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Unintentional injury is the leading cause of death and disability in children. Many injuries to school-aged children occur during unsupervised peer activities, but peer influences on risky behavior in preadolescence remain under-investigated. We examined peer context effects on reported risk-taking, identified predictors of peer influence, and compared peer influence in high- and low-social-functioning groups. Forty-one boys aged 8-10 years listened to scenarios in which they encountered opportunities for risk-taking (e.g., swimming unsupervised, playing with matches) with their best friends, with "cool guys" (desired peers), with disliked peers, and alone. They rated the likelihood that they would engage in risky behavior in each condition for each scenario. Children also completed measures of friendship satisfaction, peer orientation, and socially desirable responding. Parents completed the CBCL and an injury history form. Children reported more risk-taking with positive peers than alone, and less with negative peers than alone. Four variables (peer orientation, friendship satisfaction, social problems, mother unmarried) accounted for 77% of the observed variance in peer influence on risk-taking. Children in the high social competence group showed larger peer influence, and indicated a preference for risk-taking with best friends over cool guys. Results are discussed in terms of improving injury prevention efforts by reconceptualizing "peer pressure" as a developmentally adaptive aspect of child functioning. / Master of Science

Adolescent reckless behavior is a major concern for society because it leads to the three most common causes of mortality for this age group. Body image and self-esteem have been proposed as constructs that have an effect on adolescents’ participation in reckless behavior. Self-esteem, however, has been garnering criticism in recent years for promoting narcissism and downward social comparison with others. Self-compassion is an alternative to self-esteem that focuses on accepting oneself and having feelings of common humanity. This report proposes a study that would measure reckless behavior in adolescents, and look at the effect self-compassion, self-esteem, and body image has on it. In addition, self-compassion will be examined to see if it moderates the effect body image has on self-esteem. / text

Seriam as estratégias de Desconto do Futuro e as Estratégias Sexuais resultante de um mecanismo cognitivo comum de alocação de investimento? O Desconto do Futuro referese ao fato das pessoas (e outros organismos) normalmente preferirem consumir e adquirir recursos de maneira mais iminente do que esperar por um futuro incerto, envolvendo comportamentos impulsivos e de risco (Daly & Wilson, 2001). As estratégias sexuais são um sistema integrado de adaptações que organizam e guiam a alocação dos esforços reprodutivos dos indivíduos. Influenciando como os indivíduos selecionam parceiros, no quanto investem nas esferas de acasalamento e parental, etc (Buss & Schmitt, 1993). As variações encontradas entre os sexos e os indivíduos nessas duas estratégias comportamentais são resultado da alocação diferencial de investimento parental. A existência comum de variação entre os sexos e individuais, assim como a correlação direta das duas estratégias apoiaria a existência de um mecanismo comum. No presente trabalho foram realizados dois estudos. No primeiro estudo foram encontradas somente para as mulheres, relações diretas entre as estratégias, em que mulheres mais descontadoras eram sexualmente mais irrestritas, além de variações comuns entre as estratégias e fatores ontogenéticos e comportamentais. No segundo estudo foram confirmadas a relação direta feminina e foi encontrada a mesma relação para os homens, além de variações comuns entre as estratégias e fatores comportamentais. Os resultados apóiam a hipótese de mecanismo cognitivo comum de alocação de investimento, mostrando diferentes especificidades e sensibilidade entre os sexos. / Could Future Discounting and Sexual Strategies result of a common cognitive mechanism of investment allocation? Future Discounting refers to the fact that people (and other organism) usually prefer to consume and acquire resources in a more imminent way than wait for a uncertain future, involving impulsivity and risky behavior (Daly & Wilson, 2001). Sexual Strategies are a integrated system of adaptations that organize and guide individual allocation of reproductive efforts, influencing how individuals select partners, how much they invest in the mating and parental spheres, etc (Buss & Schmitt, 1993). Variations found between sexes and individuals in this behavioral strategies are resultant of differential parental investment allocation. The existence of common variation between sexes and individuals, such as correlations of the two strategies, support the existence of a common mechanism. In the present work were realized two studies. In the first study was found, only for women, direct relationship between the strategies, where the more discounting women are more sexually unrestricted, and were found common variation between the strategies and ontogenetic and environmental factors. In the second study was conformed the direct relationship to women and was found the same relationship to men, and common variations between the strategies and behavioral factors. The results support the hypotheses of common cognitive mechanism of investment allocation, showing different specificities and sensibilities between sexes.

Seriam as estratégias de Desconto do Futuro e as Estratégias Sexuais resultante de um mecanismo cognitivo comum de alocação de investimento? O Desconto do Futuro referese ao fato das pessoas (e outros organismos) normalmente preferirem consumir e adquirir recursos de maneira mais iminente do que esperar por um futuro incerto, envolvendo comportamentos impulsivos e de risco (Daly & Wilson, 2001). As estratégias sexuais são um sistema integrado de adaptações que organizam e guiam a alocação dos esforços reprodutivos dos indivíduos. Influenciando como os indivíduos selecionam parceiros, no quanto investem nas esferas de acasalamento e parental, etc (Buss & Schmitt, 1993). As variações encontradas entre os sexos e os indivíduos nessas duas estratégias comportamentais são resultado da alocação diferencial de investimento parental. A existência comum de variação entre os sexos e individuais, assim como a correlação direta das duas estratégias apoiaria a existência de um mecanismo comum. No presente trabalho foram realizados dois estudos. No primeiro estudo foram encontradas somente para as mulheres, relações diretas entre as estratégias, em que mulheres mais descontadoras eram sexualmente mais irrestritas, além de variações comuns entre as estratégias e fatores ontogenéticos e comportamentais. No segundo estudo foram confirmadas a relação direta feminina e foi encontrada a mesma relação para os homens, além de variações comuns entre as estratégias e fatores comportamentais. Os resultados apóiam a hipótese de mecanismo cognitivo comum de alocação de investimento, mostrando diferentes especificidades e sensibilidade entre os sexos. / Could Future Discounting and Sexual Strategies result of a common cognitive mechanism of investment allocation? Future Discounting refers to the fact that people (and other organism) usually prefer to consume and acquire resources in a more imminent way than wait for a uncertain future, involving impulsivity and risky behavior (Daly & Wilson, 2001). Sexual Strategies are a integrated system of adaptations that organize and guide individual allocation of reproductive efforts, influencing how individuals select partners, how much they invest in the mating and parental spheres, etc (Buss & Schmitt, 1993). Variations found between sexes and individuals in this behavioral strategies are resultant of differential parental investment allocation. The existence of common variation between sexes and individuals, such as correlations of the two strategies, support the existence of a common mechanism. In the present work were realized two studies. In the first study was found, only for women, direct relationship between the strategies, where the more discounting women are more sexually unrestricted, and were found common variation between the strategies and ontogenetic and environmental factors. In the second study was conformed the direct relationship to women and was found the same relationship to men, and common variations between the strategies and behavioral factors. The results support the hypotheses of common cognitive mechanism of investment allocation, showing different specificities and sensibilities between sexes.

Traditional college students are members of an age bracket noted for high levels of risky behavior, and research has shown that certain risky behaviors, such as disordered eating and problematic alcohol use, are particularly common among undergraduates. It is well established that certain events in the learning history predispose vulnerable persons to engage in maladaptive risky behaviors. What is less clear is why some persons facing these events go on to develop maladaptive behavior while others do not, or why people facing similar events develop different varieties of maladaptive behaviors. Current research has focused extensively on risk factors that are common across dysregulated behaviors (e.g., affect dysregulation, impulsivity, etc.); however, few studies have yet explored which risk factors differentiate risk for different maladaptive behaviors. Likely, certain mediating factors, such as beliefs about one's capability to tolerate the aversive aspects of a specific behavior, may differentiate groups at-risk for engaging in different maladaptive behaviors. Being able to determine specific risk factors for maladaptive behaviors would have obvious predictive value for targeted prevention and intervention efforts. Nevertheless, current research in the fields of risky behavior has relatively neglected the exploration of these specific risk factors, leading to theoretical, measurement, and application gaps in the literatures surrounding these problematic areas. This study aspires to address some of those gaps, by extending the construct of acquired capability (i.e., the role of exposure and habituation to certain events in the learning history that predict the development of the ability to engage in risky behaviors despite emotional or physical discomfort) from the field of self-harm to other risky behaviors. Acquired capability as a differentially-specific risk factor has been widely validated in the field of self-harm, but has been relatively unexplored in the fields of disordered eating and problematic alcohol. As such, this study aims to develop a measure of acquired capability for disordered eating and problematic alcohol use, then validate this measure by exploring associations between acquired capability-enhancing events in the learning history, acquired capability-related beliefs, and actual risk behaviors, over and above the contributions of other common risk factors (e.g., affect dysregulation, sensation seeking) in a sample of female college undergraduates.

School prevention methodist plays a key role in the successful elimination of risky behavior in the school environment. His function has undergone changes since its establishment, as has the context of its operation. This thesis is focused on the process of generating the position of a prevention methodist and the changes that have affected his current position. It also outlines current issues related to the performance of the function of school preventionist. The theoretical part presents the current legislative framework in which the school prevention methodist operates, as well as earlier legislation, and draws attention to the possible pitfalls of some legal norms. It also places the person of the ŠMP in the intra-ministerial system of school prevention and more broadly in the inter-ministerial organization of prevention. For a better understanding of the current situation, the theoretical part of the work opens a look into the history of prevention in the Czech Republic, or ČSFR, respectively. It characterizes the basic concepts associated with the person of the school prevention methodist, ie primary prevention, risk behavior, etc. The essential part is devoted to a broader understanding of the role of school prevention methodist through a look at the development of his function and the...

Any form of self harm can be triggering and hard for most people to be confronted with. Sexually risky behaviour and sex as self-injury among young people is no exception. This study aims to explore and analyse how social workers in the field of psychiatric care for young people in Sweden work with this group. For this study four interviews were conducted and analysed with systems theory.  To further deepen the studies result, a variation of literature has been included. The result of the study showed how dedicated social workers worked in interprofessional teams as well as with the youths families, in ordr to provide the youth with care suitable for their needs. The results from both the interviews as well as the literature reviewshow that although there is currently a need for more structured and evidence-based guidelines and work methods, it is a field where forward-looking research and great development are constantly present.

Basis: In the Czech Republic, an estimated 46.8 thousand problem drug users and the prevalence of infectious diseases (mainly viral hepatitis C) among problem users are high. This may be related not only to the actual use of drugs but also to their risky sexual behavior through which they can transmit infectious diseases as well. Objective: The main goal of this thesis is to describe the occurrence of risk sexual behavior in problem drug addicts using low-threshold addictology services in České Budějovice. Methods: The results of this thesis were processed on the basis of answers from an anonymous questionnaire from 50 clients of the contact center in České Budějovice, with a total of 12% of clients' contact centers. They were addressing respondents who came to take advantage of the exchange program or contact room. A total of 19 women and 31 men participated in the survey, the average age of respondents was 32 years. The research results were identified and processed in graphs through descriptive statistics. The data was evaluated in Microsoft Excel and then in Microsoft Word. Results: The results show a certain connection between problematic use of addictive substances and risky sexual behavior. Respondents who have ever been sexually at risk have mostly become drug addicts (88% of respondents),...

v anglickém jazyce In this thesis called "Perspective Orientation of Girls Situated in Diagnostic Institution" I deal with young people with behavioral disorders. In the first part I am trying to describe the meaning of term adolescence. I tried to describe the main problems of this phase of life and show to reader spectrum or variety of risk and delinquent behavior. I shortly introduced topic of perspective orientation and described function of Diagnostic Institution. In practical part I firstly described methods of research. Partially I used printed documents for part of my research. Second and the main part is based on personal written works of clients themselves. By form of open questions I tried to learn ideas of clients about the future. In the first part of research I tried to understand family background of respondents and socio-economic status of their families. I was also interested in region girls came from. Finally, I was interested in reasons why clients are in Diagnostic Institution. Is it because of drugs or something completely different? In the second part of my research I used technique of interview directly with clients. I tried to analyze and valuate results. I compare my findings with other studies on this subject and find and describe similarities and differences. Besides...