Resumo: Embora o gesso agrícola seja um insumo utilizado na cultura da cana-de-açúcar, em praticamente todas as regiões produtoras do País, persistem ainda algumas dúvidas sobre os benefícios proporcionados por sua aplicação. O trabalho objetivou avaliar doses de gesso agrícola nos atributos químicos do solo, na densidade de matéria seca de raiz, na produtividade e qualidade tecnológica da cultura por duas safras consecutivas. O experimento foi instalado em Dracena, SP, com delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em parcelas sub-subdivididas para atributos químicos do solo e subdivididas para densidade de matéria seca de raiz, qualidade tecnológica e produtividade, tendo como tratamentos, doses de gesso (0, 1, 2, 4 e 8 t ha-1) aplicadas após o terceiro corte da cana, períodos de avaliação (Anos agrícolas 2007/08 e 2008/09) e profundidade de amostragem (0-0,2; 0,2-0,4; 0,4-0,6; 0,6-0,8 e 0,8-1,0 m), em um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico, de textura média. Foram coletadas amostras de solo nas mesmas camadas, antes da instalação do experimento e depois de cada colheita. No segundo ano agrícola foi avaliada a densidade de matéria seca de raiz. As análises químicas de solo identificaram aumentos de Ca, S e saturação por bases e redução da saturação por alumínio. A aplicação do gesso agrícola promoveu a movimentação do Mg no primeiro ano agrícola, porém não foi observada a lixiviação do K. O gesso agrícola aumentou significativamente a densidade de matéria seca de raiz. Os tratamentos com doses de gesso não alteraram significativamente a ATR e produtividade da cana-de-açúcar / Abstract: Although agricultural gypsum is an input used in the sugar cane crop in practically all producing regions in the country, there are still some questions regarding the benefits provided through its application. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of rates of agricultural gypsum on soil chemical attributes, on root dry matter density, and on the yield and technological quality of the crop throughout two consecutive crop seasons. The experiment was carried out in Dracena, SP with a randomized block design with four replications in split-split plots for soil chemical attributes and split plots for root dry matter density, technological quality and yield, with treatments being rates of gypsum (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 t ha-1) applied after the third cutting of the sugar cane, periods of assessment (2007/08 and 2008/09 crop seasons) and depth of sampling (0-0.2; 0.2-0.4; 0.4-0.6; 0.6-0.8 and 0.8-1.0 m), in a Haplustox soil. Soil samples were collected at the same layers before carrying out the experiment and after each harvest. In the second crop season, the root dry matter density was assessed. Soil chemical analyses identified increases of Ca, S and base saturation, and reduction of aluminum saturation. Agricultural gypsum application led to leaching of Mg in the first crop year, however, leaching of K was not observed. Agricultural gypsum significantly increased root dry matter density. Treatments with rates of gypsum did not significantly modify the Total Recoverable Sugar (TRS) and sugar cane yield / Orientador: Edson Luiz Mendes Coutinho / Coorientador: Paulo Alexandre Monteiro de Figueiredo / Banca: Reges Heinrichs / Banca: Carolina Fernandes / Mestre

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / The growing demand on renewable fuel, despite oil higher prices and pollutant power has promoted an increase on sugarcane s area in Brazil. Its expansion has been occurring preference at savannah s area occupying pasture and crop. In this context, the project was conducted with the purpose of studying different sugarcane environment production under six different soil tillage, and their effects on, soil physical attributes, root system development and sugarcane yield. The experiment was conducted at Brazilian savannah, from April 2009 through May 2010, in a pasture area and in a sugarcane renew field. There were assessed six different soil tillage in each production environment: 1 -drying + moldboard plough + harrow disk (DAVG); 2 - moldboard plough + harrow disk (AVG); 3 - intermediate harrow disk + moldboard plough + leveler harrow disk (PC); 4 - Zero Tillage (PD); 5- subsoiler (SU) 6 - intermediate harrow disk + disk plough + leveler harrow disk (PCAd) for the expansion environment, being the same ones at the other area but on the treatment 5 and 6 it was used ratton destroyer. The treatments were set prior to sugarcane planting, which was done after mechanical opening the groove for seedpiece deployment. The experimental design was a completely randomized with four replications. Each plot had 13 rows spaced of 1,5 m and 50 meters long. The soil physical attributes evaluated were: macro, micro and total porosity and soil bulk density at three depths: 0 0,20m ; 0,20 0,40m; 0,40 0,60m, on May 2010. Root evaluation was done after the sugarcane harvest using the profile wall and root counting, and by the use of Racine 2 software it was calculated the root length density. In each plot it was opened a trench with 1,5 m length by 0,90m depth. The results were compared between treatments, depth and horizontal distance from the plant. There were evaluated number of stems per meter, 5 middle rows and 30 meters, plant height and diameter, 10 plants, and yield of burned and manually harvested sugarcane, 5 middle rows and 50 meters. On both environment productions soil physical proprieties at zero tillage were similar to all treatments. At the renew area the depth of 0 0,20m presented highest values of RLD. The highest yield was found at moldboard plough areas, on both production environments. / A cultura da cana-de-açúcar têm-se expandido para a região do Cerrado, promovendo a ocupação de áreas exploradas por pastagens e lavouras. Neste contexto, objetivou-se com este trabalho estudar os efeitos dos preparos de solo nos atributos físicos do solo, no desenvolvimento do sistema de raízes e na produtividade da cana-de-açúcar, em área de expansão e de renovação, no Cerrado brasileiro. O experimento foi conduzido em área de cana planta, entre o período de abril de 2009 e maio de 2010. Foram avaliados seis diferentes preparos de solo em cada área de estudo. Área de expansão: 1- arado aiveca + grade leve com dessecação (DAV); 2 - arado aiveca + grade leve sem dessecação (AVG); 3 - grade média + arado de aiveca + grade leve (PC); 4 - plantio direto (PD); 5 - subsolador (SU); 6 - grade média + arado de discos + grade leve (PCAd). Área de renovação: 1 - dessecação + arado aiveca + grade leve - (AVG), 2 - dessecação + plantio direto (PD); 3 - dessecação + subsolador - (SU); 4 - subsolador + grade leve - (SUG); 5 - destruidor de soqueira + subsolador (DsSU); 6 - destruidor de soqueira + grade média + arado de aiveca + grade leve (DsPC). Os tratamentos foram implantados no momento da instalação do canavial, sendo que, em todas as parcelas, o plantio foi realizado de forma manual, após sulcação e adubação de plantio. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Cada parcela foi composta por 13 linhas de cana, espaçadas de 1,5 metros com 50 metros de comprimento. As avaliações dos atributos físicos do solo (macroporosidade, microporosidade, densidade) foram realizadas em três profundidades: 0 0,20m ; 0,20 0,40m; 0,40 0,60m após a colheita da cana, em maio de 2010. Neste período realizou-se também a avaliação das raízes utilizando o método da parede do perfil e contagem de intersecção de raízes e posterior cálculo da densidade de comprimento de raiz (DCR), através do programa Racine. Para as características agronômicas foram avaliados o número de colmo por metro, a altura e o diâmetro médio de colmos e a produtividade da cana. Tanto na área de expansão quanto na área de renovação os atributos físicos do solo, o desenvolvimento de raízes e a produtividade de cana, o plantio direto mostrou-se viável de ser adotado para cana de primeiro ano. Em camadas de solos mais férteis, como na área de renovação há um maior desenvolvimento do sistema radicular, neste caso na camada superficial até 0,20 m. O arado de aiveca em área de renovação de cana proporcionou a maior produtividade para cana planta em ambas as áreas estudadas. / Doutor em Agronomia

A intrusão de raiz e partículas de solo em gotejadores instalados na subsuperfície do solo, conduz à redução da uniformidade de emissão de água e compromete as condições ideais de operação e a vida útil do sistema de irrigação. Estes fatos motivaram a realização desta pesquisa, sendo propostos protótipos de emissores, cujas características físicas e funcionais impeçam a entrada de raízes e partículas de solo por sucção dentro dos mesmos, e possibilite a vazão de projeto. Desenvolveram-se quatro modelos de emissores sendo: modelo A que utiliza êmbolo; modelo B constituído por uma membrana com módulo de Young (MY) de 1000 kPa; modelo C constituído por uma membrana com MY de 1000 kPa e protetor da membrana; e, sistema protetor (tubo) do emissor (modelo D) no qual se utilizou um gotejador comercial para controlar a vazão. Uma vez que o modelo A não apresentou desempenho satisfatório, estudos posteriores com o mesmo foram interrompidos. Em fase de campo instalaram-se os modelos B, C, D, e um gotejador comercial, modelo E. Os emissores foram avaliados em laboratório em relação ao coeficiente de variação de fabricação (CVF), coeficiente de uniformidade de emissão da água (CUE) e à curva vazão versus pressão; e, instalados em vasos com cana-de-açúcar e sem cultura, para avaliação periódica quanto à capacidade em obstar a entrada de raiz e partículas de solo, sendo analisados a vazão relativa (QR), o coeficiente de variação da vazão relativa (CVQR), CUE e distúrbio de vazão (DQ). Para o emissor modelo C desenvolveram-se Equações que descrevem o comportamento da membrana que o compõe. Os resultados obtidos com a Equação de estimativa da pressão mínima foram próximos dos dados medidos em laboratório. Os emissores B e C apresentaram altos valores de CVF e CVQR, e baixos valores de CUE. Após o terceiro período de avaliação, notou-se redução na QR do modelo E, devido a entupimento por raiz. Dos emissores construídos em laboratório, o modelo C apresentou melhor desempenho quanto à variação dos dados de vazão na linha lateral, ao longo do tempo, tendo valores agrupados entre primeiro e terceiro quartil. Após 3 meses (modelo E) e 18 meses (modelos D) de funcionamento em campo, houve presença de solo e raiz, enquanto os modelos B e C apresentaram os melhores resultados quanto ao impedimento da entrada de raiz e solo dentro do emissor, sendo este último indicado para estudos mais detalhados em relação à membrana a ser utilizada. O emissor que utiliza membrana e protetor foi adequado para evitar entrada de raiz e solo dentro do mesmo, sendo necessário estudos a respeito da membrana e de um sistema para controlar a vazão. Com as Equações propostas para o modelo C serão possíveis futuros estudos que busquem aperfeiçoar o protótipo, podendo ser utilizadas para estimativa da pressão mínima de funcionamento, variação do diâmetro da membrana, e vazão do emissor. / Roots and soil particles intrusion in drippers installed in the subsurface soil leads to reduction of the water emission uniformity, and compromise the ideal conditions of operation and the lifetime of irrigation system. These facts motivated this research, being proposed prototypes of emitters whose physical and functional characteristics prevent the entry of roots and soil particles by suction into them, and allow the design flow. Four emitters models were developed: (i) A model that uses piston; (ii) B model composed by a membrane with Youngs modulus (YM) of 1000 kPa; (iii) C model composed by a membrane with YM of 1000 kPa plus a membrane protector;(iv) protector (tube) emitter system (D model) in which was used a commercial dripper to flow control. The A model study was stopped since it did not present a good performance. In the field stage models B, C, D and a commercial dripper E were installed. In the laboratory stage, emitters were evaluated in relation to the manufacturing coefficient of variation (CVF), the emission uniformity coefficient of water (EUC) and the flow rate versus pressure curve. After that, the emitters were installed in pots with and without sugar cane for periodic evaluation considering the potential to prevent the entry of roots and soil particles into the emitter. Relative flow (QR), variation coefficient of relative flow (CVQR), EUC and flow disturbance (DQ) were analyzed. Equations that describe the behavior of C model emitters membrane were developed. The results obtained with the Equation to estimating the minimum pressure were close to the measured data in laboratory. B and C emitter´s model showed the higher values of CVF and CVQR, and the lower values of EUC. After third evaluation period, reduction in QR for E model was observed due to clogging by root. Among the emitters built in the laboratory, C model showed better performance in relation to variation of data flow in lateral line, with values grouped between the first and third quartile. After 3 months (E model) and 18 months (D model) of operation in the field, the presence of soil and roots was observed, while B and C models showed the best results to avoid the entry of root and soil into the emitter. C model was recommended for detailed studies in relation to the membrane which can be used. The emitter that uses membrane plus protector was suitable to prevent entry of root and soil into them needing to studies about it membrane and a system which its possible to control the flow rate. The Equations proposed for C model can be used in: studies to improve the prototype; estimation of the minimum operation pressure; changing in the membrane diameter; and, to estimate the emitter flow. Keywords: Drip irrigation; Subsurface irrigation; Root intrusion; Technological Innovation; Prototype of emitters

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo básico determinar o consumo de água em um pomar de goiabeiras (Psidium guajava L.), cultivar Paluma, com 2,5 anos de idade, plantada no espaçamento de 6 x 5 m e irrigada por microaspersão, no Campo Experimental da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Semi-Árido, município de Petrolina – PE, com base na metodologia do balanço hídrico no solo com dados de umidade do solo medidos pela sonda de nêutrons e pelo TDR, e o padrão de distribuição espacial do sistema radicular da cultura de goiabeira. Assumiu-se a hipótese que ambos os métodos de medida de umidade do solo poderiam proporcionar resultados similares, o que levaria à semelhantes estimativas da evapotranspiração de uma cultura. A obtenção do consumo de água ou evapotranspiração de cultivo (ETc) pelo balanço hídrico foi relacionada com a evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) obtida pelos métodos do tanque classe “A” e Penman-Monteith-FAO para determinar os coeficiente de cultura (Kc) da goiabeira para a região de Petrolina - PE. Os resultados mostraram que 80% das raízes encontram-se na profundidade de 0,94 m e numa distância do tronco de 1,23 m, porém foram encontradas raízes até 1,20 m de profundidade a uma distância de 2,4 m do tronco da planta. Do total de raízes coletados nos monolitos distantes até 0,6 m do tronco da planta, 92,1% das raízes apresentaram diâmetro menor que 2 mm, 4,8% apresentaram diâmetro entre 2-5 mm, 2,7% entre 5-10 mm e apenas 0,4% com diâmetro maior que 10 mm. Para o monitoramento da água no solo e aplicações da fertilizantes e matéria orgânica, recomenda-se que seja realizado a uma distância do tronco e profundidade do solo até 0,6 m. O consumo total de água da goiabeira durante o ciclo de 200 dias foi de 691,38 e 679,17 mm determinado pelo balanço hídrico com valores de umidade obtidos pelo TDR e pela sonda de nêutrons, apresentando um valor médio de 3,70 mm/dia e 3,63 mm/dia, respectivamente. Os valores médios de Kc determinados pelo balanço hídrico no solo com dados de umidade do TDR e com valores de ETo segundo o tanque classe A e Penman-Monteith FAO foram de 0,71 e 0,79, enquanto que com a ETc obtida com resultados de umidade da sonda de nêutrons, os valores foram de 0,70 e 0,78, respectivamente. Para todas as fases fenológicas, ocorreu uma variação nos valores de Kc de 0,58 a 1,03, considerando-se todas as combinações de fonte de dados analisadas. Os valores de umidade do solo medidos pela sonda de nêutrons e pelo TDR seguiram a mesma tendência ao longo do ciclo da cultura e, conseqüentemente, proporcionaram estimativas próximas da variação de armazenamento, um dos termos da equação do balanço hídrico no solo. / A field experiment was carried out to estimate the crop water consumption in a guava cv. Paluma orchard, with two and half year-old plants in a 6 x 5 grid spacing irrigated by microsprinkler, at the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation – Agricultural Research Center of the Semi-Arid Tropic in Petrolina, Pernambuco State, Northeastern Brazil, based on the soil water balance method and the root distribuition pattern in the soil profile (digital image analysis). The soil water content was measured by two methods, the time domain reflectometry (TDR) and the neutron scattering (neutron probe). It was assumed that both soil water measuring methods provide similar values and, consequently, similar estimations of crop evapotranspiration would be obtained. The reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was measured by the class A evaporation pan and by the Penman-Monteith-FAO method. The crop coefficient (Kc) was obtained by the ETc/ETo ratio taking in account the method used to estimate the reference water consumption. Around 80% of total roots were found in the 0.94 m soil depth and until the 1,23 m distance from the trunk, although roots were observed until 1.2 m depth and 2.4 m distance from the plant row. Most of the roots sampled by the monolith method in the 0.2-0.6 m distance from the trunk presented a diameter (d) &#8804; 2 mm (92,1%), while 4.8, 2.7 and 0.4% of roots were within the 2 < d &#8804; 5 mm, 5 < d &#8804; 10 mm, and d > 10 mm intervals. Soil water monitoring and application of fertilizer and manure should be performed at a 0.6 m distance from the trunk and until 0.6 m depth. Total crop water consumption was 691.38 mm and 679.17 mm in a 200 days growing season, using the TDR and neutron probe equipments, which leaded to an average daily water consumption of 3.70 mm and 3.63 mm, respectively. Using the ETc from soil water content measured by TDR, average Kc values were 0.71 and 0.79 with ETo from pan and Penman-Monteith-FAO methods, while using the ETc from neutron probe data, average values were 0.70 and 0.78, respectively. A range from 0.58 to 1.03 was observed in all source of data combinations throughout the phenologic phases. The soil water content measured by TDR and neutron presented close values. Consequently, it was obtained close values of soil water storage changing, which is accounted in the soil water balance method.

Dans l’optique d’une seconde Révolution Verte, visant, à la différence de la première, à accroître les rendements des cultures dans un contexte de faible fertilité, les stratégies mises en place par les plantes pour une assimilation optimale des nutriments du sol se trouvent au cœur du problème. Afin de le résoudre et d’identifier les variétés idéales parmi la diversité génétique des plantes cultivées, les systèmes racinaires, leur développement et leur architecture, sont appelés à jouer le premier rôle. La variabilité au sein des racines latérales semble s’avérer une caractéristique cruciale pour l’optimisation de l’exploration du sol et de l’acquisition de ses ressources mobiles et immobiles, mais ce phénomène est encore mal appréhendé.Le travail présenté dans cette thèse se concentre sur les racines latérales du maïs (Zea mays L.) dans un effort pour révéler les processus à l’origine des variations intrinsèques dans le développement racinaire. Il s’appuie en particulier sur le phénotypage des racines latérales à une échelle sans précédent, suivant la croissance journalière de milliers d’entre elles à haute résolution spatiale, pour caractériser précisément les variations spatio-temporelles entre et au sein des individus racinaires. Les profils individuels de vitesse de croissance ont été analysés à l’aide d’un modèle statistique qui a identifié trois principales tendances temporelles dans les vitesses de croissance menant à la définition de trois classes de racines latérales avec une vitesse et durée de croissance distinctes. Des différences de diamètre à l’émergence de ces racines (dont l’origine remonte au stade du primordium) conditionnent probablement la tendance ultérieur de croissance mais ne suffisent pas à déterminer le destin de la racine. Finalement, ces classes racinaires sont distribuées aléatoirement le long de la racine primaire, ce qui suggère qu’aucune stimulation ou inhibition locale n’existe entre racines voisines.Pour expliquer l’origine des variations observées dans la croissance, ce travail a été complété par une caractérisation multi-échelle de groupes de racines latérales présentant une croissance distincte, à un niveau cellulaire, anatomique et moléculaire. Un effort particulier a été dirigé à l’analyse des profils de longueur de cellules dans des apex racinaires pour lequel nous avons introduit un modèle de segmentation pour identifier des zones développementales. Grâce à cette méthode, une forte modulation dans la longueur des zones de division et d’élongation a été mise en évidence, en lien avec les variations de la croissance des racines latérales. Le rôle régulateur de l’auxine sur l'équilibre entre les processus de prolifération et d’élongation cellulaire a été montré avec l’utilisation de lignées mutantes. En fin de compte, les variations de la croissance entre racines latérales sont remontées jusqu’à l’allocation d’assimilats carbonés et la capacité de transport de la racine, ce qui suggère l’existence d’un mécanisme de rétroaction qui pourrait jouer un rôle déterminant dans la mise en place de tendances contrastées dans la croissance des racines latérales. / In the perspective of a second Green Revolution, aiming, unlike the first one, to enhance yields of crops in a low fertility context, the strategies used by plants for an optimal uptake of soil nutrients are at the core of the problem. To solve it and identify ideal breeds among the genetic diversity of crops, plant root systems, their development and their architecture, are called upon to play the leading role. The variability among secondary roots appears as a crucial feature for the optimality of soil exploration and acquisition of mobile and immobile resources, but this phenomenon remains poorly understood. The work presented in this thesis focuses on the lateral roots of maize (Zea mays L.) and attempts to unravel the processes at the origin of intrinsic variations in lateral root development. It relies notably on the phenotyping of individual lateral roots at an unprecedented scale, tracking the daily growth of thousands of them at a high spatial resolution, in order to characterize precisely the spatio-temporal variations existing both between and within root individuals. Individual growth rate profiles were analyzed with a statistical model that identified three main temporal trends in growth rates leading to the definition of three lateral root classes with contrasted growth rates and growth duration. Differences in lateral root diameter at root emergence (originating at the primordium stage) were likely to condition the followed growth trend but did not seem enough to entirely determine lateral root fate. Lastly, these lateral root classes were randomly distributed along the primary root, suggesting that there is no local inhibition or stimulation between neighbouring lateral roots. In order to explain the origin of the observed differences in growth behaviour, we complemented our study with a multi-scale characterization of groups of lateral roots with contrasted growth at a cellular, anatomical and molecular level. A particular focus is set on the analysis of cell length profiles in lateral root apices for which we introduced a segmentation model to identify developmental zones. Using this method, we evidenced strong modulations in the length of the division and elongation zones that could be closely related to variations in lateral root growth. The regulatory role of auxin on the balance between cellular proliferation and elongation processes is demonstrated through the analysis of mutant lines. Ultimately, variations in lateral root growth are traced back to the allocation of carbon assimilates and the transport capacity of the root, suggesting that a feedback control loop mechanism could play a determinant role in the setting out of contrasted lateral root growth trends.

Shallow foundations rested on Leda clay that are widely distributed in Eastern Canada exhibit shrinkage characteristics and are prone to differential settlements. Due to this reason, significant repairs are necessary to the foundations and basements of residential structures constructed in Leda clay deposits. Differential settlements are commonly attributed to the changes in the natural water content of soils associated with water infiltration, evaporation or plant transpiration (i.e., tree-roots-suction). Various research studies have been undertaken to estimate the possible settlements of shallow foundations associated with the water infiltration or evaporation. Several thumb rules have been proposed through research studies, providing recommendations with respect to the distance at which trees must be planted as a function of their heights at maturity such that differential settlements can be avoided. However, limited studies have been carried out to estimate or model the settlements of shallow foundations taking into account the influence of tree-roots-suction. In the present research program, a comprehensive experimental study regarding the deformation characteristics of a sandy loam soil from Ottawa due to tree-root-suction is undertaken, using specially designed equipment. The study has been undertaken using a sandy loam soil so that the testing program can be conducted in a shorter period of time. An artificial rooting system (ARS) was designed and placed in a specially designed tank at the University of Ottawa to simulate tree-roots-suction and measure soil surface settlements associated with a decrease in natural water content (or increase in soil suction) using particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique. The ARS consists of an artificial root, suction generator, matric suction and volumetric water content monitoring devices. The variation of matric suction and volumetric water content are monitored at various depths using the instrumentation of the ARS. Based on the results of the experimental studies, a methodology is proposed to model the settlement behaviour of sandy loam soils due to suction from ARS, using commercial finite element software, SEEP/W and SIGMA/W (i.e. software package of GeoStudio 2007). The study offers a reasonably good comparison between the measured surface settlements and those estimated using the finite element modelling analysis. The modelling methodology presented in this thesis is promising and may be extended for estimating the settlement behaviour associated with the tree roots suction of Leda clay deposits and to other soils.

Seed reproduction is a key part of the life cycle of the most plant species. It allows for the dispersal of species in space and time and, thus, significantly affects dynamics of plant populations and communities. Seed formation, germination and seedling establishment are subjected to selection pressures from the environment and lead to optimization of maternal investments (maternal care), manifested by the number of seeds and amount and composition of nutrients stored in individual seeds. The thesis aims to answer two questions: (i) whether maternal investments in terms of seed mass and seed nutrient stoichiometry is optimized according to the environmental conditions in which seedling development is expected and (ii) how nutrient availability, considering nutrients both stored in the seed by the mother plant and those available in the substrate, affects seedling growth and development. To answer the first question, we focused on interspecific comparisons of seed nutrient stoichiometry linking it with data on seed mass and species niche along gradients of nu- trient availability. We used a phylogenetically informed comparative approach to explore the ratio between phosphorus, nitrogen and nonstructural carbon in seeds from 510 wild herbaceous species. We analyzed seed nutrient stoichiometry with...

La production de tournesol inclue des interactions complexes entre le génotype et l'environnement tout au long du cycle de la culture. La profondeur de l'enracinement du tournesol est fortement liée au sol, à sa structure et à la disponibilité en eau. La compaction du sol représente un enjeu important dans le contexte actuel de la durabilité des systèmes agricoles, et se caractérise par une diminution de la disponibilité hydrique du sol, une augmentation de la densité apparente et la résistance du sol à la pénétration. L’altération de l'exploration du système racinaire et de ses conséquences sur la croissance du système aérien sous contraintes mécaniques du sol a été explorée pour de nombreuses cultures (maïs Zea mays, Blé Triticum durum, ou de soja Glycine max). Peut d’études ont été réalisée sur le tournesol (Helianthus annuus L.). Parmi ces études seules quelqu’une incluent des cinétiques de croissance, encore moins incluent la qualité de la production. Le but de ce travail est d'étudier i) les modifications du système racinaire causée par la compaction du sol, ii) l'altération du système aérien causé par la modification du système racinaire, et iii) les interactions entre les systèmes. Une synthèse réalisée à partir la littérature et du schéma conceptuel du modèle STICS a permis d’établir un schéma conceptuel théorique retraçant le mécanisme des actions de la compaction du sol sur la plante de tournesol. A partir de ce schéma, deux expérimentations au champ et une expérience en conditions contrôlées ont été construites. En présence de compaction du sol, une diminution de la disponibilité hydrique, une augmentation de la densité apparente et la résistance du sol à la pénétration ont été observées conformément à la littérature. Le stress causé par la contrainte mécanique du sol a induit une réduction de la croissance et de l'exploration du système racinaire. Ceci a engendré une diminution de la surface foliaire, de la biomasse aérienne, et de la hauteur des plantes. Les pertes d'efficacité de l'utilisation des ressources et de rendement ont été observées par des indicateurs indirects. Les analyses de sensibilité de STICS ont été effectuées sur les paramètres d'intérêts, confirmant le seuil à partir duquel la compaction du sol conduit à des effets négatifs sur la plante de tournesol. Des propositions ont été faites pour adapter le modèle à la croissance du système racinaire de tournesol, i) en établissant une liaison directe entre les appareils aérien et souterrain, et ii) en réajustant l'indice de stress provoqué par les variations de densité apparente / The sunflower production takes place throughout complex interactions between the genotype, the crop management and the environment. Sunflower rooting depth is strongly related with soil structural behavior and gravimetric water availability. Soil compaction represents an important issue in the actual context of agricultural system durability, and is characterized by a decrease of soil available water, an increase of bulk density and soil resistance to the penetration. Variation of root system exploration and their consequences on above ground growth and development under soil mechanical constraints have been explored for many crops (Maize Zea mays, Wheat Triticum durum, or Soybean Glycine max), but only few researches have been carried out on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Among them only few includes kinetic aspects and less quality of production. The aim of this work is to study i) the root system modifications caused by soil compaction, ii) the above ground system alteration caused by root system modification, and iii) the interactions between the systems. An analysis carried out from literature and the model STICS conceptual framework lead to the construction of a conceptual framework explaining the mechanism of soil compaction actions on sunflower plant. From this knowledge, two field experiments and a controlled experiment were built. In presence of soil compaction a decrease of soil water availability and an increase of bulk density and soil resistance to penetration were observed as reported in literature. The stress caused by soil mechanical constraint induced a reduction of root system growth and exploration. This induced a decrease of leaf area, shoot biomass, and plant height. The use efficiency of resource and yield lost were observed by indirect indicators. Sensitivity analyses of STICS were done on parameter of interest, confirming the threshold above which soil compaction lead to negative impact on sunflower. Proposition were made to adapt the model to sunflower root system growth, by implementing a direct link between shoot and root growth, and by readjusting the bulk density stress index

Le genre Chenopodium comprend environ 150 espèces réparties sur l'ensemble du globe et établies dans une large gamme de milieux. En Amérique du Sud, différentes espèces, cultivées comme C. quinoa Willd. et C. pallidicaule Aellen, ou sauvages comme C. hircinum Schrader, sont distribuées sur des gradients pédoclimatiques allant du niveau de la mer au Chili, jusqu'à plus de 4000 m d'altitude sur l'altiplano boliviano-péruvien, sur des sols plus ou moins profonds et riches en nutriments, et sous des climats allant du tropical humide jusqu'au froid aride. Ces espèces sont phylogénétiquement apparentées, et on admet généralement que C. quinoa a été domestiqué à partir de C. hircinum et qu'une partie de son génome proviendrait de C. pallidicaule. Leur large distribution dans des écosystèmes naturels ou agricoles et leur plus ou moins grande tolérance aux contraintes du milieu, font de ce groupe d'espèces un modèle intéressant pour examiner la diversité des réponses des plantes, notamment face à la faible disponibilité en eau dans le sol. La totalité de l'eau nécessaire à la vie de ces plantes passant par le système racinaire, nous nous sommes intéressés aux variations intra- et interspécifiques de l'architecture et de la croissance des racines et à leurs réponses au déficit hydrique, en faisant l'hypothèse que les plantes provenant d'un milieu aride ou d'un système de culture à faible usage d'intrants, ont développé des traits racinaires qui leurs permettent d'accroître l'acquisition des ressources du sol. Pour tester cette hypothèse nous avons comparé la croissance et le développement racinaire de plantes de deux écotypes de C. quinoa de régions plus ou moins arides, et de populations de C. pallidicaule et de C. hircinum, placées dans des conditions de culture contrôlées non limitantes ou déficitaires en eau, en pots et en rhizotrons. Les principaux résultats de ce travail de thèse montrent que, malgré de grandes différences dans la production de biomasse et la morphologie aérienne, les populations étudiées présentent toutes la même typologie racinaire. Elles diffèrent entre elles par plusieurs traits d'architecture et de morphologie racinaire qui déterminent la capacité d'exploration et d'exploitation des ressources du sol. Certains de ces traits, comme la vitesse d'élongation de la racine principale, présentent une grande plasticité de réponse au déficit hydrique. D'autres traits, comme la longueur spécifique des racines, sont moins plastiques mais présentent des différences interspécifiques importantes. Ces variations de l'architecture des plantes forment des syndromes adaptatifs favorisant la survie des plantes dans les milieux les plus contraignants. Mots clés : Chenopodium quinoa, Chenopodium hircinum, Chenopodium pallidicaule, système racinaire, architecture racinaire, topologie racinaire, ontogénie, rhizotron, élongation racinaire, analyses de croissance, espèces cultivées, espèces sauvages, croissance racinaire, morphologie racinaire. / The genus Chenopodium comprises about 150 species distributed all around the world and over a wide range of environments. In South America, differents species, either cultivated as C. quinoa Willd. and C. pallidicaule Aellen, or wild as C. hircinum Schrader, are distributed over pedoclimatic gradients from the sea level in Chile, up to an altitude of 4000 m in the altiplano of Bolivia and Peru, on soils more or less thick and rich in nutrients, and under climates from tropical humid to arid and cold. These species are phylogenetically related, and it is generally admitted that C. quinoa was domesticated from C. hircinum and that part of its genome comes from C. pallidicaule. Their wide distribution in natural and crop ecosystems and their more or less strong tolerance to environmental constraints, make this group of species an interesting model for examining the diversity of responses of the plants, in particular facing a low disponibility of resources in the soil. As all the water necessary for the life of the pass through the root system, we focused our interest in the intra- and interspecific variations in the root growth and architecture, and their responses to the water deficit, with the hypothesis that plants from arid habitats or from low-input agrosystems, developed root traits that allowed them to increase the acquisition of resources in the soil. To test this hypothesis we compared the root growth and development in plants of two ecotypes of C. quinoa from more or less arid regions, and of populations of C. pallidicaule and C. hircinum, placed under non-limiting or water deficit growth conditions, in pots and in rhizotrons. The main results of this research show that, despite large differences in biomass production and morphology of the aerial plant part, the studied populations showed the same root typology. They differed by several traits of root architecture and morphology which control the capacity of the plant to explore and exploit the soil resources. Some of these traits, such as the taproot elongation rate, showed a high plasticity in response to the water deficit. Other traits, like the specific root length, were less plastic but showed large interspecific differences. These variations in plant root architecture conforms adaptive syndromes that favor the plant survival in the most limiting environments. Key words : Chenopodium quinoa, Chenopodium hircinum, Chenopodium pallidicaule, root system, root architecture, topological index, ontogeny, rhizotron, root elongation, plant growth analysis, cultivated species, wild species, root growth, root morphology.

Os sistemas integrados de produção agropecuária (SIPAs) diversificam e intensificam a produção rural, embora ainda careçam de avanços e detalhamento dos processos e mecanismos envolvidos nas relações solo-planta-atmosfera, essenciais para adaptá-los e modelá-los para as diferentes eco-regiões e condições edafoclimáticas. Esse estudo investigou os efeitos da intensificação de sistemas integrados de produção agropecuária na quantidade, qualidade e origem da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) e na dinâmica do crescimento e da decomposição radicular de espécies vegetais durante os períodos de lavoura e de pastejo. O experimento foi conduzido na Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste no estado de São Paulo, região sudeste do Brasil. Dois SIPAs foram avaliados: integração-lavoura-pecuária (ILP) e integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta (ILPF). Duas áreas de referência foram utilizadas: pastagem extensiva (não degradada) e floresta estacional semidecidual (somente para avaliações sobre a MOS). Duas épocas de avaliação foram consideradas: período lavoura (verão de 2014/15) e período pastagem (inverno de 2015 e verão de 2015/16). A quantidade (teores e estoques de C e N), a qualidade (índices de manejo de C, frações leve, particulada e mineral) e a origem (?13C e ?15N) da MOS na camada de 0-0,40 m, e o crescimento e a decomposição dos sistemas radiculares das espécies vegetais e o fluxo de água no perfil do solo (0-70 cm) foram avaliados durante os períodos de lavoura e de pastagem. Adicionalmente, na ILPF também foram avaliados estes parâmetros de plantas e solos em três distâncias das linhas de cultivo do eucalipto (1,9; 4,5 e 7,3 m). Converter a pastagem extensiva em ILP resultou em: (i) aumento da disponibilidade de nutrientes (Ca, Mg, K e P) no solo; (ii) incrementos nos estoques de C e N, bem como de frações lábeis da MOS; (iii) manutenção de maiores conteúdos de água no solo; e, (iv) ciclagem do C e N, com maiores produção e decomposição de raízes, inclusive em camadas mais profundas do solo. Implementar a ILPF sob área utilizada para ILP promoveu os seguintes efeitos: (i) redução nos conteúdos de água no solo; (ii) perdas nos teores das frações lábeis da MOS (iii) limitações na produção de raízes no período de lavoura (principalmente em locais próximos as árvores) e incrementos na decomposição radicular, acarretando em maiores taxas de ciclagem das raízes no solo; (iv) aumentos na ciclagem do C e N; e, (v) ocorrências de associações simbióticas nas raízes, tais como os fungos ectomicorrízicos, perceptíveis pela técnica de análises radiculares com uso de minirhizotron. De acordo com os resultados encontrados, sugere-se que o arranjo das árvores na ILPF seja reestruturado a partir do quarto ano de idade, quando estas limitaram o crescimento radicular e o aporte de matéria orgânica lábil, além de reduzir os conteúdos de água no solo. Entretanto, recomenda-se a intensificação da produção sob condições tropicais, pois a quantidade e a qualidade da MOS, e a produtividade e aprofundamento do sistema radicular foram incrementados ao longo do tempo sob SIPAs, principalmente na ILP / Integrated farming systems (IS) diversify and intensify rural production, although there are still gaps in advancing and detailing of the processes and mechanisms involved in the soil-plant-atmosphere relations, which are essential to adapt and model these systems for the different eco-regions and edafoclimatic conditions. This study investigated the effects of the intensification of IS on the quantity, quality and origin of soil organic matter (SOM) and on root growth and decomposition dynamics of plant species during cropping and grazing periods. The experiment was conducted at Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, state of São Paulo, southeast region of Brazil. Two IS were evaluated: integrated crop-livestock system (ICL) and integrated crop-livestock-forest system (ICLF). Two references areas were used: extensive grazing (not degraded) and a semideciduous seasonal forest (only for SOM evaluations). Two evaluation periods were considered: cropping (summer of 2014/15) and grazing period (winter of 2015 and summer and winter of 2015/16). The quantity (C and N contents and stocks), quality (C management indexes, light, particulate and mineral SOM fractions) and the origin (?13C and ?15N) of SOM in the 0-0.40 m layer, and the growth and decomposition of the root systems of the plant species and water flow in the soil profile (0-0.7 m) were evaluated during cropping and grazing periods. In addition, in ICLF also these parameters of plants and soils were evaluated at three distances of eucalyptus rows (1.9, 4.5 and 7.3 m). The conversion of extensive grazing to ICL system resulted in: (i) increased availability of nutrients (Ca, Mg, K and P) in the soil; (ii) increases in C and N stocks, as well as labile fractions of SOM; (iii) maintenance of greater water content in the soil; and (iv) cycling of C and N, with higher root production and decomposition, even in deeper layers of the soil. Implementing the ICLF under the area used for ICL promoted the following effects: (i) reduction in soil water content; (iii) limitations in the root production in the cropping season (mainly in places near the trees) and increases in the root decomposition, resulting in higher cycling rates of the roots in the soil; (iv) increases in C and N cycling; and, (v) occurrence of symbiotic associations with the roots, such as ectomycorrhizal fungi, which were perceptible by the technique of root analysis using minirhizotrons. According to the results, it is suggested that the arrangement of the trees in the ICLF system need to be restructured after the fourth year of age, when they limited the root growth and the amount of labile organic matter, besides reducing the contents of water in the soil. However, farming intensification is recommended under tropical conditions, as the SOM quantity and quality, and the productivity and deepening of the root system were increased during cultivations in the IS, especially in the ICL system