Segregation, that animals of different sex and/or age do not spend time together all year round, is a common phenomenon. One example is that males and older individuals in migratory birds wintering further north. Migration time also affects the distribution of birds in the wintering area. European Robins that migrate in late autumn tend to winter farther east. Another factor that affects wintering areas is global warming. Today wintering birds do not migrate as far as they used to. The aim was therefore to investigate if Robins segregate during winter and if they segregate by sex, age and/or migration time and to see if the wintering area has changed since 1950. Analysis of Robins ringed at Ottenby Bird Observatory that has been recovered during winter was conducted. To obtain an indication on what influences Robins in their choice of wintering area, an analysis was done with migration year, age, and migration time (sex was excluded in this analysis) to analyse what effects migration distance. The geographical centroid was used for representing the wintering area. The difference between the group’s centroid was tested with a permutation test. The result indicated that migration time best explains the distribution of Robins in the wintering area. Robins that migrate late migrate shorter and winter further northeast, this is probably due to sequential migration of different populations. No effect of age or migration year was observed. The wintering area appears to have moved north, which indicates that Robins are affected by global warming.

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der dreidimensionalen Untersuchung und Beschreibung der Oberkiefermorphologie von isolierten Gaumenspalten im ersten Lebensjahr. Hierzu wurden Oberkieferabformungen von nicht-syndromalen isolierten Gaumenspalten und Säuglingen mit Pierre-Robin-Sequenz bis zum operativen Gaumenspaltverschluss miteinander verglichen. Zusätzlich erfolgte die Gegenüberstellung einer gesunden Kontrollgruppe. Bei den Robin-Patienten waren eine signifikant vergrößerte anteriore Zahnbogenlänge, sowie eine verstärkte posteriore Zahnbogenbreite nachweisbar. Im Vergleich zu dieser tendenziell parabelförmigen Zahnbogenform, wiesen die isolierten Gaumenspalten einen eher u-förmigen Zahnbogen auf. Setzt man die Ergebnisse aus den Untersuchungsgruppen ins Verhältnis zur Zahnbogenform eines gesunden Säuglings, ergeben sich teilweise ganz andere Tendenzen. Die untersuchten Säuglinge weisen gegenüber der gesunden Population im gesamten ersten Lebensjahr eine signifikant verbreiterte posteriore Zahnbogenbreite auf. Zudem zeigen beide Gruppen im Vergleich zu der gesunden Kontrollgruppe ein deutliches Längendefizit im anterioren Bereich. Dieses Defizit führt zum Ende des ersten Lebensjahres zu einem zunehmenden Wachstumsrückstand der Gesamtzahnbogenlänge.:1 EINLEITUNG 3 2 LITERATURÜBERSICHT 5 2.1 Prä- und postnatale Entwicklung des Oberkiefers 5 2.1.1 Embryonale Entwicklung und Morphogenese des Oberkieferkomplexes 5 2.1.2 Entwicklungsstörungen 6 2.1.3 Spezialfall Pierre-Robin-Sequenz 7 2.1.4 Inzidenz und Äthiologie von Lippen-Kiefer-Gaumenspalten 8 2.2 Modellanalysen des Oberkiefers von Säuglingen und Kleinkindern 9 2.2.1 Zweidimensionale Methoden 9 2.2.2 Dreidimensionale Methoden 11 2.3 Moderne Therapiekonzepte 17 2.3.1 Besondere Bedeutung der prächirurgischen Therapie 18 2.3.2 Einfluss der kieferorthopädischen Primärbehandlung 20 3 FRAGESTELLUNG 22 4 MATERIAL UND METHODE 23 4.1 Fallauswahl und Beschreibung 23 4.1.1 Untersuchungsgruppen 23 4.1.2 Kontrollgruppe 25 4.2 Beschreibung der Messmethode 25 4.2.1 Auswahl der Messpunkte 25 4.2.2 Auswahl der Messstrecken und Hilfskonstruktionen 27 4.2.3 Erläuterung der Messinstrumente 28 4.3 Elektronische Datenverarbeitung 30 4.3.1 Mathematische Analyse der 3D-Koordinaten 30 4.3.2 Statistische Datenverarbeitung 32 4.4 statistische Auswertung 32 4.4.1 Mittelwertdarstellung 32 4.4.2 Mittelwertvergleiche 32 4.5 Messfehlerbetrachtung 34 5 ERGEBNISSE 36 5.1 Test auf Normalverteilung 36 5.2 Querschnittsanalyse 36 5.3 Longitudinale Betrachtung 41 5.3.1 Der Friedman-Test 48 5.3.2 Wilcoxon-Test 49 5.3.3 Der Mann-Whitney-Test 51 5.4 Vergleich mit der Kontrollgruppe 59 5.5 Korrelation 64 6 DISKUSSION 66 6.1 Fallzusammensetzung und Methode 66 6.2 Diskussion der Messwerte 68 6.3 Beantwortung der Fragestellung 74 6.4 Klinische Schlussfolgerungen 75 7 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 76 8 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS 79 9 ANHANG 89 9.1 Tabellenverzeichnis 89 9.2 Abbildungsverzeichnis 91 9.3 Formelverzeichnis 93

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

<p>Economic inequality is increasing in Canada and throughout the world. In addition to the equity concerns of distributive justice, growing economic inequality negatively impacts poverty, social cohesion, and the stability of the economy. This master’s thesis undertakes a major literature review to explore the trends in economic inequality and the policies that influence it.</p> <p>The current increase in economic inequality has been dominated by an increase in the income and wealth of the 1% to which the Occupy movement has drawn significant attention. Policies to directly counter this rise in both before- and after-tax top incomes are critical to combatting economic inequality. In addition to highlighting policies that target the very rich, this thesis examines intersections between traditional social policy and broader public policy in the field of economic inequality. It also argues for increased consideration of economics in social work research and policy practice. Economic inequality should be a concern to social workers alongside poverty.</p> <p>Policies in four areas are considered: income taxes and transfers, public services, labour market institutions, and capital market interventions. Recommendations are made for the future. Addressing economic inequality through national policy is both possible and advantageous. A comprehensive policy package involving policies from the four areas explored has the potential to reduce economic inequality.</p> / Master of Social Work (MSW)

No description available.

This dissertation investigates the development of numerical algorithms for coupling computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and computational solid dynamics (CSD) solvers, and the use of these solvers for simulating fluid-solid interaction (FSI) problems involving large deformation, shock waves, and multiphase flow. The dissertation consists of two parts. The first part investigates the use of Robin interface conditions to resolve the well-known numerical added-mass instability, which affects partitioned coupling procedures for solving problems with incompressible flow and strong added-mass effect. First, a one-parameter Robin interface condition is developed by linearly combining the conventional Dirichlet and Neumann interface conditions. Next, a numerical algorithm is developed to implement the Robin interface condition in an embedded boundary method for coupling a parallel, projection-based incompressible viscous flow solver with a nonlinear finite element solid solver. Both an analytical study and a numerical study reveal that the new algorithm can clearly outperform conventional Dirichlet-Neumann procedures in terms of both stability and accuracy, when the parameter value is carefully selected. Moreover, the studies also indicate that the optimal parameter value depends on the materials and geometry of the problem. Therefore, to efficiently solve FSI problems involving non-uniform structures, a generalized Robin interface condition is presented, in which the constant parameter is replaced by a spatially varying function that depends on the local material and geometric properties of the structure. Numerical experiments using two benchmark problems show that the spatially varying Robin interface condition can clearly improve numerical accuracy compared to the constant- parameter version with the same computational cost. The second part of this dissertation focuses on simulating complex FSI problems featuring shock waves, multiphase flow (e.g., bubbles), and shock-induced material damage and fracture. A recently developed three-dimensional computational framework is employed, which couples a multiphase, compressible CFD solver and a nonlinear finite element CSD solver using an embedded boundary method and a partitioned procedure. In particular, the CFD solver applies a level-set method to capture the evolution of the bubble surface, and the CSD solver utilizes a continuum damage mechanics model and an element erosion method to simulate the dynamic fracture of the material. Two computational studies are presented. The first one investigates the dynamic response and failure of a brittle material exposed to a prescribed shock wave. The predictive capability of the computational framework is first demonstrated by simulating a series of laboratory experiments in the context of shock wave lithotripsy. Then, a parametric study is conducted to elucidate the significant effects of the shock wave's profile on material damage. In the second study, the computational framework is applied to simulate shock-induced bubble collapse near various solid and soft materials. The reciprocal effect of the material's properties (e.g., acoustic impedance, Young's modulus) on bubble dynamics is discussed in detail. / Doctor of Philosophy / Numerical simulations that couple computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solvers and computational solid dynamics (CSD) solvers have been widely used in the solution of nonlinear fluid-solid interaction (FSI) problems underlying many engineering applications. This is primarily because they are based on partitioned solutions of fluid and solid subsystems, which facilitates the use of existing numerical methods and computational codes developed for each subsystem. The first part of this dissertation focuses on developing advanced numerical algorithms for coupling the two subsystems. The aim is to resolve a major numerical instability issue that occurs when solving problems involving incompressible, heavy fluids and thin, lightweight structures. Specifically, this work first presents a new coupling algorithm based on a one-parameter Robin interface condition. An embedded boundary method is developed to enforce the Robin interface condition, which can be advantageous in solving problems involving complex geometry and large deformation. The new coupling algorithm has been shown to significantly improve numerical stability when the constant parameter is carefully selected. Next, the constant parameter is generalized into a spatially varying function whose local value is determined by the local material and geometric properties of the structure. Numerical studies show that when solving FSI problems involving non-uniform structures, using this spatially varying Robin interface condition can outperform the constant-parameter version in both stability and accuracy under the same computational cost. In the second part of this dissertation, a recently developed three-dimensional multiphase CFD - CSD coupled solver is extended to simulate complex FSI problems featuring shock wave, bubbles, and material damage and fracture. The aim is to understand the material’s response to loading induced by a shock wave and the collapse of nearby bubbles, which is important for advancing the beneficial use of shock wave and bubble collapse for material modification. Two computational studies are presented. The first one investigates the dynamic response and failure of a brittle material exposed to a prescribed shock wave. The causal relationship between shock loading and material failure, and the effects of the shock wave’s profile on material damage are discussed. The second study investigates the shock-induced bubble collapse near various solid and soft materials. The two-way interaction between bubble dynamics and materials response, and the reciprocal effects of the material’s properties are discussed in detail.

Multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) for large-scale engineering problems poses many challenges (e.g., the design of an efficient concurrent paradigm for global optimization based on disciplinary analyses, expensive computations over vast data sets, etc.) This work focuses on the application of distributed schemes for massively parallel architectures to MDO problems, as a tool for reducing computation time and solving larger problems. The specific problem considered here is configuration optimization of a high speed civil transport (HSCT), and the efficient parallelization of the embedded paradigm for reasonable design space identification. Two distributed dynamic load balancing techniques (random polling and global round robin with message combining) and two necessary termination detection schemes (global task count and token passing) were implemented and evaluated in terms of effectiveness and scalability to large problem sizes and a thousand processors. The effect of certain parameters on execution time was also inspected. Empirical results demonstrated stable performance and effectiveness for all schemes, and the parametric study showed that the selected algorithmic parameters have a negligible effect on performance. / Master of Science