Weed control is essential in managing high quality turfgrasses. Some preemergent (PRE) herbicides may pose a negative effect on rooting architecture (total length, surface area, diameter, and mass) of desirable species. Several PRE herbicides work by negatively affecting normal cell division and development. Evaluations were performed to determine the effects of four PRE herbicides (dithiopyr, oxadiazon, pendimethalin, and quinclorac) on hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. X C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy) (BG) root architecture. Herbicide treatments were applied to field grown dormant BG in Mid-March of 2008 and 2009. A decrease in root length, and in surface area, was observed at 8 WAT by pendimethalin (55% of control). Twelve WAT the greatest decrease occurred in dithiopyr (40%) and pendimethalin (20%). Sixteen WAT, the greatest decrease was observed by dithiopyr (50%). The results indicate that the PRE’s tested can have a negative influence on BG root parameters and possibly water use efficiency.

Modifying root architecture is a strategy that aims to develop plants, which capture nutrients more efficiently and thus suitable for sustainable agriculture with fewer fertilizer inputs. The focus is on nitrate, since it is a major nutritional determinant of root morphology and because of its importance in determining yield. Low concentrations of nitrate in soil stimulate the development of lateral roots, thereby increasing the root surface available for the uptake. Conversely, uniformly concentrations of nitrate inhibit the elongation of lateral roots. The aim of the thesis was to study the natural variation of the root morphological responses to nitrate in Arabidopsis thaliana. First, the manuscript starts with the screening of a core collection of twenty-four accessions, which maximize the genetic diversity within the species, on agar medium at low and moderate nitrate levels. Our results showed that the variability for production and allocation of biomass and root architecture traits exists within the species. Second a detailed characterization is done with eleven accessions showing contrasting root morphological responses to nitrate supply. We demonstrated that at an early development stage, the nitrate uptake efficiency is not implicitly correlated with root system architecture. Third, the genetic determinism of the natural variation of the root system architecture is studied. A combination of genome-wide association mapping on a larger number of accessions (> 300), a linkage mapping with existing recombinant inbred lines and a bulk segregant analysis was carried in order to identify candidate genes involved in root morphological responses to nitrate. The perspectives of this work would be, through a model species to crop pipeline, to translate knowledge from Arabidopsis to Brassica crops that would have a root architecture redesigned to increase the acquisition of nutrients. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

博士(理学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Science / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

<p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p> <p>As plants are sessile organisms, detecting the presence of neighboring plants and exhibiting competitive behavior to acquire limiting resources is crucial. One of the ways plants respond to belowground competition is by allocation to fine roots in order to acquire the limited resources. However, this phenotypic plasticity can be costly as it assigns resources away from reproduction. Being able to recognize the relatedness of one′s neighbours and preferentially compete with strangers is a beneficial trait that can minimize the costs of competition with relatives and increases inclusive fitness. Many studies have looked at the association between resource availability and competition in plants while others have observed kin recognition in several plants species. However, no one has yet studied the effect of resource availability on kin recognition in plants. Here, I looked at root architecture to test if there is an association between kin recognition and nutrient availability in <em>Cakile edentula</em>.</p> <p>I found that the root system architecture is highly plastic and complex, showing variable responses to neighbour identity signals and resource availability. The results from the four experiments demonstrate that the responses of <em>C. edentula </em>to neighbour relatedness are dependent on nutrient availability. Additionally, this study also indicates that kin recognition in <em>C. edentula</em> does not require root contact; instead it occurs through a signal found in soluble compounds excreted from plants, possibly root exudates, as observed in <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> <em>(</em>Biedrzycki et al. 2010).</p> <p>In conclusion, this study provides novel findings regarding the dynamics of root behavior in response to nutrient availability and the relatedness of neighbours.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

Submitted by Claudia Rocha (claudia.rocha@udesc.br) on 2018-03-01T13:14:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV16MA221.pdf: 709992 bytes, checksum: 01719d263cce161954dd5a4f4c6a9805 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-01T13:14:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV16MA221.pdf: 709992 bytes, checksum: 01719d263cce161954dd5a4f4c6a9805 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-19 / Grain yield in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is highly affected by abiotic factors such as low soil fertility, water deficiency and high temperatures. The development of new cultivars, more efficient in the absorption of water and nutrients, has been the objective of the vegetal improvement. In this sense, the improvement of the root system, morphology, architecture and root distribution has been focused. The objective of this work was to determine the main component of the genetic variance of the root distribution in beans and to define selection strategies for the improvement of this character. An experiment comprising 40 genetic constitutions, 12 segregating populations in the F4, F5 and F6 generations and 4 fixed populations (parents) was developed during the agricultural years of 2014/15 and 2015/16. The treatments were arranged in increased blocks of Federer with 3 replicates. When the genetic constitutions showed full flowering, profiles were perpendicular to the sowing line and a gradient was placed for the quantification of the root system. The root distribution was evaluated in the binary system (denomination of presence (1) and absence (0) of the roots in each grid of the gradient). An analysis of variance and contrasts of non-orthogonal means (P < 0.05) were performed to test the hypothesis of the study. Both the segregating progenies and the parents have equal root distribution between the evaluation years, 2014/15 and 2015/16. The F4 progenies do not differ in relation to the root distribution when compared to their parents. The progenies (F4, F5 and F6) when compared also did not present significant differences. Throughout the segregating generations, the maintenance of the populations by self-fertilization and consequently the increase of the loci in homozygous resulted in the maximum expression of inbreeding. Thus, considering the predominance of the additive genetic variance and aiming at the formation of a pure line, it is recommended that the root distribution in bean be evaluated from the F4 generation / O rendimento de grãos na cultura do feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) é altamente afetado por fatores abióticos como baixa fertilidade do solo, deficiência hídrica e altas temperaturas. O desenvolvimento de novas cultivares, mais eficientes na absorção de água e nutrientes, tem sido objetivo do melhoramento vegetal. Nesse sentido, tem-se dado enfoque a melhoria do sistema radicular, da morfologia, arquitetura e distribuição radicular. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar o principal componente da variância genética da distribuição radicular em feijão e definir as estratégias de seleção para o melhoramento deste caráter. Para tanto, um experimento compreendendo 40 constituições genéticas, sendo 12 populações segregantes nas gerações F4, F5 e F6 e 4 populações fixas (genitores) foi desenvolvido durante os anos agrícolas de 2014/15 e 2015/16. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em blocos aumentados de Federer com 3 repetições. Quando as constituições genéticas apresentaram pleno florescimento foram abertos perfis perpendiculares à linha de semeadura e colocado um gradiente para a quantificação do sistema radicular. A distribuição da raiz foi avaliada no sistema binário (denominação de presença (1) e ausência (0) das raízes em cada quadrícula do gradiente). Foi realizada uma análise de variância e contrastes de médias não ortogonais (P < 0,05), para testar as hipóteses do estudo. Tanto as progênies segregantes quanto os genitores apresentam distribuição radicular igual entre os anos de avaliação, 2014/15 e 2015/16. As progênies F4 não apresentam diferença em relação ao caráter distribuição radicular quando comparadas aos seus genitores. As progênies (F4, F5 e F6) quando comparadas também não apresentam diferenças significativas. Ao longo das gerações segregantes, a manutenção das populações por autofecundação e consequentemente o aumento dos locos em homozigose proporcionaram a máxima expressão da endogamia. Assim, visto a predominância da variância genética aditiva e visando a formação de uma linha pura, recomenda-se que o caráter distribuição radicular em feijão seja avaliado a partir da geração F4

Le genre Chenopodium comprend environ 150 espèces réparties sur l'ensemble du globe et établies dans une large gamme de milieux. En Amérique du Sud, différentes espèces, cultivées comme C. quinoa Willd. et C. pallidicaule Aellen, ou sauvages comme C. hircinum Schrader, sont distribuées sur des gradients pédoclimatiques allant du niveau de la mer au Chili, jusqu'à plus de 4000 m d'altitude sur l'altiplano boliviano-péruvien, sur des sols plus ou moins profonds et riches en nutriments, et sous des climats allant du tropical humide jusqu'au froid aride. Ces espèces sont phylogénétiquement apparentées, et on admet généralement que C. quinoa a été domestiqué à partir de C. hircinum et qu'une partie de son génome proviendrait de C. pallidicaule. Leur large distribution dans des écosystèmes naturels ou agricoles et leur plus ou moins grande tolérance aux contraintes du milieu, font de ce groupe d'espèces un modèle intéressant pour examiner la diversité des réponses des plantes, notamment face à la faible disponibilité en eau dans le sol. La totalité de l'eau nécessaire à la vie de ces plantes passant par le système racinaire, nous nous sommes intéressés aux variations intra- et interspécifiques de l'architecture et de la croissance des racines et à leurs réponses au déficit hydrique, en faisant l'hypothèse que les plantes provenant d'un milieu aride ou d'un système de culture à faible usage d'intrants, ont développé des traits racinaires qui leurs permettent d'accroître l'acquisition des ressources du sol. Pour tester cette hypothèse nous avons comparé la croissance et le développement racinaire de plantes de deux écotypes de C. quinoa de régions plus ou moins arides, et de populations de C. pallidicaule et de C. hircinum, placées dans des conditions de culture contrôlées non limitantes ou déficitaires en eau, en pots et en rhizotrons. Les principaux résultats de ce travail de thèse montrent que, malgré de grandes différences dans la production de biomasse et la morphologie aérienne, les populations étudiées présentent toutes la même typologie racinaire. Elles diffèrent entre elles par plusieurs traits d'architecture et de morphologie racinaire qui déterminent la capacité d'exploration et d'exploitation des ressources du sol. Certains de ces traits, comme la vitesse d'élongation de la racine principale, présentent une grande plasticité de réponse au déficit hydrique. D'autres traits, comme la longueur spécifique des racines, sont moins plastiques mais présentent des différences interspécifiques importantes. Ces variations de l'architecture des plantes forment des syndromes adaptatifs favorisant la survie des plantes dans les milieux les plus contraignants. Mots clés : Chenopodium quinoa, Chenopodium hircinum, Chenopodium pallidicaule, système racinaire, architecture racinaire, topologie racinaire, ontogénie, rhizotron, élongation racinaire, analyses de croissance, espèces cultivées, espèces sauvages, croissance racinaire, morphologie racinaire. / The genus Chenopodium comprises about 150 species distributed all around the world and over a wide range of environments. In South America, differents species, either cultivated as C. quinoa Willd. and C. pallidicaule Aellen, or wild as C. hircinum Schrader, are distributed over pedoclimatic gradients from the sea level in Chile, up to an altitude of 4000 m in the altiplano of Bolivia and Peru, on soils more or less thick and rich in nutrients, and under climates from tropical humid to arid and cold. These species are phylogenetically related, and it is generally admitted that C. quinoa was domesticated from C. hircinum and that part of its genome comes from C. pallidicaule. Their wide distribution in natural and crop ecosystems and their more or less strong tolerance to environmental constraints, make this group of species an interesting model for examining the diversity of responses of the plants, in particular facing a low disponibility of resources in the soil. As all the water necessary for the life of the pass through the root system, we focused our interest in the intra- and interspecific variations in the root growth and architecture, and their responses to the water deficit, with the hypothesis that plants from arid habitats or from low-input agrosystems, developed root traits that allowed them to increase the acquisition of resources in the soil. To test this hypothesis we compared the root growth and development in plants of two ecotypes of C. quinoa from more or less arid regions, and of populations of C. pallidicaule and C. hircinum, placed under non-limiting or water deficit growth conditions, in pots and in rhizotrons. The main results of this research show that, despite large differences in biomass production and morphology of the aerial plant part, the studied populations showed the same root typology. They differed by several traits of root architecture and morphology which control the capacity of the plant to explore and exploit the soil resources. Some of these traits, such as the taproot elongation rate, showed a high plasticity in response to the water deficit. Other traits, like the specific root length, were less plastic but showed large interspecific differences. These variations in plant root architecture conforms adaptive syndromes that favor the plant survival in the most limiting environments. Key words : Chenopodium quinoa, Chenopodium hircinum, Chenopodium pallidicaule, root system, root architecture, topological index, ontogeny, rhizotron, root elongation, plant growth analysis, cultivated species, wild species, root growth, root morphology.

Le cadmium (Cd) est naturellement présent dans les sols qui sont aussi enrichis par l'activité humaine. Le Cd contamine les produits végétaux alimentaires car il est absorbé par les racines des plantes. Elément toxique pour les organismes vivants, les concentrations dans les produits consommés sont soumises aux règlementations pour l’alimentation humaine et animale. Il est donc nécessaire de comprendre le transfert sol-organe consommé du Cd, spécialement pour le tournesol (Helianthus annuus L.), notre plante modèle, pouvant accumuler plus de Cd que d’autre plantes cultivées. Ce travail a testé l'hypothèse que la quantité de Cd absorbée par le système racinaire du tournesol était liée à l'architecture de ce dernier. Nous avons caractérisé au niveau des racines individuelles une variation longitudinale de l’influx d'absorption du Cd2+ en lien avec le milieu de culture, l'ordre et l'âge des racines. Ces variations ont été attribuées à la dynamique de développement des barrières apoplasmiques (dépôts de cellulose lignine et subérine) qui limitent l'internalisation du Cd2+ dans le cytoplasme cellulaire. Par simulation, il a été montré que ces variations pouvaient théoriquement impacter l'absorption totale de Cd2+ en fonction de l'architecture racinaire en hydroponie mais beaucoup moins sur substrat solide (sable). En outre, une comparaison de 14 cultivars de tournesol cultivé en hydroponie a montré que la variabilité des teneurs en Cd dans les parties aériennes était plutôt liée à des différences d'absorption indépendantes de l'architecture racinaire et à des variations de répartition dans la plante. Les variations longitudinales d'absorption du Cd peuvent alors être considérées comme mineures face à des variations inter-cultivars dont l'origine reste à élucider. Dans une optique de modélisation du prélèvement total en conditions de sol, il serait alors possible de ne considérer qu’un influx moyen de Cd pour la totalité du système racinaire indépendamment de son architecture / Cadmium (Cd) is naturally occurring in soils that are also enriched by human activity. Cd contaminates food crops because of its absorption by plant roots. Because it is a toxic element for living organisms, its concentrations in food and feed plant products are subjected to regulatory limits. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the transfer of this metal from the soil to the edible plant part, especially for sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), our model plant that can accumulate more Cd than other crop species. This study tested the hypothesis that the amount of Cd absorbed by sunflower was related to the root architecture. We characterized, at the individual roots level, a longitudinal variation of the influx of Cd2+ absorption in relation with the culture medium, the order and the age of roots. These variations were attributed to the development of apoplastic barriers (cellulose, lignin and suberin deposition) that restrict the absorption of Cd2+ into the cytosol. By simulation, it has been shown that these variations could theoritically impact the total absorption of Cd2+ in hydroponics depending on the root architecture while in solid substrate (sand) the impact was much more limited. Furthermore, a comparison of 14 sunflower cultivars showed that the variability in Cd concentrations in shoots was rather due to differences in absorption independent of root architecture and in variations in the root to shoot distribution. The longitudinal variation in the Cd root influx can then be considered of minor importance compared to the between cultivar variability in Cd uptake, the origin of which remains to be determined. In the perspective of modelling the total uptake of Cd in soil conditions, it could then be possible to assume a global mean influx of Cd independent of the root architecture

Le système racinaire des arbres peut établir des symbioses ectomycorhiziennes (ECM) avec des champignons rhizosphériques. La mise en place de la symbiose est accompagnée d'une stimulation de la formation des racines latérales (RLs), et d'une modification de la croissance racinaire. Ces processus développementaux conduisent à la formation de racines courtes typiques des ECMs. Il a été montré que l'auxine est une phytohormone clef dans la formation des RLs ainsi que dans la croissance racinaire. Notre projet s'est focalisé sur l'étude de la régulation des voies de l'auxine dans la racine de peuplier en réponse à L. bicolor. Dans cette étude, nous avons mis en évidence un arrêt de croissance des RLs et des racines adventives du peuplier Populus tremula x P. alba, après deux semaines de co-culture avec L. bicolor. De plus, nous avons aussi montré que cet arrêt n'est pas conditionné par la présence du réseau de Hartig. Une analyse de l'expression globale des gènes de peuplier dans la mycorhize a été réalisée au cours de la formation de la mycorhize. Cette analyse, couplée à des observations du gradient auxinique via le patron d'expression du promoteur DR5, montre que la signalisation auxinique est affectée dans l'organe symbiotique. La quantification de l'auxine (acide indole 3-acétique, AIA) et des métabolites associés a permis de mettre en évidence un environnement symbiotique riche en auxine dans la mycorhize, qui pourrait expliquer les modifications de la signalisation auxinique. De plus, un changement de la conjugaison et de la dégradation de l'AIA est détecté dans la racine, ainsi qu'une dégradation de l'AIA dans les hyphes de L. bicolor. En parallèle, une analyse fonctionnelle de PtaPIN9, un orthologue de AtPIN2, responsable du transport basipète de l'auxine à l'apex racinaire chez Arabidopsis thaliana, a été réalisée au cours de la mycorhization avec L. bicolor. L'immunolocalisation de PtPIN9 dans les racines de peuplier a montré une localisation similaire à AtPIN2, dans les cellules épidermiques. Les lignées transgéniques ayant une modification de l'expression de ce gène ne répondent pas à L. bicolor en terme de stimulation de RLs. Dans les racines mycorhizées, PtaPIN9 n'est plus observée, mais les modifications de l'expression de PtaPIN9 ne modifient ni l'arrêt de croissance racinaire, ni la formation du réseau de Hartig. Ces résultats montrent des modifications majeures des voies de l'auxine du peuplier par le champignon symbiotique L. bicolor. Cette étude ouvre des perspectives sur la compréhension du rôle de l'auxine dans le développement racinaire ainsi que dans le contexte des interactions plantes-microorganismes / Root systems of host trees are known to establish the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis with rhizospheric fungi. This mutualistic association leads to modifications of root development that including a stimulation of lateral host roots, and a modification in root growth. The phytohormone auxin (Indole-3-acetic acid, IAA) is known to regulate LRs formation and root growth. Our research focussed on auxin pathways in poplar root in response to L. bicolor. In this study, our data showed that the poplar-Laccaria bicolor interaction leads to the arrest of LRs and adventitious root growth after two weeks of interaction. We also showed that this arrest is not regulated by the Hartig net. Differential auxin responses were analyzed by using an auxin-responsive DR5::GUS marker line and revealed a loss of auxin response in ECM roots. An oligoarray-based transcript profiling of poplar roots in contact with L. bicolor highlights a differential expression of auxin asociated genes in ECM. Measurement of auxin metabolite in ECM and in the free living partners revealed an IAA accumulation, an activation of the IPyA (Indol-3-Pyruvic Acid) dependant IAA biosynthesis pathway in both partners, as well as changes in IAA conjugation pathways in poplar and in IAA degradation pathways in L. bicolor. Our findings illustrate the impact of L. bicolor colonization on root auxin metabolism and response, and also suggest a role of auxin as a signal in the formation of ECM and in the regulation of ECM function. In parallel, PtaPIN9 function analysis in response to L. bicolor has been performed. PtaPIN9 immunolocalization in poplar roots showed similar localization to AtPIN2 in epidermis cells. Transgenic lines having a modification in PtaPIN9 expression, did not formed new LRs in respond to L. bicolor. In ECM roots, the loss of PtaPIN9 signal is observed but modifications of PtaPIN9 expression did not modify the root growth arrest and the Hartig net formation. These results show major changes in auxin associate pathways in poplar root by the symbiotic fungus L. bicolor, during the formation of the mycorrhiza root. Our results offer perspectives on the role of auxin in root development and in the context plants-microbes interactions

Es wurden Wurzelsysteme auf 1900, 2400 und 3000 m eines südecuadorianischen Bergregenwaldes untersucht. Ziel war es, ein besseres Verständnis über den Einfluss der Höhenstufe auf die Wurzelfunktionen Nährstoffaneignung und Verankerung sowie Speicherung von C und Nährstoffen in der Wurzelbiomasse zu erlangen. Auf 2400 und 3000 m nahmen die Wurzellängendichten (WLD) mit zunehmender Bodentiefe schneller ab als auf 1900 m. Die vertikale Verteilung der N-Aufnahme war ähnlich der Verteilung der WLD. Das Nährstoffaneignungsvermögen war also in größerer Meereshöhe deutlich mehr auf die organische Auflage konzentriert war als auf 1900 m. Nährstoffkonzentrationen in Blättern zeigten, dass auf 1900 m das Pflanzenwachstum nicht durch Nährstoffmangel limitiert war, während auf 2400 und 3000 m v. a. N, aber auch P, S und K das Pflanzenwachstum limitierten. Die schlechte Nährstoffversorgung der Pflanzen in großer Meereshöhe war vermutlich auf langsame Mineralisation organisch gebundener Nährstoffe und auf ein geringes Nährstoffaneignungsvermögen aus tieferen Bodenschichten zurückzuführen. Die Wurzelbiomasse war auf 3000 m höher als in niedrigerer Meereshöhe. Die Bedeutung des Wurzelsystems für die C-Speicherung stieg also mit zunehmender Höhenstufe. Auch Vorräte an N, S, K, Ca und Mg in den Wurzeln waren auf 3000 m am höchsten. Die Grobwurzelsysteme der Bäume wiesen auf allen Höhenstufen Verankerungs-fördernde Merkmale auf. Bäume auf 3000 m bildeten flachgründigere Wurzelteller als auf 1900 m. Wurzeleigenschaften, die die horizontale Ausdehnung des Wurzeltellers fördern, waren auf 3000 m häufiger oder ausgeprägter als auf 1900 m. Es wird gefolgert, dass eine gehemmte Tiefendurchwurzelung des Bodens in größerer Meereshöhe sowohl das Nährstoffaneignungsvermögen als auch auf die Verankerung der Bäume verringerte. Die hohe Biomasseallokation in die Wurzeln in größerer Meereshöhe weist darauf hin, dass Umweltbedingungen hier besondere Anforderungen an die Wurzelfunktionen stellen. / Root systems at 1900, 2400 and 3000 m of a south Ecuadorian montane forest were investigated. The aim of this study was to improve our knowledge on the impact of altitude on the root functions nutrient acquisition, anchorage and storage of C and nutrients in root biomass. At 2400 and 3000 m, the decrease of root length densities (RLD) with increasing soil depth was more pronounced than at 1900 m. The vertical distribution of N uptake was similar to the vertical distribution of RLD. Thus, the ability for nutrient uptake was more concentrated to the organic surface layer at high altitudes than at 1900 m. Foliar nutrient concentrations showed that plant growth at 1900 m was not limited by nutrient deficiency. In contrast, at 2400 and 3000 m especially N, but also P, S and K limited plant growth. The decreased nutritional status of plants at high altitudes was caused by low mineralization rates of nutrients as well as low ability for nutrient acquisition from deeper soil layers. At 3000 m, root biomass was higher than at low altitudes. Hence, the importance of root systems for C sequestration increased with increasing altitude. Similarly, pools of N, S, K, Ca and Mg were higher at 3000 m than at 1900 and 2400 m. At all altitudes, coarse root systems of trees showed traits that are supposed to improve anchorage. At 3000 m, root soil plates were more superficial than at 1900 m. Root traits that improve the horizontal extension of root soil plates were more pronounced or occurred more often at 3000 m than at 1900 m. It is concluded that impeded rooting in deeper soil layers at high altitudes decreased both the ability for nutrient acquisition and anchorage. At high altitudes, the high allocation of biomass to the root systems showed that at these sites, environmental conditions enhanced the requirements to the functions of roots.

The classical ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) tomato mutant bushy root (brt) was studied using a homozygous near isogenic line (brtNIL) in the Micro-Tom (MT) genetic background. The mutation has a pleiotropic phenotype comprising slow seedling development, which may be a consequence of a maternally-inherited small seed phenotype, and a more compact, smaller but not bushier, root phenotype. The number of lateral roots, total root length and taproot size are all smaller in brtNIL than the WT. The BRT locus was mapped to a 137 kbp region containing 9 candidate genes on chr 12; an InDel in the promoter region of Solyc12g014590 – containing two highly conserved pirin domains (Pirin_C and Pirin), was detected. Different expression patterns were confirmed by transcriptomic results, supporting Solyc12g014590 as the gene responsible for the brt phenotype. A naturally occurring recessive mutant named bifuricate (bif) shows an increase in inflorescence (truss) branching in comparison to the wild type (WT) control line, LAM183. In addition, the number of flowers per truss was 235% higher in bif plants than WT. Low temperature is known to increase truss branching, and so a four day low temperature treatment was applied and it was demonstrated that flowering increased significantly more in bif than in LAM183. The BIF locus was mapped to a 2.01 Mbp interval of chromosome 12 containing 53 genes. All coding region polymorphisms in the interval were surveyed, and two genes Solyc12g019420 (a BTB/TAZ transcription factor) and Solyc12g019460 (a MAP kinase) contained one stop codon predicted to disrupt gene function; both genes are excellent candidates for inflorescence branching control based on literature evidence. A newly developed introgression browser was used to demonstrate that the origin of the bif mutant haplotype is Solanum galapagense.