instaura entre deus e devoto uma relação de reciprocidade na qual ele próprio, hino, atua como objeto de troca - um objeto de troca digno da estima divina, que chama atenção sobre si mesmo à força da sua elaboração estilística e retórica. / This work aims at analyzing some rhetorical and stylistic features of some Greek hymns from various periods. Taking them as a starting point, some hymns from the Rig Veda will be studied as well, in order to assess certain common characteristics of both hymnic traditions and their peculiarities. Based on the close reading of the hymns, the author tries to show the poet\'s formal strategy to praise the deity. The structure of each hymn is a main concern, as are the devices used by the poet to give voice to his praise. As for the Greek hymns, it will be described how the poet persuades the deity to come near and how he builds his work based on contrasting pairs. As for the Rigvedic hymns, it is suggested that some of them are organized around its middle section. The conclusion to be drawn is that in both traditions - in the Greek and the Indian one - the hymn is an offering that creates a bond of reciprocity between deity and his worshipper. The hymn itself is valued in the exchange by means of its stylistic and rhetorical quality.

The aim of this project was to develop and improve Intuitive Aerial AB airborne camera rig system, the biggest focus area in this project has been on the upper part of the UAV camera rig system, whether proofing and make it more portable during transports is the main goal, I am using industrial design methodology to do this.Intuitive Aerial AB is developing a new model of their airborne camera rig system to the NAB show (National Association of Broadcasts) in April 6-11 2013 in Las Vegas USA. The airborne Camera rig is an UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) that targets the professional film and photography industry.Idea generation, sketching, prototype, brainstorming, user research, market analysis, CAD modeling and rendering are some of the industrial design methods used in this project. This project has had a tight time schedule to be ready for the NAB Show. This means that development and production has been hands on.The result presented in this report is a new design of the Intuitive Aerial airborne camera rig system. That is produced to the NAB show in Las Vegas. After the NAB Show in Las Vegas a concept study of the camera rig system has been made. And is visualised as sketches and 3D model renderings.