Submitted by BLANCA AUXILIADORA DUGARTE CORREDOR null (blancadugartecorredor@gmail.com) on 2016-01-13T19:09:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Minha Tese Doutorado_Dugarte BAC.pdf: 7647642 bytes, checksum: 8b774b843f2f8fc2bdda23da7acabf88 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-01-14T13:37:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 corredor_bad_dr_rcla_int.pdf: 7647642 bytes, checksum: 8b774b843f2f8fc2bdda23da7acabf88 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-14T13:37:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 corredor_bad_dr_rcla_int.pdf: 7647642 bytes, checksum: 8b774b843f2f8fc2bdda23da7acabf88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Dentre as Eriocaulaceae (sempre-vivas) brasileiras, alguns representantes de Comanthera e Syngonanthus são os mais comercializados e utilizados na ornamentação e constam da lista brasileira de espécies ameaçadas de extinção. Essas plantas crescem nos campos rupestres, sob situações climáticas adversas. Estudos taxonômicos e filogenéticos de Comanthera subg. Comanthera indicam falta de dados para maior suporte ao subgênero e nomeiam clados na distribuição das espécies. Procurando auxiliar a taxonomia e filogenia do grupo, bem como interpretar as adaptações ao ambiente e fornecer dados para futuro manejo, estudou-se aspectos da morfologia e anatomia de 24 espécies de Comanthera (envolvendo as espécies do clado “V”, “U” e “X”) e de Syngonanthus nitens. As espécies do clado “V”: Comanthera brasiliana, C. brunnea, C. caespitosa, C. magnifica e C. suberosa apresentam germinação e desenvolvimento pós-seminal mais rápido (< 7 dias) do que as demais Eriocaulaceae, e crescem em solo quartzítico pobre em nutrientes, cuja água escoa rápido. Apresentam envoltório seminal com projeções da endotesta com formas diferentes que são úteis para separar as espécies. O levantamento de estruturas anatômicas de folhas e escapos dessas espécies como: tipo de câmara subestomática, estrutura da margem foliar e número de feixes vasculares indicam agrupamentos entre elas e servirão para a sustentação do clado filogenético em que estão inseridas. Estruturas anatômicas como: presença de células de paredes espessadas, de hipoderme e parênquima clorofiliano compacto são respostas adaptativas à escassez hídrica, ventos fortes e radiação excessiva, presentes nos campos rupestres. As espécies de Comanthera subg. Comanthera que ocorrem na Bahia (nove espécies - clado “X”) e Minas Gerais (10 espécies - clado “U”) apresentam estruturas anatômicas de folhas e escapos como: células epidérmicas de paredes espessadas, estômatos com câmaras subestomáticas simples e presença de hipoderme, com similaridade alta, que é interpretada como resposta adaptativa às condições ambientais e não refletem relações de parentesco entre elas. Para Syngonanthus nitens (capim-dourado), comprimento e espessura de folhas e escapos; espessura das paredes das células epidérmicas, quantidade de camadas de células da hipoderme e tipo de parênquima clorofiliano definem os morfotipos “douradinho” e “douradão” utilizados no artesanato do Jalapão-TO. A maior quantidade de colênquima do que de esclerênquima no córtex do escapo do morfotipo “douradão” torna-o mais flexível e é usado na confecção de peças maiores (cestos, bolsas, etc.). Raízes com córtex que acumulam ar, epiderme e hipoderme foliares constituídas por células de paredes finas e mesofilo frouxo são respostas adaptativas dos morfotipos ao solo encharcado onde crescem. / Among the Brazilian Eriocaulaceae (sempre-vivas), the species most widely commercialized and used for decoration belong to Comanthera and Syngonanthus, and are already on the Brazilian list of endangered species. These plants grow in upland "campo rupestre" vegetation, under adverse climatic conditions. Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies of Comanthera subg. Comanthera have revealed a lack support for the subgenus and have used clades instead for discussing species distributions. The present study aimed to contribute to the taxonomy and phylogeny of the group, clarify environmental adaptations and provide data for future environmental management of natural populations. Morphological and anatomical features of 24 species of Comanthera (involving species of clades “V”, “U” and “X”) and of Syngonanthus nitens were studied. Species of clade “V”  Comanthera brasiliana, C. brunnea, C. caespitosa, C. magnifica and C. suberosa  exhibit more rapid germination and post-seminal development (< 7 days) than other Eriocaulaceae, and grow in nutrient-poor quartzite soils with rapid water drainage. They have seed coats with endotestal projections of differing shapes that are useful for separating the species. The survey of anatomical structures of the leaves and scapes of these species, such as the type of substomatal chamber, leaf margin structure and number of vascular bundles, revealed groupings that will serve to support the phylogenetic clade in which they are included. Anatomical structures such as presence of thick cell walls, hypodermis and compact chlorenchyma are important adaptive responses to the water scarcity, strong winds, and excessive radiation prevalent in "campo rupestre" habitats. The species of Comanthera subg. Comanthera that occur in Bahia (nine species – clade “X”) and Minas Gerais (10 species – clade “U”), have very similar anatomical leaf and scape structures, such as thick epidermal cell walls, stomata with simple substomatal chambers and the presence of a hypodermis. This similarity is interpreted as an adaptive response to environmental conditions and not as an indication of their phylogenetic relationship. For Syngonanthus nitens (capim-dourado, or “golden grass”), length and thickness of leaves and scapes, thickness of epidermal cell walls, number of hypodermis cell layers and type of chlorenchyma define the “douradinho” and “douradão” morphotypes used by artesans to make craft products in Jalapão, Tocantins state. The larger proportion of collenchyma than sclerenchyma in the cortex of the scape of the “douradão” morphotype makes it more flexible and useful for larger craftwork, such as baskets and bags. Roots with a cortex that accumulates air, leaf epidermis and hypodermis with thin cell walls and lax mesophyll are adaptive responses of the morphotypes to the waterlogged soil in which they grow. / PEC-PG: 5821118

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-06-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:55:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_d_me_botfca.pdf: 1207469 bytes, checksum: b1f2720d9ccf3422f6ae5d45fe6e7f8f (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a relação entre a utilização do sistema de irrigação por gotejamento subsuperficial (subsurface drip irrigation – SDI), produtividade e distribuição do sistema radicular de duas cultivares de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.). O trabalho foi conduzido em Jaú, São Paulo, Brasil, na sede da Estação Experimental da Apta, localizado na latitude de 22º17’ S, e longitude 48º34’ W e altitude média de 580 m. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com seis repetições, constituídos pela combinação de duas cultivares: RB 86-7515 (C1); RB 85-5536 (C2), dois manejos da cultura: irrigado (I) e sequeiro (S) e duas safras (2007 e 2008). As parcelas constituíram-se de cinco linhas de 30 m de comprimento. Em todos os tratamentos foi utilizado o plantio em linha dupla, com espaçamentos de 0,40 m entre as linhas simples e de 1,80 m entre as linhas duplas. No manejo irrigado, o tubo de gotejamento foi enterrado a 0,20 m de camada, no meio da linha dupla. Foram abertas 24 trincheiras após cada colheita, cana-planta e primeira soqueira, para capturar imagens do sistema radicular utilizando o método do perfil, as imagens foram analisadas utilizando o software SAFIRA, resultando em comprimento, área e volume de raízes. Em relação à produtividade de colmos (TCH) e de açúcar (TPH), a C1 irrigada apresentou valor significativamente maior que o manejo sequeiro e que C2 (irrigada e não-irrigada) na primeira safra; na segunda safra não houve diferença significativa entre as cultivares, mas houve entre os manejos irrigado e sequeiro. Não houve diferenças significativas para fibra e Pol de cana-de-açúcar corrigido (PCC) nas duas safras. A C1 apresentou menores valores de comprimento, área e volume de raízes quando comparado à C2, porém o manejo irrigado apresentou distribuição mais homogênea ao longo do perfil... / This research aimed to assess the relationship between the utilization of a subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) system with productivity and distribution of roots in two cultivars of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.). The work was conducted at Experimental Station of APTA, county of Jaú, São Paulo, Brazil (22º17’ S latitude, 48º 34’ W longitude and average elevation of 580 m). The experimental design was randomized plots, with six repetitions by the combination of two cultivars: RB 86-7515 (C1); RB 85-5536 (C2), two crop management: irrigated (I) and rainfed (S) and two growing seasons (2007 and 2008). The plots consisted of five rows with 30 m length. All treatments were planted in double row, spacing 0.40 m between simple lines and 1.80 m between double lines. In irrigated management, the driplines were buried at 0.20 m depth in the middle point of double lines. After each harvest (first crop and ratoon), were dug 24 trenches to capture root system images using profile method, the images were analyzed using SAFIRA software, resulting in length, area and volume of root system. Regarding the crop yield (TCH) and sugar (TPH), the results of irrigated C1 was significantly higher than the non-irrigated management and C2 (non-irrigated and irrigated) in the first harvest, in the first ratoon there was no significant difference among cultivars, but there was between the management irrigated and non-irrigated. There were no significant differences in fiber and PCC in two seasons. The C1 showed lower values for length, area and volume of roots when compared to C2, but the irrigation management presented a distribution along the profile more homogeneous, with no predominance of the occurrence of roots... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

L’étude de la phénologie des plantes est primordiale pour comprendre leur réponse aux changements globaux. Alors que de nombreuses études ont été consacrées à la phénologie aérienne, les difficultés d’observations de la phénologie des parties sou terraines d’une plante, font que leurs déterminants sont encore trop peu connu. La dynamique racinaire est considérée comme jouant un rôle clef dans le cycle et la séquestration du carbone dans le sol, et il est aujourd’hui important de surmonter les difficultés méthodologiques afin de mener des études sur la dynamique racinaire sur plusieurs années en conditions non-contrôlées. Notre premier objectif ici était donc de mettre au point et d’évaluer différentes techniques d’observation de la croissance racinaire sur le terrain. Le modèle choisi pour cela est le noyer hybride (Juglans L.), en système agroforestiers. L’utilisation du scan incorporé au smartphone s’est avéré être le meilleur compromis pour l’acquisition d’image à partir de rhizotrons, excepté en cas d’automatisation de la prise d’images, où la caméra automatique constitue la meilleur alternative (jusqu’à 4 mois d’autonomie). Notre deuxième objectif était de déterminer en milieu naturel les facteurs prédominants de la dynamique racinaire. Nous avons en particulier (i) testé l’hypothèse de la synchronicité des phénologies aériennes et racinaires de la plante, (ii) évalué l’effet de fluctuations climatiques sur la dynamique racinaire dans des environnements contrastés (climats méditerranéen, océanique, continental), (iii) et cherché à comprendre si cette réponse aux facteurs externes était conditionnée par la typologie racinaire. Les résultats ont permis de montrer l’indépendance des phénologies aériennes et racinaires, mais la synchronisation des croissances racinaires et radiale du tronc. Le principal facteur influençant la dynamique racinaire est la température du sol, et à moindre mesure l’humidité du sol avec des effets contrastés selon le climat. Les réponses des dynamiques racinaires aux variables environnementales sont propres à chaque site, avec un fort impact de l’ordre topologique sur les taux d’initiation et de survie. Ces résultats permettront non seulement une meilleur compréhension du jouait par les systèmes racinaires sur le cycle du carbone, mais aussi l’amélioration des modèles écophysiologiques. De futurs études sont néanmoins nécessaires d’autres études sont attendues pour renforcer les connaissances acquises dans ce projet, sur la compréhension des déterminants de l’initiation, de la croissance, et de la longévité racinaire des arbres, notamment via la création de bases de données et l’utilisation de méta-analyses / The study of phenology is primordial to understand tree response to climate change. Although many studies have examined shoot phenology, the difficulties in observing root system growth have resulted in a poor understanding of root phenology. As root system dynamics are considered as playing a major role in carbon cycling and sequestration, it is necessary to overcome methodological difficulties, so that root demography can be studied in the field and over several years. Our first objective was therefore to develop and evaluate methods for studying root system growth in the field. Studying mature hybrid walnut (Juglans L.), growing in agroforests, We showed that smartphone scanners are the best adapted tool for acquiring high quality images of tree roots growing in field rhizotrons. However, time-lapse cameras were good alternatives when a fully automated method was required (up to 4 months autonomy). Our second objective was to determine the main drivers of walnut hybrid root growth in field conditions. In particular, (i) We hypothesized that shoot and root phenologies were asynchronous, (ii) We evaluated the effect of environmental factors on root growth along a latitudinal gradient comprising three climates (Mediterranean, oceanic and continental) and (iii) We determined how phenology and environmental factors influenced root dynamics depending on root morphology and topology. Results show that flushes of fine root growth are not synchronized with budburst and leaf expansion, but are synchronized with stem and coarse root radial growth. Soil temperature was on the whole the main driver of root growth, and to a lesser extent, soil humidity, but which had contrasting effects on root growth. Root topological order had a major influence on root response to environmental variables, reflected in root elongation, production and longevity. Results will be highly useful not only for a better understanding of the role that root systems play in the carbon cycle, but also for tree ecophysiological models. Future studies should expand the knowledge gained here into a global understanding of the drivers of tree root initiation, growth and longevity, through the creation of databases and the use of meta-analyses.

Lythrum salicaria is an invasive plant in North America. The study is focused on carbohydrate reserves (especially starch) in below-ground plant organs of the named species. These energy sources are considered as possible contributors of invasive behaviour both in short and long time periods. Another question is whether these storages can be influenced by other factors. These ideas were tested in common garden experiments.

Orientador: Luis Roberto Marcondes Martins / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T16:07:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Soares_PauloVinicius_D.pdf: 5664940 bytes, checksum: 5369a8b869a42ab6387fca630f988a4c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem avaliou o comportamento biomecânico de pré-molares superiores humanos por meio de análise da distribuição de tensões, deformação da estrutura dental e resistência à fratura, variando a morfologia radicular e o tipo de preparo cavitário. Foram selecionados 40 pré-molares superiores com dimensões coronárias semelhantes, distribuídos em 4 categorias de morfologia radicular diferentes (n=10): Uni - uniradiculares; FA - biradiculares com furca presente no terço apical da raiz; FM- biradiculares com furca presente no terço médio da raiz; FC - biradiculares com furca presente no terço cervical da raiz. Cada dente recebeu sete tipos seqüenciais de remoção de estrutura: H-hígido (controle), O- oclusal; OD- disto-oclusal, MOD- mésio-ocluso-distal, MOD+Aacesso endodôntico, TE- tratamento endodôntico e RC- restauração com resina composta. O comportamento biomecânico dos dentes foi analisado de forma comparativa entre diferentes metodologias: 1) simulação computacional para análise da distribuição de tensões (método de elementos finitos), 2) ensaio laboratorial não-destrutivo para análise das deformações (método de extensometria) e 3) ensaio laboratorial destrutivo para análise da resistência a fratura (método de resistência à fratura), além da realização da classificação do padrão de fratura. Observou-se que a remoção de estrutura dental favoreceu maior acúmulo de tensões e deformação. O tipo de morfologia radicular influenciou no padrão de deformação de cúspide e face proximal, sendo a furca cervical o fator mais importante no aumento dos valores de deformação. A furca presente no terço cervical e sulcos profundos das faces proximais promoveram maior incidência de fraturas severas. Observou-se também correlação direta dos resultados encontrados nos diferentes métodos empregados. / Abstract: The aim of this work was to evaluate the biomechanical behavior of restored maxillary human premolar throughout stress-strain, stress distribtion analysis and fracture resistance with different root morphologies and the cavity preparation design. Forty maxillary premolars with similar coronary dimensions were selected and divided into 4 morphology categories (n=10): Uni- single rooted; Fabiradicular premolar with apical furcation; FM- biradicular premolar with medium furcation; FC- biradicular premolar with cervical furcation. Each tooth received seven treatments with structural reduction: H- sound tooth (control group), Ooclusal cavity; OD- disto-occlusal cavity; MOD- mesio-occlusal-distal cavity; MOD+A- endodontic access; TE- endodontic tretment; RC- restoration with composite resin. The biomechanical behavior of the teeth was analyzed by methodologies association: 1)Finite Element Analysis, 2) Strain-gauge method and 3) Fracture resistance test and Failure mode), and was made the fracture mode classification. It was observed that dental structure loss promotes high stress concentration inside the teeth and cuspal deflection. The root morphology influenced cusp and proximal surface strain. The cervical furcation was the main factor of strain data increase. This study showed that the association of different methodologies is an important tool for biomechanical analysis. / Doutorado / Dentística / Doutor em Clínica Odontológica

O eucalipto apresenta bom crescimento em solos com alta acidez trocável e ativa, sendo a calagem uma prática realizada com o objetivo de fornecer Ca2+ e Mg2+. No entanto, o seu efeito fica restrito à camada superficial do solo devido à baixa solubilidade dos constituintes neutralizantes. A aplicação de gesso agrícola promove a movimentação de Ca2+ e SO4-2 no perfil do solo, possibilitando a melhora do subsolo para favorecer o crescimento radicular. A maioria das plantações de eucalipto no Brasil é estabelecida em solos de baixa fertilidade, verificando-se respostas significativas à fertilização com o fim de garantir a sustentabilidade da produção a longo prazo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o crescimento da parte aérea e radicular do eucalipto em resposta à fontes e métodos de aplicação de cálcio em um Neossolo Quartzarênico. Para tal fim, foram mensurados: i) os teores de cálcio, magnésio e enxofre no solo e nas folhas; ii) a densidade de raiz fina (DRF) por biomassa ao longo do perfil e a umidade no solo, e; iii) o crescimento em altura e no diâmetro à altura do peito das árvores de Eucalyptus. A fertilização com calcário dolomítico e calcário calcinado em faixa promoveu aumento nos teores de Ca2+ e Mg2+ trocáveis no solo, especialmente nas camadas superficiais. Os teores foliares de Ca, Mg, K e S encontram-se na faixa adequada nas três datas de amostragem. O volume de tronco das árvores foi superior com a aplicação do calcário dolomítico em faixa comparativamente à aplicação de calcário dolomítico em área total ou incorporado. A mistura de calcário dolomítico com a maior dose de gesso aumentou os teores Ca2+ e Mg2+ trocáveis no solo nas camadas superficiais. A aplicação de gesso aumentou expressivamente os teores de SO42- abaixo dos 40 cm de profundidade. A DRF foi superior com a ausência da aplicação das fontes de cálcio. Com a aplicação de gesso agrícola misturado com calcário dolomítico se obteve um volume de madeira similar à aplicação de calcário dolomítico. / Eucalyptus plantations have a good development in soils with high exchangeable and active acidity, therefore, being the liming an activity done with the goal of providing Ca2+ and Mg 2+. However, its effect is restricted to the surface layer due to the low solubility of neutralizing constituents. The application of gypsum promotes the movement of Ca2+ and SO4-2 in the soil profile providing a more adequate root growth. Most eucalyptus plantations in Brazil were established in soils of low fertility, verifying significant responses to fertilization in order to ensure the sustainability of long-term production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutrition and aerial and root growth of eucalypts in response to different sources and methods of application of calcium in a Quartzipsamment. It was measured: i) calcium, magnesium and sulfur levels in soil and leaf; ii) Fine root density along the profile and soil moisture; iii) Growth in height and DBH of E. urophylla plantation. The fertilization with dolomitic and calcitic limestone in furrows promoted an increase in Ca2+ and Mg2+ levels in the soil, especially in surface layers. The Ca2+ and Mg2+ foliar levels found in the good range in three times. The volume of eucalypts was increased with dolomitic limestone in furrows comparatively broadcasted distribution and incorporation of dolomitic limestone. The mix of dolomitic limestone and the high gypsum level increases Ca2+ and Mg2+ levels in the soil in surface layers. Gypsum increases SO42- levels below 40 cm deep. The fine root density was higher without calcium fertilization. The volume wood with gypsum more dolomitic limestone applied was similar compared with dolomitic limestone applied.

O presente estudo foi realizado na Fazenda Areão, unidade da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", em Piracicaba - SP (22°42'30" Latitude Sul ; 47°38'30" Longitude Oeste) e teve por objetivo avaliar a dinâmica do sistema radicular do capim Tanzânia (Panicum maximum, Jacq.) quando submetido a três intensidades de manejo, correspondidas pelos resíduos pós pastejo de 1000, 2500 e 4000 kg de matéria seca verde por hectare (MSV.ha-1). A área experimental foi irrigada por pivô central, sendo pastejada por novilhos da raça nelore e manejada de forma rotacionada com ciclo de 36 dias, sendo 3 dias de ocupação e 33 dias de descanso. Foram realizadas análises quantitativas da densidade radicular através de sua massa, superfície e comprimento. As análises qualitativas se relacionaram à separação entre as raízes vivas e mortas, de maneira que pudéssemos verificar mais efetivamente o real potencial de absorção para os diferentes tratamentos, assim como o estresse imposto pelo pastejo em cada situação. O desenvolvimento do sistema radicular do capim Tanzânia mostrou comportamento inversamente proporcional às intensidades de pastejo impostas, relacionando pastejos intensos a uma retomada mais lenta na atividade de raízes. Nas condições de irrigação e adubação impostas, o resíduo 1000 kg MSV.ha-1 mostrou menor atividade radicular em relação aos tratamentos de 2500 e 4000 kg MSV.ha-1 de resíduo pós pastejo. Até 12 dias após o pastejo não houve crescimento de novas raízes, indicando que a planta fica sob condição de estresse até pelo menos 2 semanas após ser colhida, independente do manejo imposto. No entanto, para o pastejo mais intenso (resíduo 1000 kg MSV.ha-1), o desenvolvimento radicular ficou comprometido até 21 dias após o pastejo. Para as profundidades analisadas (0-20 e 0-40 cm), na média dos 3 tratamentos, em torno de 76% das raízes vivas e 82% das raízes mortas foram encontradas nos primeiros 20 cm de solo. Estes resultados indicam a possibilidade de novas pesquisas utilizarem apenas esta profundidade para amostragens, uma vez que os valores são relevantes e a dificuldade de coleta em maiores profundidades é fator limitante para trabalhos com raízes. A separação de raízes vivas pareceu ser uma boa metodologia para melhorar a acuracidade na análise dos resultados, já que amostragens do sistema radicular de plantas forrageiras apresentam variabilidade alta. Estudos que relacionem a decomposição e renovação do sistema radicular de forrageiras tropicais com fatores bióticos e abióticos deveriam ser intensificados, buscando melhor entendimento dos fluxos de tecidos da planta inteira em diferentes estações do ano. Metodologias de amostragens associadas a conceitos de interpretação estatística em processos biológicos deveriam ser revistos, uma vez que os estudos existentes sobre sistema radicular de plantas forrageiras tropicais poucas vezes são conclusivos quando interpretados pela estatística ortodoxa. / The present study was carried out at Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Piracicaba - SP, SP (22°42'30" S; 47°38'30" W) to evaluate the root system dynamics of irrigated Tanzania grass (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania) pasture managed under three grazing intensities, determinated by adjusting the post grazing residues to 1000, 2500 and 4000 kg of green dry matter per hectare (GDM.ha-1). The experimental area was irrigated by a central pivot system. Nelore steers were used in a 36 days rotational grazing system, represented by an occupation period of 3 days and resting period of 33 days. Quantitative and qualitative evaluations were both performed. In the former case the variables measured were root mass, surface and length. In the latter case, collected samples were separated into live and dead roots, providing a reliable way to assess grazing intensity effects upon root system dynamics. Root system development responded inversely to grazing intensity. Hard grazing (1000 kg GDM.ha-1) was associated to slower root system regrowth compared to moderate (2500 kg GDM.ha-1) and lenient (4000 kg GDM.ha-1) grazing. In the 1000 kg GDM.ha-1 post-grazing residue no root development was observed up to three weeks, whereas for the other two treatments root regrowth was reactivated after 12 days. The three treatments averaged, 76% and 82% of live and dead roots, respectively, were found in the 0-20 cm soil layer. This information might suggest further research on root system dynamics could focus on sampling in the range of 0-20 cm depth. This seems reasonable, since the results obtained in this soil layer were representative and also because root samplings in depth greater than 20 cm (e.g. 20-40 cm) are not so easy to be performed as compared to samplings taken from 0-20 cm. Sample separation into live and dead roots provided a reliable and more accurate method to analyze the data. In part, this can be attributed to lower variability among samples. It is important to stress that additional work has to be undertaken to study decomposition and turnover of the root system of tropical pastures, as well as the relationship between these variables with biotic and abiotic factors. This effort should provide a better understanding on tissue turnover of the plant as a whole (shoots and root system). Finally, improved methods on root samplings should be developed. Also, new concepts on statistical interpretation for biological processes should be emphasized, due to difficulties in interpreting data on root system by conventional statistical methods.

Orientadores: Dimitar Kolev Dimitrov, Roberto Andreani / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matemática, Estatística e Computação Científica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T03:16:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paschoa_VanessaGoncalves_D.pdf: 5593991 bytes, checksum: 19d08bd15df6ca11bb499a3d2de6db5d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Neste trabalho estudamos o comportamento de zeros de polinômios ortogonais clássicos de variável discreta. Provamos que certas funções que envolvem os zeros dos polinômios de Charlier, Meixner, Kravchuck e Hahn são funções monótonas dos parâmetros dos quais os correspondentes polinômios dependem. Com esse resultado obtemos novos limitantes extremamente precisos para os zeros dessas famílias de polinômios em função dos zeros dos polinômios ortogonais clássicos, que são mais estudados. Analisamos quais são os melhores limitantes explícitos para os zeros desses polinômios e aplicamos aos nossos resultados, obtendo assim limitantes explícitos para os zeros dos polinômios de Charlier, Meixner, Kravchuck e Hahn. São feitas comparações entre os nossos resultados e os melhores resultados encontrados na literatura para os zeros desses polinômios e verifica-se que nossos limitantes são, em uma grande parte, melhores. Devido à sua grande aplicabilidade, um estudo ainda mais minucioso foi feito para os zeros dos polinômios de Gram, um caso particular de Hahn, que resultou em limitantes para os zeros dos polinômios de Gram. Experimentos numéricos comprovam a qualidade dos resultados / Abstract: In this thesis we study the behavior of zeros of classical orthogonal polynomials of discrete variable. We prove that certain functions which involve the zeros of polynomials of Charlier, Meixner, Kravchuck and Hahn are monotonic with respect to the parameters on which the polynomials depend. As a consequence of these results we obtain new extremely precise limits for the zeros of the above polynomials in terms of zeros of classical orthogonal polynomials of continuous variable which have been studied thoroughly. We analyze the best bounds for the latter zeros and apply them to obtain explicit limits for the zeros of the polynomials of Charlier, Meixner, Kravchuck and Hahn. Comparisons with the best results known in the literature show that our results are better in most of the cases. Due to its applications, we perform a very detailed study of the zeros of Gram polynomials / Doutorado / Matematica Aplicada / Doutor em Matemática Aplicada

The projected exponential growth of the human population necessitates a concomitant increase in food supplies, and by implication an increase in fixed nitrogen for crops and pastures. This can to a large extent be supplied by biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). However, to achieve this goal improved effectivity of the legume-rhizobium symbiosis is required, implicating improvement in the macro- as well as the micro symbiont. Therefore the search for more effective microsymbionts is a sine qua non to provide better matching and tolerance to stress conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the range of rhizobia associated with the exotic Australian Acacia species (A. meamsii, A. dealbata and A. decurrens) in South Africa and to determine whether these species could be useful to provide rhizobial strains for application in the South African inoculant industry in order to improve local existing biological nitrogen-fixing systems. Although these Acacia species are geographically widespread throughout South Africa, their root nodule bacteria have never been investigated in depth. Their widespread occurrence and presumed promiscuity suggested that they might form nitrogen-fixing symbioses with a wide range of indigenous rhizobial strains with different ecological adaptations. In this study nodulated plants of the three Acacia spp. were collected from diverse geographic areas with diverse climatic conditions and different soil pH's. Isolates were obtained from root nodules, purified and the putative rhizobial isolates characterized with sodium dodecyl-sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), supplemented at the genomic level with 16S rDNA sequence data of selected isolates. The majority of the isolates investigated were members of the genus Bradyrhizobium, whilst some isolates showed close relationships to the genera Agrobacterium, Mesorhizobium, Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium. As a result of their predominant association with the slow-growing strains of the genus Bradyrhizobium, the legume spp. A. meamsii, A. dealbata and A. decurrens as trap plants would not playa significant role as a source of diverse rhizobia for application in the South African inoculant industry. / Dissertation (MSc (Microbiology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Microbiology and Plant Pathology / unrestricted

For many decades people working with spastic patients have searched for better methods of alleviating spasticity and its debilitating effects. Although many methods have been used, no single method has been completely successful. It was not until the nineteen seventies that Selective Posterior Lumbar Rhizotomy (SPLR) was used successfully with spastic patients. In 1980 Peacock started doing this procedure on a large number of spastic patients in South Africa. I became interested in SPLR after seeing the dramatic reduction in spasticity and the improvement in function in my patients who had undergone the procedure. Since observations of improvement up to this point had been subjective, I decided to measure and document the physical status of patients before and after surgery. Twenty-nine patients who underwent Selective Posterior Lumbar Rhizotomy in 1985 were studied. In order to be as objective as possible, crawling and gait analyses were done in addition. All the patients were assessed clinically two days prior to surgery and then between four and fourteen months after surgery. For both preoperative and postoperative assessments, resistance to passive movement, degree of joint stiffness, ability to initiate and inhibit voluntary movement, and the degree of abnormal function in the developmental positions (rolling, sitting, kneeling, crawling, standing and walking) were graded on rating scales. Analyses of gait and crawling were done using a digital camera system. Results of the study indicated that SPLR produced a statistically significant reduction in muscle tone and in joint stiffness. Improvements in voluntary movement and functional movement (rolling, sitting, kneeling, crawling, standing and walking) were also statistically significant. It was concluded that Selective Posterior Lumbar Rhizotomy is a useful method of reducing spasticity and results in improvement of the quality of life in patients with spastic cerebral palsy.