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Classic studies found advantages of pictures over words in memory (picture superiority effect). This paper applied the picture superiority effect to road signs to examine whether people remembered picture road signs better than word road signs. People remembered picture road signs better than word road signs, as evidenced on a recognition test. However, in real driving situations drivers do not need to remember the meaning of one road sign for a long time; rather, they need to continuously update information from sequentially encountered road signs. Therefore, Experiment 2 explored the differences in updating memory between pictures and words. Memory for the most recently viewed road signs was different depending on the form (picture, word) of the previously encountered road sign. Previously encountered picture items impaired memory significantly more than previously encountered words. These findings demonstrate that superior picture memory sometimes can be detrimental, especially when remembering recent information.

Os simuladores de direção são ferramentas de pesquisa que permitem estudar o comportamento do condutor em diversos cenários de direção, de forma rápida, segura e econômica. Este estudo faz parte de um projeto de pesquisa que visa utilizar essas ferramentas na avaliação de projetos de sinalização, antes da sua implantação na rodovia. Em particular, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar como os condutores percebem a sinalização vertical dentro de um ambiente simulado de direção, apoiado no uso de um sistema de rastreio do olhar. O andamento da pesquisa abrangeu a montagem do simulador e do sistema de rastreio do olhar, a geração do ambiente simulado de direção, o experimento no simulador para medir a percepção da sinalização dentro do ambiente virtual, e por último, a análise e validação dos resultados. No experimento, 21 condutores dirigiram em um trecho de 10 quilômetros da rodovia BR-116 que possui 31 sinais de trânsito, para mensurar a distância de percepção, o número de fixações e o tempo de observação da sinalização, assim como a variação da velocidade após percepção da mesma. A percepção da sinalização dentro do ambiente virtual foi semelhante à reportada na literatura para estudos em estradas: em média, os condutores perceberam um de cada três sinais, o tempo de observação foi de 360 milissegundos, a distância de percepção foi de 100 metros e somente a percepção dos limites de velocidade foi relevante no comportamento dos condutores. Adicionalmente, obteve-se uma validade relativa entre as velocidades no simulador e as velocidades de operação medidas no trecho estudado. Nesse sentido, os resultados deste estudo sustentam a viabilidade e a validade do simulador de direção na avaliação de projetos de sinalização. Finalmente, como contribuição adicional, propuseram-se medidas para aprimorar a sinalização no trecho estudado e o realismo do simulador de direção. / Driving simulators are research tools that allow studying driver behavior on several driving scenarios, in a safely and cost-effective way. This study pertains to a research project whose goal is to use these tools in the assessment of road signage projects, before their implementation on roadway. In particular, the goal of this study was to analyze how drivers perceive road signs within a simulated driving environment, supported by an eye tracking system. The research development included the assembling of the driving simulator and the eye tracking system, the generation of the simulated environment, an experiment to measure the signaling perception within that environment, and finally, the analysis and validation of the results. In the experiment, twenty-one drivers drove over a ten-kilometer virtual segment of the BR-116 roadway, that has thirty-one traffic signs, in order to measure the number of eye fixations, the perception distance and the observation time over each sign, as well as, the speed change after its perception. The perception of the road signs within the virtual environment was similar to that reported in the literature for on-road studies: in average, the drivers perceived one-third of the traffic signs, the mean observation time was 360 milliseconds, the mean perception distance was 100 meters and only the speed limit signs perception was relevant on the drivers behavior. Furthermore, it was observed a relative validity between the driving simulator speeds and the actual operating speeds in the studied segment. In that sense, this study shows the feasibility and validity of using driving simulators to assess road signage projects. Finally, some countermeasures were proposed in order to enhance both the road signaling of the studied segment and the road signs perception within the simulated driving environment.

The conversion towards a more automated transport system causes new challenges for information sharing, responsibilities and infrastructure requirements. This study examines autonomous vehicles’ need of reliable information and infrastructure, and how it affects the future road transport system, with focus on road signs. The purpose of the study is to investigate how cooperation among different actors can meet the vehicles’ need of information, with the assumption of mixed traffic including vehicles of different automation levels. Interviews were conducted with representatives from the automotive industry, the transport administration, the transport agency and a transport research lab. The results indicate great complexity and diversity among the actors perspectives upon how the automated transport system will be designed in the future. It is clear that autonomous driving will be limited to geofenced areas and restricted under special conditions, at least in the near future. Redundant and secure information obtained e.g. from digital maps, cloud services and vehicle sensors will be important for the future automated vehicle to make accurate strategic-, tactical- and operational decisions. Further, it is important that actors collaborate and share this information with each other.

Os simuladores de direção são ferramentas de pesquisa que permitem estudar o comportamento do condutor em diversos cenários de direção, de forma rápida, segura e econômica. Este estudo faz parte de um projeto de pesquisa que visa utilizar essas ferramentas na avaliação de projetos de sinalização, antes da sua implantação na rodovia. Em particular, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar como os condutores percebem a sinalização vertical dentro de um ambiente simulado de direção, apoiado no uso de um sistema de rastreio do olhar. O andamento da pesquisa abrangeu a montagem do simulador e do sistema de rastreio do olhar, a geração do ambiente simulado de direção, o experimento no simulador para medir a percepção da sinalização dentro do ambiente virtual, e por último, a análise e validação dos resultados. No experimento, 21 condutores dirigiram em um trecho de 10 quilômetros da rodovia BR-116 que possui 31 sinais de trânsito, para mensurar a distância de percepção, o número de fixações e o tempo de observação da sinalização, assim como a variação da velocidade após percepção da mesma. A percepção da sinalização dentro do ambiente virtual foi semelhante à reportada na literatura para estudos em estradas: em média, os condutores perceberam um de cada três sinais, o tempo de observação foi de 360 milissegundos, a distância de percepção foi de 100 metros e somente a percepção dos limites de velocidade foi relevante no comportamento dos condutores. Adicionalmente, obteve-se uma validade relativa entre as velocidades no simulador e as velocidades de operação medidas no trecho estudado. Nesse sentido, os resultados deste estudo sustentam a viabilidade e a validade do simulador de direção na avaliação de projetos de sinalização. Finalmente, como contribuição adicional, propuseram-se medidas para aprimorar a sinalização no trecho estudado e o realismo do simulador de direção. / Driving simulators are research tools that allow studying driver behavior on several driving scenarios, in a safely and cost-effective way. This study pertains to a research project whose goal is to use these tools in the assessment of road signage projects, before their implementation on roadway. In particular, the goal of this study was to analyze how drivers perceive road signs within a simulated driving environment, supported by an eye tracking system. The research development included the assembling of the driving simulator and the eye tracking system, the generation of the simulated environment, an experiment to measure the signaling perception within that environment, and finally, the analysis and validation of the results. In the experiment, twenty-one drivers drove over a ten-kilometer virtual segment of the BR-116 roadway, that has thirty-one traffic signs, in order to measure the number of eye fixations, the perception distance and the observation time over each sign, as well as, the speed change after its perception. The perception of the road signs within the virtual environment was similar to that reported in the literature for on-road studies: in average, the drivers perceived one-third of the traffic signs, the mean observation time was 360 milliseconds, the mean perception distance was 100 meters and only the speed limit signs perception was relevant on the drivers behavior. Furthermore, it was observed a relative validity between the driving simulator speeds and the actual operating speeds in the studied segment. In that sense, this study shows the feasibility and validity of using driving simulators to assess road signage projects. Finally, some countermeasures were proposed in order to enhance both the road signaling of the studied segment and the road signs perception within the simulated driving environment.

Thesis (MPhil (Philosophy))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigated the practice of language use on road signs in Switzerland. The language used in public spaces constitutes our image of a specific place to a remarkable degree. We are constantly exposed to signs, whether road signs, advertisements or notifiers. These signs not only convey information such as “Caution”, “Final sale” or “Speed limit 60 here”, but also highlight aspects of culture and, where written text appear on them, aspects of the language(s) used in that area. Language use within the public space enables us to conceptualize, as well as recognize, the ways in which language use occurs, often (but not always) informing us whether a country is monolingual, bilingual or multilingual. In addition, these signs also indicate how language use is linked to other processes such as globalisation, social change and cultural heritage. The main purpose of this thesis was to establish how language is used on road signs in presentday, officially multilingual Switzerland. In this regard, three Swiss cantons (in which bilingual or multilingual societies are found) were investigated as to the language(s) – or lack thereof – which appear on their road signs, as well as to the order in which these languages appear. Specifically, bilingual or multilingual signs, as well as so-called Bildersprache (“picture language”, in other words on a board or plaque with a picture, symbol or other image on it), were studied in these cantons. Data for this research consists of photographic material (taken during visits to the study areas) as well as interview data. It was found that the social and political identities, as well as the economic interests, of language groups in a particular area affect the design and placement of road signs in that area. The results of this study serve as a framework for future research, and the photo material enables us, to a certain extent, to see how an apparently stable language system (such as the multilingualism found in Switzerland) encounters changes due to internal and external influences, but also how creative language can be. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie is die taalgebruik op padtekens in Switserland ondersoek. Die taalgebruik in openbare plekke vorm tot ’n merkwaardige mate die beeld wat ons van ’n spesifieke plek het. Ons word konstant blootgestel aan tekens, hetsy padtekens, advertensies of kennisgewings. Hierdie tekens verskaf nie net inligting soos “Versigtig”, “Finale uitverkoping” of “Spoedgrens 60” nie, maar beklemtoon ook kulturele aspekte en, in daardie gevalle waarin geskrewe teks op tekens verskyn, ook aspekte van taal/tale wat in die betrokke gebied gebesig word. Taalgebruik in die openbare ruimte help ons om die wyses waarop taalgebruik voorkom te konseptualiseer en te herken, en dui gereeld (maar nie altyd nie) vir ons aan of ’n land eentalig, tweetalig of veeltalig is. Verder gee die tekens ook ’n aanduiding van hoe taalgebruik gekoppel is aan prosesse soos globalisasie, sosiale verandering en kulturele erfenis. Die hoof doel van hierdie tesis was om te bepaal hoe taal in die hedendaagse Switzerland op padtekens gebruik word. Drie Switserse kantons (met tweetalige en veeltalige gemeenskappe) is in hierdie verband ondersoek in terme van die taal/tale – of die gebrek daaraan – wat op padtekens verskyn asook die volgorde waarin hierdie tale op die padtekens verskyn. Spesifiek tweetalige of veeltalige tekens asook sogenaamde Bildersprache (“prentetaal”, met ander woorde ’n bord met ’n prent, simbool of ander voorstelling daarop) is in hierdie kantons bestudeer. Die data vir hierdie navorsing bestaan uit fotografiese materiaal (wat verkry is tydens besoeke aan die studie-areas) sowel as inligting wat verkry is deur onderhoudvoering. Daar is bevind dat die sosiale en politiese identiteite, sowel as die ekonomiese belange, van taalgroepe in ’n spesifieke area die ontwerp en plasing van padtekens in daardie area beïnvloed. Die resultate van hierdie studie dien as ’n raamwerk vir toekomstige navorsing en die fotomateriaal stel ons tot ’n sekere mate in staat om vas te stel hoe ’n klaarblyklik stabiele taalsisteem (soos die veeltalige een wat in Switserland aangetref word) veranderinge weens interne en eksterne invloede kan ervaar, maar ook hoe kreatief taal kan wees.

Submitted by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2016-09-26T11:50:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Neemias Souza Alves.pdf: 14329946 bytes, checksum: fb1050415f31374e64ad6260aa88601c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2016-09-26T11:51:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Neemias Souza Alves.pdf: 14329946 bytes, checksum: fb1050415f31374e64ad6260aa88601c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-26T11:51:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Neemias Souza Alves.pdf: 14329946 bytes, checksum: fb1050415f31374e64ad6260aa88601c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-08 / CAPES / Esta dissertação é resultado de uma investigação que teve como lócus o aglomerado urbano Cuiabá/Várzea Grande, durante os anos de 2013 e 2014, período compreendido como preparatório para a Copa do Mundo da FIFA Brasil 2014 e de realização dos jogos na Arena Pantanal, haja vista que Cuiabá foi eleita uma das 12 cidades-sede no dia 31 de maio de 2009. O maior evento esportivo do mundo parece ser então a motivação que desencadeia uma série de obras de mobilidade urbana, tais como trincheiras, pontes, viadutos, implantação do Veículo Leve sobre Trilhos (VLT) e a construção do novo estádio, o que intensificou os já existentes problemas do trânsito urbano. Desvios surgiram em função das interdições de ruas e avenidas, e a situação se agravou, pois tais desvios modificavam e migravam repentinamente atendendo aos interesses e andamento das obras. É neste espaço físico em permanente transformação, um "não-lugar", um local de passagem, uma instalação necessária à circulação acelerada das pessoas, que analisamos a sinalização viária enquanto um sistema de signos de orientação que se estrutura como linguagem, a fim de ser interpretado a partir da convicção de que a ela (sinalização) cabe organizar o trânsito para que haja um fluxo eficiente e seguro. A sinalização, ao mediar a relação do usuário com o espaço viário, estabelece o fenômeno da comunicação, constituindo-se assim como uma prática de produção de sentidos. Diante de tal fenômeno identificamos, através da observação, da aplicação de entrevistas semiestruturadas com pedestres e condutores e por meio de registros fotográficos e filmográficos, os signos presentes no espaço viário que atravessam a representação convencionada da sinalização viária, provocando outros sentidos. Através das falas registramos as representações atribuídas a tal situação. A Copa do Mundo é fator singular nesta pesquisa, momento em que o imaginário do futebol permeia de forma direta a subjetividade dos depoimentos, e também se apresenta, através de ícones gráficos do universo do futebol, nas próprias placas de trânsito. Analisamos então, a manifestação deste imaginário como um dos signos que atravessa o contexto de transformação do espaço viário. E esta relação só é possível de ser abordada através de uma perspectiva interdisciplinar, onde diferentes saberes como os estudos do signo peirceano, as perspectivas do design gráfico sobre a sinalização e o entendimento do sistema de sinalização do Código de Trânsito Brasileiro, favorecem a compreensão e análise. / This dissertation is the result of an investigation focused on the urban agglomeration of Cuiaba and Varzea Grande cities, during the years of 2013 and 2014. Period used for the preparation of the FIFA World Cup Brazil 2014 and hosting the soccer games at Arena Pantanal since Cuiaba was voted as one of the 12 host cities on may 31, 2009. The world's largest sporting event seems to be the motivation that triggers a series of urban mobility projects, such as trenches, bridges, viaducts, implementation of the Light Rail Transit (LRT). Moreover, the construction of the new soccer stadium, intensifying existing urban traffic problems. Traffic deviations emerged due to streets and avenues interdictions. The situation has worsened because such deviations suddenly modified and migrated according to particular interests and the construction progress. It is in this physical space of constant transformation, a "non-place", a place of passing, a necessary installation for the accelerated movement of people. The language system of guidance signs were analyzed to be interpreted according to the conviction that these (signals) alone organize the traffic, in order to achieve a safe and efficient flow. The traffic signaling, when mediates the user's relationship with the roadway space, establishes the communication phenomenon, becoming then, a practice of meaning production. Facing this phenomenon, it was identified, through observation and the application of semi-structured interviews with pedestrians and drivers through photography and video recording, the signs present in the roadway space that crosses the conventional representation of traffic signaling, creating other meanings. Through the recorded speeches, we have registered the representations assigned to that situation. The World Cup is a unique factor in this study because it is the moment in which the imagery permeates directly the subjectivity of testimonials. Moreover, also presents itself, through graphic icons of the soccer universe, on the street and road signs. We have analyzed the manifestation of such imaginary as one of the signs that cross the transformation of the road space context. Moreover, this relationship can only be addressed through an interdisciplinary perspective. In which different knowledges as Peirce's sign studies, graphic design perspectives about signaling and the understanding of the Brazilian traffic code signaling system promote the understanding and analysis.

Road signs form a non-verbal semiotic system – by many encountered on a daily basis – that dictates the actions of the users of the road, in order to create a safe and efficient traffic environment. It is clear that road signs are not just ‘saying’ things but ‘doing’ something. This study examines the commanding and performative aspects of a set of Swedish road signs. The first part of the analysis is a detailed investigation of (the ‘grammar’ of) the warning sign, drawing on a theoretical framework of semiotics and Grice’s cooperative principle. The second part investigates the speech act status of warning signs, priority signs and prohibitory signs, by applying Searle’s taxonomy of illocutionary acts. Results show that the warning triangle is not arbitrary but iconically motivated, both in color and in form, and that the silhouettes vary on a number of parameters, including the perspective of their mapping, the degree of iconicity and the degree of ‘danger reality’. Warning signs, just like verbal warnings, are best categorized as directives, whereas priority and prohibitory signs, unlike verbal prohibitions, emerge as declarations. Ultimately, this raises questions regarding the limits of and the ‘translatability’ between verbal and non-verbal language.

The purpose of the following report is to account for and summarize the authority and tasks that municipalities, authorities and contractors have in the implementation of temporary traffic diversions. In addition to this, the cooperation between all actors has also been investigated with the aim of finding out what types of routines and potential tools are used in connection with the work. The implementation of the report is based on a qualitative study, for which relevant people with different tasks have been interviewed or answered questionnaires. Furthermore, governing documents for relevant parties have been studied with the intention of describing the requirements that apply to work adjacent to or on the road. The results have subsequently been compiled in an account of the work parties' tasks, views and suggestions for improvement. In this it appears that the road maintenance authorities have an examinative responsibility and has the authority to approve the work carried out on its behalf. For and in particular all road works, of which the diversion is a part, traffic device plans must also be drawn up and describe solutions for traffic-related problems. These are the tasks of the executing contractor to draft with regard to the requirements of the road maintenance authority. It also appears that the majority of the interviewees consider the cooperation to be satisfactory, but state how interpretation of the governing documents can result in conflicts between the parties. In addition, significant differences for the systems used in the coordination can be noted for each municipality and authority.

I det här kandidatarbetet har jag valt att undersöka hur man kan förnya erfarna bilisters körkunskaper som har kört bil i 30-40 år genom en anpassad E-learning applikation. Mitt mål är att förnya erfarna bilisters körkunskaper, så de får lära sig uppdaterade regler, vägmärken och körsätt. Detta för att förbättra trafikmiljön. För att kunna undersöka problemområdet skapade jag en lärplattform tillsammans med erfarna bilister där jag använder mig av körkortsregler, vägmärken, filmklipp och frågesport för att testa deras kunskaper. Genom att lysa upp dem viktiga aspekterna i de nya reglerna och körsättet samt få erfarna bilister att testa sina kunskaper på ett roande sätt via körkorts frågesporten får man användarna att förnya sina kunskaper  via deras nyfikenhet till ny information som har hänt 30-40 år senare efter dem tagit körkort. / In this bachelor thesis I have chosen to investigate how you can renew experienced drivers driving skills that have been driving for 30-40 years through a customized e-learning application. My goal is to renew the drivers driving skills as they learn the new rules , road signs and driving style to improve the traffic environment . In order to investigate the problem area , I created a learning platform with experienced drivers, where I use driving rules , road signs , movie clips and quizzes to test their knowledge. By highlighting the important aspects of the new rules and driving style, as well as getting experienced drivers to test their skills in a entertaining way, through driving license quizzes,   users will be able to renew their skills through their curiosity to new information that happened after 30-40 years  later they have taken a driving license.