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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
81

Análise de imagens digitais na avaliação de plântulas de milho. / Digital images analysis in corn seedling evaluation.

Everton Felix Teixeira 17 January 2005 (has links)
A análise de imagens digitais tem grande potencial de uso na determinação do vigor de sementes. Associada ao teste de crescimento de plântulas, essa técnica possibilita a análise dimensional de imagens com rapidez e precisão. O resultado é a extensão total de cada plântula via quantificação computadorizada do comprimento de suas partes constituintes. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi estudar o vigor de lotes de sementes de milho, por meio do teste de crescimento de plântulas, utilizando-se a análise de imagens. Plântulas de milho (genótipo AG122) foram retiradas do germinador ao quarto dia de desenvolvimento e ordenadas sobre uma folha de poliéster transparente na superfície de um “scanner” para a captação das imagens. Desenvolveu-se uma rotina de processamento no programa “Scil-Image” para a análise das imagens digitais obtidas das plântulas. Houve medição computadorizada da extensão total, com a soma usual do comprimento do coleóptilo ao comprimento da maior raiz da plântula e, também, não usualmente, ao tamanho de todo sistema radicular. As plântulas foram mensuradas manualmente, visando a comparação com o método em estudo. Os resultados mostraram que a técnica digital possibilita a associação dos dados obtidos no processamento a eventuais diferenças de vigor existentes em lotes de sementes de milho, de maneira similar a outros métodos destinados à avaliação do vigor de sementes da referida espécie. / The image analysis has high potential use in seed vigor determination. Associated to the seedlings growing test, this technique is fast, precise and makes possible the dimensional image analysis. The result is the total extension of each seedling quantifying the length of their constituent parts. With the purpose of studying the corn seed lots vigor through the seedlings growing test, using the digital images analysis, the corn seedlings (AG122 genotype) were taken from the germination chamber at the fourth day of development and ordered over a sheet, made with a transparent polyester film, on a scanner surface to the images capture. A routine was developed to process digital images of seedlings into the “Scil-Image” software. There was a computational procedure to measure the total length, with the usual sum of coleoptile to the main root length of seedling and also, not usually, to all root system. The seedlings were measured manually, seeking comparison with the method in study. The results showed that the digital technique makes possible association of the data obtained in processing to eventual vigor differences existing in corn seed lots, in a similar way to the other methods appointed to seed vigor evaluation by referred species.
82

Parâmetros morfogênicos, nutricionais e produtivos do capim-piatã suprido com combinações de doses de nitrogênio e enxofre / Piatã palisadegrass morphogenic, nutritional and productive parameters related to nitrogen and sulphur

Beatriz Nastaro 23 January 2013 (has links)
O cultivar Piatã de Brachiaria brizantha é uma gramínea forrageira de lançamento recente para uso nas pastagens brasileiras e a pesquisa relativa à nutrição mineral deste capim é escassa. O nitrogênio é o principal responsável pelo aumento da produtividade em plantas forrageiras, porém a associação com o enxofre pode influir nas respostas das plantas forrageiras à adubação. Mediante a combinação de doses de nitrogênio com doses de enxofre, objetivou-se estudar as características morfogênicas, nutricionais e produtivas do capim-piatã cultivado em solução nutritiva, empregando-se a sílica como substrato. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação e estudou cinco doses de nitrogênio (2; 9; 16; 23 e 30 mmol L-1) e cinco doses de enxofre (0,1; 0,7; 1,3; 1,9 e 2,5 mmol L-1), em esquema fatorial 52 fracionado, em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. As plantas foram submetidas a dois cortes, sendo o primeiro aos 44 dias após o transplantio e o segundo 25 dias após o primeiro corte. A interação doses de nitrogênio x doses de enxofre foi significativa para o número total de folhas e perfilhos, taxa de aparecimento de folhas e filocrono, área foliar, massa seca da parte aérea e das raízes, valor SPAD, comprimento e superfície radiculares totais, concentração de nitrogênio e de enxofre nos tecidos foliares e radiculares, concentração de nitrato e relação nitrogênio total:enxofre total (Nt:St) em pelo menos um dos dois ciclos de crescimento do capim-piatã. As mais elevadas doses de nitrogênio e de enxofre maximizaram o crescimento e desenvolvimento da parte aérea e do sistema radicular das plantas. Doses elevadas de nitrogênio diminuíram o comprimento radicular específico e a relação enxofre-sulfato:enxofre total (S-SO4:St) nas folhas diagnósticas do capim, além de aumentar a atividade da enzima redutase do nitrato e a concentração de amônio nesses tecidos. A dose de enxofre de aproximadamente 1,3 mmol L-1 proporcionou o maior comprimento e superfície radiculares específicos, enquanto a dose mais alta de enxofre (2,5 mmol L-1) maximizou a concentração de enxofre-sulfato e a relação S-SO4:St nas folhas diagnósticas das plantas. Correlações significativas e positivas foram constatadas entre a concentração de nitrogênio total, valor SPAD e a concentração de enxofre total das folhas diagnósticas e a produção de massa seca das plantas, nos dois cortes do capim-piatã. A concentração de nitrogênio nas folhas diagnósticas do capim-piatã e o valor SPAD servem como bons parâmetros para a avaliação do estado nutricional das plantas em relação ao nitrogênio, enquanto para a avaliação do estado nutricional do enxofre nas folhas diagnósticas do capim-piatã, a concentração de enxofre total e a relação Nt:St devem ser tomadas em conjunto. / Piatã cultivar of Brachiaria brizantha is a recently released forage grass to be used in brazilian pastures and research on mineral nutrition of this grass is scarce. Nitrogen is the main nutrient to increase forage productivity, but the association with sulphur can influence plant response to fertilization. Through the combination of nitrogen rates with sulphur rates, the objective was to study the morphological, nutritional and productive characteristics of Piatã palissadegrass grown in nutrient solution, by using ground quartz as substrate. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse and five rates of nitrogen (2, 9, 16, 23 and 30 mmol L-1) were combined with five rates of sulphur (0.1, 0.7, 1.3, 1.9 and 2.5 mmol L-1) in a 52 fractionated factorial set in randomized block design, with four replications. Plants were harvested two times, the first harvest was done 44 days after transplanting and the second one was 25 days after the first harvest. The interaction nitrogen rates x sulphur rates was significant for the total number of leaves and tillers, leaf appearance rate, phyllochron, leaf area, dry mass of shoots and roots, SPAD value, root length and root surface, nitrogen and sulphur concentrations in the diagnostic leaves and roots, nitrate concentration and total nitrogen:total sulphur ratio in at least one of the two growth cycles of Piatã palissadegrass. High nitrogen and sulphur rates maximized growth of shoots and roots of the plants. High nitrogen rates resulted in low specific root length and sulfate-sulphur:total sulphur ratio (SSO4: St) in diagnostic leaves, in addition to increasing the activity of the nitrate reductase and ammonium concentration in diagnostic tissue. Sulphur rate about 1.3 mmol L-1 provided the highest specific root length and surface, while the highest sulphur rates (2.5 mmol L-1) maximized sulfate-sulphur concentration and S-SO4:St ratio in diagnostic leaves. There was a significant and positive correlation between the concentration of total nitrogen, SPAD value and total sulphur concentration in diagnostic leaves with plant dry matter production, in both harvests of Piatã palissadegrass. Nitrogen concentration and SPAD value in diagnostic leaves of Piatã palissadegrass can be used as good parameters for assessing the nutritional status of plants in relation to nitrogen, while for the assessment of sulphur nutrition status in diagnostic leaves of Piatã palissadegrass, the concentration of total sulphur and total nitrogen:total sulphur ratio should be taken together.
83

Características produtivas, nutricionais e metabólicas do capim-marandu submetido a doses de nitrogênio e magnésio / Productive, nutritional and metabolic characteristics of marandu palisadegrass grown with nitrogen and magnesium rates

Tiago Barreto Garcez 15 January 2010 (has links)
A variação na disponibilidade de nitrogênio e magnésio pode alterar as características produtivas, nutricionais e metabólicas das plantas forrageiras. O objetivo foi de avaliar o efeito das combinações de doses de nitrogênio e de magnésio na produção da parte aérea e das raízes, nas concentrações dos nutrientes nas lâminas de folhas recém-expandidas (LR) e nas raízes, na atividade da glutamina sintetase, nas concentrações das formas inorgânicas de nitrogênio e na relação nitrogênio:magnésio nas LR do capim-marandu. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, em Piracicaba SP, com a Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. Foram estudadas cinco doses de nitrogênio (2; 9; 16; 23 e 30 mmol L-1) e cinco doses de magnésio (0,05; 0,70; 1,35; 2,00 e 2,65 mmol L-1) em solução nutritiva, em esquema fatorial 52 fracionado, perfazendo treze combinações: 2/0,05; 2/1,35; 2/2,65; 9/0,70; 9/2,00; 16/0,05; 16/1,35; 16/2,65; 23/0,70; 23/2,00; 30/0,05; 30/1,35 e 30/2,65. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. As plantas tiveram dois períodos de crescimento, nos quais foram avaliadas as produções de massa seca, contados perfilhos e folhas, coletado material fresco para determinação da atividade da glutamina sintetase, determinada a área foliar e determinada as concentrações dos nutrientes e nitrato e amônio nas lâminas das folhas recém-expandidas. Após o segundo corte as raízes foram separadas da parte aérea sendo determinada a massa seca das raízes, o comprimento e superfície radiculares e as concentrações dos nutrientes nas raízes. As combinações de altas doses de nitrogênio e magnésio resultaram em alta produção de massa seca, número de folhas e perfilhos, área foliar, massa seca das raízes, e comprimento e superfície radicular do capim-marandu. As concentrações de nitrogênio (segundo corte) e cálcio (nos dois cortes) nas LR e a concentração de nitrogênio nas raízes aumentaram com as combinações de elevadas doses de nitrogênio e de magnésio. A concentração de potássio nas LR, nos dois cortes, e nas raízes da gramínea foi mais baixa quando se utilizaram combinações de elevadas doses de nitrogênio e magnésio. De forma isolada, o incremento nas doses de nitrogênio resultou em reduzidos comprimento e superfície específicos das raízes, mais alta concentração de nitrogênio nas LR e mais alta concentração de cálcio nas raízes e o incremento das doses de magnésio proporcionou pequenos comprimento e superfície específicos das raízes, mais alta concentração de magnésio nas LR e nas raízes e mais baixa concentração de cálcio nas raízes do capim. A concentração de nitrato nas folhas diagnósticas foi influenciada pelas combinações de doses de nitrogênio e magnésio enquanto a concentração de amônio aumentou com o incremento das doses de nitrogênio. A atividade da glutamina sintetase foi mais baixa em altas doses de nitrogênio, nos dois crescimentos da gramínea. A relação de 6,3:1 entre as concentrações de nitrogênio e de magnésio nas LR correspondeu à máxima produção de massa seca no primeiro corte do capim. / Productive, nutritional and metabolic characteristics of the forage plants may be changed by the nitrogen and magnesium availability. The objective was to study the effects of nitrogen and magnesium rates on marandu palisadegrass growth, by evaluating the shoot and root yield, leaf and root concentrations of nutrients and leaf concentration of inorganic forms of nitrogen, glutamine synthetase activity and nitrogen:magnesium ratio in recently expanded leaf laminae (RL). The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse at Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil, with the Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. Five nitrogen rates (2, 9, 16, 23 and 30 mmol L-1) and five magnesium rates (0.05, 0.70, 1.35, 2.00 and 2.65 mmol L-1) were used in nutrient solutions, in a fractorial 52 factorial, resulting in the following combinations: 2/0.05, 2/1. 35, 2/2.65, 9/0.70, 9/2.00, 16/0.05, 16/1.35, 16/2.65, 23/0.70, 23/2.00, 30/0.05, 30/1.35 and 30/2.65. A randomized block design, with four replications was used. Plants had a growth and regrowth period. After the second harvest it was evaluated the dry mass yield, number of tillers and leaves, sampled fresh material to assay the glutamine synthetase activity, measured the leaf area, and determined the concentrations of nutrients, nitrate and ammonium in the recently expanded leaf laminae (diagnostic leaves). After the second harvest the roots were separated from the tops and was determined the root dry mass, total length and surface, specific length and surface, and concentrations of nutrients in such plant tissue. High nitrogen and magnesium rates resulted in high dry mass yield, leaf area, number of leaves and tillers, in both growth periods of the grass, as well as in roots dry mass, length and surface. Nitrogen (at the second harvest) and calcium (both harvests) concentrations in diagnostic leaves and nitrogen concentration in the roots was high when high rates of nitrogen nitrogen were combined with high rates of magnesium. Diagnostic leaves, in the two grown periods, and roots sampled had low potassium concentrations in plants growth with high rates of both nitrogen and magnesium. Increases in nitrogen rates increased nitrogen concentration in the diagnostic leaves and calcium concentration in the roots, and decreased root specific length and surface. Increases in magnesium rates increased magnesium concentration in the diagnostic leaves and roots, but decreased root calcium concentration and root specific length and surface. Ammonium concentration was increased by nitrogen rates and nitrate concentration was higher under magnesium deficiency. Glutamine synthetase, determined at the two growth periods, decreased with increasing nitrogen rates. Maximum dry mass yield in the first harvest of the grass was found when the nitrogen and magnesium concentrations ratio was 6.3:1 in the diagnostic leaves.
84

Valued Graphs and the Representation Theory of Lie Algebras

Lemay, Joel 22 August 2011 (has links)
Quivers (directed graphs) and species (a generalization of quivers) as well as their representations play a key role in many areas of mathematics including combinatorics, geometry, and algebra. Their importance is especially apparent in their applications to the representation theory of associative algebras, Lie algebras, and quantum groups. In this thesis, we discuss the most important results in the representation theory of species, such as Dlab and Ringel’s extension of Gabriel’s theorem, which classifies all species of finite and tame representation type. We also explain the link between species and K-species (where K is a field). Namely, we show that the category of K-species can be viewed as a subcategory of the category of species. Furthermore, we prove two results about the structure of the tensor ring of a species containing no oriented cycles that do not appear in the literature. Specifically, we prove that two such species have isomorphic tensor rings if and only if they are isomorphic as “crushed” species, and we show that if K is a perfect field, then the tensor algebra of a K-species tensored with the algebraic closure of K is isomorphic to, or Morita equivalent to, the path algebra of a quiver.
85

Valued Graphs and the Representation Theory of Lie Algebras

Lemay, Joel 22 August 2011 (has links)
Quivers (directed graphs) and species (a generalization of quivers) as well as their representations play a key role in many areas of mathematics including combinatorics, geometry, and algebra. Their importance is especially apparent in their applications to the representation theory of associative algebras, Lie algebras, and quantum groups. In this thesis, we discuss the most important results in the representation theory of species, such as Dlab and Ringel’s extension of Gabriel’s theorem, which classifies all species of finite and tame representation type. We also explain the link between species and K-species (where K is a field). Namely, we show that the category of K-species can be viewed as a subcategory of the category of species. Furthermore, we prove two results about the structure of the tensor ring of a species containing no oriented cycles that do not appear in the literature. Specifically, we prove that two such species have isomorphic tensor rings if and only if they are isomorphic as “crushed” species, and we show that if K is a perfect field, then the tensor algebra of a K-species tensored with the algebraic closure of K is isomorphic to, or Morita equivalent to, the path algebra of a quiver.
86

Zerstörungsfreie Wurzelortung mit geophysikalischen Methoden im urbanen Raum / Non-destructive detection of tree roots with geophysical methods in urban areas

Vianden, Mitja Johannes 25 July 2013 (has links)
No description available.
87

Valued Graphs and the Representation Theory of Lie Algebras

Lemay, Joel 22 August 2011 (has links)
Quivers (directed graphs) and species (a generalization of quivers) as well as their representations play a key role in many areas of mathematics including combinatorics, geometry, and algebra. Their importance is especially apparent in their applications to the representation theory of associative algebras, Lie algebras, and quantum groups. In this thesis, we discuss the most important results in the representation theory of species, such as Dlab and Ringel’s extension of Gabriel’s theorem, which classifies all species of finite and tame representation type. We also explain the link between species and K-species (where K is a field). Namely, we show that the category of K-species can be viewed as a subcategory of the category of species. Furthermore, we prove two results about the structure of the tensor ring of a species containing no oriented cycles that do not appear in the literature. Specifically, we prove that two such species have isomorphic tensor rings if and only if they are isomorphic as “crushed” species, and we show that if K is a perfect field, then the tensor algebra of a K-species tensored with the algebraic closure of K is isomorphic to, or Morita equivalent to, the path algebra of a quiver.
88

Dynamique du système racinaire de l'écosystème prairial et contribution au bilan de carbone du sol sous changement climatique / Dynamics of the root system of the prairie ecosystem and contribution to the soil carbon balance under climate change

Pilon, Rémi 16 June 2011 (has links)
En Europe, les prairies occupent 25% de la surface du territoire soit près de 40% de la surface agricole utile. De nombreux services écosystémiques dépendent de cet écosystème comme par exemple la production fourragère, un réservoir de diversité végétale et animale et une capacité de stockage de carbone dans les sols. Dans un contexte de changement climatique (augmentation de la température moyenne de l’air et de la concentration atmosphérique en CO2) et de déprise agricole (extensification des prairies de moyenne montagne), les recherches actuelles s’intéressent au maintien des services écosystémiques tels que la capacité de stockage de carbone dans le sol pour limiter l’augmentation de la concentration atmosphérique en CO2, la production fourragère et la conservation de la richesse spécifique. Cette thèse a pour objectif d’observer in situ les effets des principaux déterminants du changement climatique (température de l’air, précipitations, concentration atmosphérique enCO2) sur le fonctionnement du système racinaire et des déterminants du stockage de carbone sur une prairie permanente de moyenne montagne gérée de manière extensive. Cette étude porte sur l’influence d’un scénario de changement climatique prévu à l’horizon 2080 pour le centre de la France. Ce scénario (ACCACIA A2) prévoit une augmentation de la température de l’air de 3.5°C (T) et de la concentration atmosphérique en CO2 de 200 Nmol mol-1 (CO2) et une réduction des précipitations estivales de 20 % (D). La démographie (croissance, mortalité, durée de vie et risque de mortalité) de cohortes racinaires a été suivie durant 3 à 4 ans à l’aide du Minirhizotron. La croissance potentielle des racines dans un ingrowth core a été suivie pendant une année après 4 ans de changement climatique avec en même temps des mesures de décomposition de litière racinaire et de respiration du sol. Après 3 ans d’expérimentation, un effet positif du réchauffement (T) et du changement climatique (TDCO2) a été observé sur la production racinaire, ainsi qu’une baisse de la durée de vie sous réchauffement. Une stimulation de l’allongement des racines (ratio longueur/volume), sous climat réchauffé (T, TD, TDCO2), a certainement permis de favoriser l’absorption en eau et en nutriments. Cependant, après 5 ans d’application des traitements, le réchauffement (T) a diminué la production racinaire et accéléré la décomposition d’une litière standard. L’augmentation du CO2 a permis de compenser l’effet négatif du réchauffement sur la production racinaire. Le changement climatique (TDCO2) a accéléré les entrées mais aussi les sorties (décomposition et respiration accélérées) de carbone du sol. De part, l’effet négatif du réchauffement sur la production aérienne et souterraine sur le moyen terme et sur la demande en nutriment, les matières organiques se sont accumulées dans le sol, contrairement à l’augmentation du CO2 qui a diminué cette quantité. Dans un contexte de changement climatique, la production racinaire semble en partie maintenue ainsi que les stocks de matière organique dans les sols. Les processus souterrains (croissance, mortalité, décomposition) et la respiration du sol se sont accrus. A l’avenir, le bilan de CO2 et des différents gaz à effet de serre pourrait être négatif et accentuer le changement climatique. / In Europe, grasslands occupy 25% of the land area and nearly 40% of the agricultural area. Many ecosystem services depend on this ecosystem such as forage production, reservoir of plant and animal diversity and ability of carbone storage in soils. In a context of climate change and agricultural abandonment (extensification of grassland in upland), current research interest to estimate the storage capacity of carbon in the soil with the maintenance of ecosystem services. This thesis aims to observe in situ the effects of major determinants of climate change(air temperature, precipitation, atmospheric CO2 concentration) on the functioning of the root system and determinants of carbon storage on extensive permanent grasslands. This study examines the influence of projected climate change scenario by 2080 for the center of France. This scenario (Accacia A2) provides an increase in air temperature of 3.5°C (T) and atmospheric CO2 concentration of 200 Nmol mol-1 (CO2) and a reduction in summerprecipitation by 20% (D). A follow-up of root cohorts for 3 to 4 years with the Minirhizotron is performed to monitor the demography (growth, mortality, life span and risk of mortality). The potential growth in ingrowth core is followed over a year after 4 years of climate change along with measures of root litter decomposition and soil respiration. After 3 years of experiment, we observed a positive effect of air warming (T) and climate change (TDCO2) on root production and climate change and a decreasing of root life span under air warming. An increasing of root fineness under warmed conditions (T, TD,TDCO2) should facilitate nutrients and water uptake. After 5 years of experiment, air warming (T) decreases the root production, root life span and accelerates decomposition of root litter. The increase in CO2 offset the negative effect of air warming on production. Climate change (TDCO2) accelerates the inputs but also outputs (decomposition and respiration were accelerated) in soil carbon. With the negative effect of air warming on above and belowground production in the medium term and nutrient demand, organic matter accumulated in the soil, whereas the increase of atmospheric CO2 concentration has reduced this amount. In a context of climate change, root production and the stock of organic matter in soils seems to be partly retained. However, with the acceleration of belowground process (growth, mortality, decomposition), soil respiration was increased. The CO2 and the others greenhouse gas emissions balance could be negative and accentuate climate change in the future.
89

Caracterização da fertilidade do solo, distribuição do sistema radicular e índice de qualidade do solo no Ecossistema Restinga do Litoral Paulista

Bonilha, Rodolfo Martins 23 February 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T18:55:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4143.pdf: 4028323 bytes, checksum: bb244562f3f5e6280f0390dc28f2aec5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-23 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The Restinga forest is a set of plant communities in mosaic, determined by the characteristics of their substrates as a result of depositional processes and ages. And of all the ecosystems associated with the Atlantic, the most fragile and susceptible to human disturbance. In this complex mosaic are the physiognomies of restinga forests of high-stage regeneration (high restinga) and middle stage of regeneration (low restinga), each with its plant characteristics that differentiate them. Located on the coastal plains of the Brazilian coast, suffering internal influences both the continental slopes, as well as navy. His solo comes from the Quaternary and are subject to constant deposition of sediments. The climate on the coast, according to Köppen classification, type is tropical. In recent decades, with growing concern about natural resources and environmental quality, intensified research, resulting in the definition of soil quality (SQ), strongly rooted in the concept of sustainability. To this end, several models have been proposed in an attempt to assess soil quality index (SQI). The monitoring of soil quality should be directed to detect trends that are measurable changes in a period of time. The objectives of this study were: a) Comparative evaluation of the characterization of soil fertility, through chemical and physical parameters under restinga forest of high and low, with respect to distribution of the root in the soil profile, and b) Determine the index Soil Quality for restinga forest in high-and middle-stage regeneration and a resting area with no vegetation. This work was conducted in four locations: (1) Anchieta Island, Ubatuba, (2) Juréia-Itatins Ecological Station, Iguape, (3) Vila das Pedrinhas, Comprida Island; and (4) Cardoso Island, Cananeia. Studies on soil fertility have been made in depths of 0 to 5, 00-10, 00-20, 20-40 and 40 to 60cm for the chemical and physical analysis, with five replicates for each vegetation type, for each study site, each composed of twelve subsamples. Also being evaluated the distribution of the root in the soil profile. To determine the rate of soil quality, chemical analysis were made, microbiological and physical-layer 0-10cm depth. Using two models in determining the rate of soil quality: Additive Model (MA) and Comparative Additive Model (MAC). It is concluded that the root system for all studied vegetation types found in the more superficial layers, 0-10 and 10-20cm, mainly in the 0-10cm (80%), that low levels of calcium and elevated aluminum restrict root development. All the studied have low soil fertility, with base saturation values below 16%, where most of these environments CEC is occupied by aluminum. The additive model produces quantitative results and the additive model comparative quantitative and qualitative results (ground potential), the SQI values were obtained by the MAC for all local and low vegetation types and realistic, demonstrating the low potential for biomass production in these soils, and its low resilience. Values similar to the forests with and without vegetation showed numerically the consideration that the restinga is an edaphic vegetation. And that the use of routine chemical analysis is sufficient to determine the IQS. / A Restinga é um conjunto de comunidades vegetais em mosaico, determinadas pelas características de seus substratos resultantes de processos deposicionais e idades. De todos os ecossistemas associados à Mata Atlântica, a restinga é a mais frágil e susceptível às perturbações antrópicas. Neste complexo mosaico encontram-se as fitofisionomias de florestas de restinga em estágio de elevada regeneração (restinga alta) e em estágio de média regeneração (restinga baixa), cada qual com suas características vegetais que as diferenciam. Localizam-se nas planícies costeiras do litoral brasileiro, sofrendo influência tanto das encostas internas continentais, bem como marinha. Seu solo tem origem no quaternário e estão sujeitos a constantes deposição de sedimentos. O clima no litoral, segundo classificação de Köppen, é do tipo tropical. Nas últimas décadas, com a crescente preocupação com os recursos naturais e a qualidade do meio ambiente, intensificaram-se as pesquisas, resultando na definição do conceito de Qualidade do Solo (QS), fortemente alicerçado no conceito de sustentabilidade. Para tanto, vários modelos foram propostos na tentativa de avaliar um Índice de Qualidade do Solo (IQS). O monitoramento da qualidade do solo deve ser orientado para detectar tendências de mudanças que são mensuráveis num período de tempo. Os Objetivos deste estudo foram: a) avaliação comparativa da caracterização da fertilidade do solo, através dos parâmetros químicos e físicos, sob floresta de restinga alta e baixa, com relação a distribuição do sistema radicular no perfil do solo; e b) determinar o Índice de Qualidade do Solo para floresta de restinga em estágio de elevada e média regeneração e para uma área de restinga sem vegetação. Este estudo foi realizado em quatro locais: (1) Parque Estadual da Ilha Anchieta, município de Ubatuba; (2) Estação Ecológica Juréia-Itatins, Estação Ecológica dos Chauás, município de Iguape; (3) Vila de Pedrinhas no município de Ilha Comprida; e (4) Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso, município de Cananéia. Os estudos sobre fertilidade do solo foram feitos nas profundidades de 0 a 5, 0 a 10, 0 a 20, 20 a 40 e 40 a 60cm para as análises químicas e físicas, com cinco repetições para cada fitofisionomia, para cada local de estudo, cada uma delas composta por doze subamostras. Também foi avaliada a distribuição do sistema radicular no perfil do solo. Para a determinação do índice de qualidade do solo (IQS), foram feitas analises químicas, físicas e microbiológicas na camada de 0-10cm de profundidade. Utilizaram-se dois modelos na determinação do índice de qualidade do solo: Modelo Aditivo (MA) e Modelo Aditivo Comparativo (MAC). Conclui-se que o sistema radicular para todas as fitofisionomias estudadas encontra-se nas camadas mais superficiais, 0-10 e 10-20cm, principalmente na camada de 0-10cm (80%), e que os teores baixos de cálcio e elevados de alumínio restringem o desenvolvimento radicular. Todos os ambientes estudados apresentaram baixa fertilidade do solo, com valores de saturação por bases inferiores a 18%, onde a maior parte da CTC destes ambientes está ocupada por alumínio. O modelo aditivo produz resultados quantitativos e o modelo aditivo comparativo resultados quantitativos e qualitativos (potencial do solo), que os valores de IQS obtidos pelo MAC foram baixos e realísticos para todos os locais e fitofisionomias, demonstrando o baixo potencial de produção de biomassa desses solos, bem como sua baixa resiliência. Os valores semelhantes para as florestas com e sem vegetação demonstraram que a restinga é uma vegetação edáfica, e que o emprego de análise química de rotina é suficiente na determinação do índice de qualidade do solo.
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Posição dos gotejadores e cobertura do solo com plástico, crescimento radicular, produtividade e qualidade do melão / Emithers position and soil mulching with black plastic, root growth, yeld and quality of melon

Pivetta, Carina Rejane 26 February 2010 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Surface drip irrigation is widespread for the melon crop. To improve the efficiency of this system subsurface drip irrigation and plastic mulching can be used. These management practices can influence soil moisture, and growth and development of plants and hence fruit yeld and quality of melon. Root system can give good information for the design of the irrigation system, because it is closely related to the volume of soil used by the roots to absorb water and nutrients arising from irrigation. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the position of emitters and plastic mulching on soil moisture, the final growth of roots and yield and fruit quality of drip irrigated melon plants. The experiment was conducted during the spring/summer of 2008 growing season at the Experimental area of the crop science Department of the University of Évora Portugal. Treatments consisted of surface drip irrigation (with and without plastic mulching) and subsurface drip irrigation (without plastic mulching). Soil moisture was monitored using a portable TDR probe and Watermark tensiometers. Leaf area, dry weight and number of leaves per plant were measured. Harvested fruits were separated into commercial and non-commercial and soluble solids content and the lenght and wieth of fruits were measured. Root growth was quantified in terms of root intensity, measured by a minirhizotron (non-destructive method) and root density (destructive method) measured by manual collection of soil samples over roots with an auger. Results indicated no significant differences among treatments for commercial yeld and for fruit quality parameters and vegetative growth of melon. The yeld of unmarketable fruits was significantly higher with surface drip irrigation without plastic mulching in relation to surface drip irrigation with plastic mulching and subsurface drip irrigation. The root length intensity varied significantly between treatments. Under cover of plastic, the increased intensity of roots tended to expand horizontally into the soil, while burying the emitters provided greater root depth in the soil profile, ie between 0.20 and 0.33 m . / A irrigação por gotejo localizado superficial é amplamente difundida na cultura do meloeiro. Para melhorar ainda mais a eficiência desse sistema é possível utilizar a irrigação em subsuperfície e a cobertura do solo nas linhas de cultivo por filme plástico, técnica conhecida como mulching. Essas opções de manejo podem influenciar na condição de umidade do solo e no crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas e consequentemente na produtividade e qualidade dos frutos do meloeiro. Quanto ao sistema radicular, poderá representar uma informação viável para o dimensionamento do sistema de irrigação, por estar intimamente relacionado com o volume de solo explorado pelas raízes para absorção da água e nutrientes advindos da irrigação. Neste trabalho objetivou-se verificar a influência da posição dos gotejadores e da cobertura do solo por plástico na umidade do solo, no crescimento final de raízes e na produtividade e qualidade dos frutos do meloeiro irrigado por gotejo localizado. Para tal, cultivou-se o meloeiro na primavera/verão na área experimental do Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade de Évora Portugal. Os tratamentos constaram da irrigação por gotejo localizado superficial, com e sem cobertura do solo nas linhas de cultivo pelo plástico, e gotejo subsuperficial sem a cobertura do solo. A umidade do solo foi monitorada por meio de uma sonda TDR portátil e por tensiometros do tipo watermark. Foram coletados dados de área foliar, massa seca e número de folhas por planta. A colheita de frutos foi realizada para quantificar sua produtividade comercial e não comercial, seu teor de sólidos solúveis totais e diâmetro longitudinal e transversal. O crescimento radicular foi quantificado em termos de intensidade radicular, medida pelo minirhizotron, como método não destrutivo e densidade radicular, método destrutivo realizado por coletas manuais de amostras de solo mais raízes com um trado. Os resultados não indicaram diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos para a produtividade comercial e para os parâmetros relativos à qualidade dos frutos e crescimento vegetativo do meloeiro. A produção de frutos não comerciais foi significativamente maior no tratamento com irrigação superficial sem a cobertura do solo em relação à irrigação subsuperficial e a superficial com a cobertura do solo nas linhas de cultivo por filme plástico. A intensidade radicular variou significativamente entre os tratamentos. Sob a cobertura por filme plástico, além da maior intensidade radicular, as raízes tenderam a expansão horizontal no solo, enquanto que o enterrio dos gotejadores proporcionou maior crescimento radicular em profundidade no perfil do solo, ou seja, entre 0,20 e 0,33 m.

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