The master thesis deals with security in the energy sector. As it is historically clear that the vast majority of accidents, incidents, injuries and other negative occasions were caused by the human factor. Therefore, the first goal of this work was to find a solution for the purpose of reducing the possibility of arising these problems. Therefore, attention was focused on the investigation and subsequent determination of a working safe climate within the researched company, which aims to prevent the emergence of serious situations, as this method is based on behavioural theories that take into account the study of human factors. The second partial goal of this diploma thesis was to determine the degree of security required for the production area of the company so that the basic safety requirements are met, and last but not least, the model situation of securing the production power unit is shown too.

Urbanisering och klimatförändringar i form av intensivare nederbörd är idag tvåproblemområden som båda påverkar hur samhället hanterar dagvatten, särskilt när dekombineras. Syftet med denna uppsats är därmed att undersöka hur dessa aspekter påverkar dagvattenhanteringen och vad som händer när det går fel vid planering och byggnation. Utöver det är målet att försöka identifiera områden som riskerar översvämmas på grund av detta. Till hjälp har en litteraturstudie gjorts samt platsbesök, intervjuer och analysering av flertalet kartor. Arbetet handlar om och utgår från Gustavslund, ett område i Vallentuna kommun. Här har det kommit fram att vid byggnation har dagvattnet inte hanterats korrekt och lett till översvämningar på äldre fastigheter. Dagvattensystemet och dess utloppspunkter är i grunden det störstaproblemet. Det beror delvis på felaktig planering från början i samband med lösningar som inte fungerat, men även dåligt ansvarstagande från kommunens sida. Vid planeringen utgicks det från att vardera fastighet skulle ta hand om vattnet själva med hjälp av lokalt omhändertagande av dagvatten (LOD), men detta har inte genomförts. Dagvattnet leds till ett fåtal fastigheter där det i dagsläget har svårt att föras vidare. Detta är på grund av klena trummor under närliggande väg som lutar fel samt ett pumpsystem och diken med dålig kapacitet. Även ledningar, både privata och gemensamma, med dålig prestanda bidrar till problematiken. Baserat påGustavslund kan ett par slutsatser dras i ett försök att identifiera liknande riskområden.Indikationer kan innebära bland annat att privata ledningar finns som inte kan hantera mängden vatten eller att stora höjdskillnader förekommer och leder till naturliga vattensamlingar ibostadsområden. Förhoppningarna med denna rapport är att snabbare hitta problemområden och åtgärda dessa innan problem med översvämningar uppstår. / Urbanization and climate change in the shape of more intense rainfall are today two problematic areas that both affect how society handles stormwater, especially when they are combined. The purpose of this essay is to examine how these two aspects contribute to stormwatermanagement and what happens when it goes poorly when planning and building. On top of that the goal is to identify areas that risk flooding because of this. To help with this a literature study has been done as well as a site visit, interviews and analysis of several maps. This study isabout and based upon Gustavslund, an area within Vallentuna municipality. It’s been known that the stormwater treatment when building here has not been done correctly which has led tofloodings at older properties. The system for run-off water and its outlet points is mainly the biggest problem. This is partly due to poor planning in combination with solutions that did not work, but also bad responsibility taking from the municipality. When planning it was assumedthat each household was to handle the run-off water on their own, but this has not been done. The water ends up on a few properties where it can barely keep going. This is because of feeble road drums turned the wrong way but also a pump system and ditches with low capacity. Also pipelines, both private and communal, with poor dimensions contribute to the problem. Based on Gustavslund, a few conclusions can be drawn to try and identify similar areas at risk.Indications can for instance involve private pipes that cannot handle the amount of water or big height differences in the terrain that leads to places where water gathers naturally in residential areas. Hopefully this report will help find these problematic areas faster and remedy thesebefore problems with flooding occur.

[pt] Este trabalho trata da expansão urbana no entorno do Parque Nacional da Tijuca, uma área de preservação ambiental dentro da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, centro urbano com cerca de 6.300.000 habitantes. O objetivo principal foi estudar, através de avaliações feitas com base em imagens de satélite e fotos aéreas de oito favelas vizinhas ao Parque (Borel, Cerro Corá, Complexo do Turano, Mata Machado, Vila Parque da Cidade, Rocinha, Salgueiro e Santa Marta) a modificação ocorrida no uso do solo, entre os anos de 1999 a 2009, principalmente na variação da área edificada e em locais situados acima da cota 100m e encostas com declividade do terreno superior a 45 graus. Com a utilização de programas computacionais de sistemas de informação geográfica e interpretação visual de imagens, foram obtidas importantes conclusões sobre a tendência de expansão das favelas analisadas. Em todas, foram constatadas taxas de crescimento mínimo da ordem de 3,6 por cento acima da cota 100m e da ordem de 1,6 por cento nas áreas de encostas com declividade acima de 450, que indicam um agravamento ao risco de escorregamentos de terra ao qual estas populações estão expostas. Em contrapartida, foi também possível observar os bons resultados da política de reflorestamento, constatadas nas variações positivas de área de cobertura vegetal em várias destas favelas, através do programa Mutirão Reflorestamento da Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro, iniciado em 1987. / [en] This workwill focus on the urban expansion around the National Park of Tijuca, an area of environmental protection within the city of Rio de Janeiro, anurban center with a population of approximately 6.300.000 inhabitants and 1023 registered slums. The main objective is to study, through estimates made using satellite images and aerial photos, the modification in the land use in eight slums situated around the park (Borel, Cerro Corá, Complexo do Turano, Mata Machado, Vila Parque da Cidade, Rocinha, Salgueiro e Santa Marta) during a ten year period from 1999 to 2009. Two specific aspects, concerning new constructions above 100m of altitude and on slopes with declivity superior to 45 degrees, will be examined in detail, since they are restrictions provided by law. With the use of geographic information systems and visual interpretation of images, several important conclusions were obtained about the expansion tendency of these slums. In all of them the growing rate was at least 3.6 per cent above the 100m altitudeand at least 1.6 per cent in areas with declivity superior to 45degrees, indicating that these populations are exposed to serious risks of landslides. On the other hand, it was also possible to notice the good results of the reforestation policy, initiated by the City of Rio de Janeiro in 1987, given the positive variations in the areas of vegetation observed in several of the slums analyzed in this work.

[pt] Os segmentos de geração, transmissão e distribuição constituem a cadeia produtiva do setor elétrico, sendo o consumidor ou carga o último elo que deve ser atendido pelas distribuidoras. A percepção de qualidade, e consequentemente a satisfação do cliente, está intrinsecamente relacionada, entre outros fatores, à continuidade do fornecimento assegurada pelas concessionárias. No Brasil, a Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL) é responsável por regular o setor de distribuição e estabelecer indicadores de referência com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência das concessionárias em termos de confiabilidade e qualidade do serviço prestado. Diversos fatores podem impactar a continuidade da distribuição de energia, sendo alguns mais conhecidos e gerenciáveis pelas empresas, como quedas de objetos na rede ou sobrecarga de equipamentos. No entanto, outros fatores, como restrições de acesso a determinadas áreas devido à violência e ao controle territorial por grupos criminosos, apresentam desafios complexos e de gerenciabilidade inexistente por parte das distribuidoras. Essas limitações dificultam a pronta recomposição do serviço em situações emergenciais, resultando em tempos de falha mais longos e afetando negativamente os indicadores de continuidade monitorados pela ANEEL, bem como a satisfação do consumidor. Neste contexto, a presente dissertação propõe uma metodologia focada em identificar os ativos da distribuidora localizados em áreas com evidências de violência, o que implica em acesso limitado pelas equipes de campo. É utilizada a base de dados geográfica da distribuidora (BDGD) para identificar as unidades transformadoras em áreas com evidências de violência, também delineadas por plataformas de dados públicos. Técnicas de clusterização e testes estatísticos são então utilizados para aferir se os índices de continuidade nessas áreas são significativamente diferentes e superiores aos de locais em que não se observa registros de violência. Sistemas de distribuição dos estados do Rio de Janeiro e Pernambuco são utilizados para testar a eficácia da metodologia proposta. Diversos testes são realizados e os resultados obtidos são plenamente discutidos. / [en] The segments of generation, transmission and distribution constitute the production chain of the electricity sector, with the consumer or load being the last link that must be served by the distributors. The perception of quality, and consequently customer satisfaction, is intrinsically related, among other factors, to the continuity of supply ensured by the concessionaires. In Brazil, the National Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL) is responsible for regulating the distribution sector and establishing benchmarks in order to assess the efficiency of concessionaires in terms of reliability and quality of service provided. Several factors can impact the continuity of energy distribution, some of which are better known and manageable by companies, such as falling objects on the network or overloading equipment. However, other factors, such as access restrictions to certain areas due to violence and territorial control by criminal groups, present complex challenges and non-existent manageability on the part of the distributors. These limitations make it difficult to promptly restore the service in emergency situations, resulting in longer failure durations and negatively affecting the continuity indicators monitored by ANEEL, as well as consumer satisfaction. In this context, this dissertation proposes a methodology focused on identifying the distributor s assets located in areas with evidence of violence, which implies limited access by field service teams. The distribution company s geographic database (BDGD) is used to identify transforming units in areas with evidence of violence, also delineated by public data platforms. Clustering techniques and statistical tests are then used to assess whether the continuity indices in these areas are significantly different and higher than those in places where there are no records of violence. Distribution systems in the states of Rio de Janeiro and Pernambuco are used to test the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. Several tests are carried out and the results obtained are fully discussed.