A basic understanding of the molecular events occurring during zygotic embryogenesis is required to fully understand how and why only a very small percentage of somatic embryos develop past the late embryogeny phase of embryogenesis. In this work, we have identified genes that have been demonstrated to be required for late embryonic development in the model plant system Arabidopsis thaliana. These genes were subsequently isolated and cloned from Loblolly pine embryos. These isolated clones were sequenced and analyzed to reveal significant homology to the known Arabidopsis ABA responsive genes ABI3, ABI4, and ABI5. Expression analyses of all three genes were completed, and compared to reported data of ABA accumulation, as well as, expression of other ABA responsive genes during the same stages of embryogenesis. Six putative root development genes were isolated and cloned from Loblolly pine embryos. These isolated clones were sequenced and analyzed to reveal significant homology to the known Arabidopsis root development genes WOODENLEG, SHORT ROOT, SCARECROW, HOBBIT, BODENLOS, and MONOPTEROS. Full-length cDNAs were isolated and cloned for WOODENLEG, SHORT ROOT, SCARECROW and BODENLOS. Expression analyses of all six genes were completed throughout mid to late embryogenesis in Loblolly pine.

<p>In this project a method to analyse images is presented. The images document the development of grassroots in a tilled field in order to study the movement of nitrate in the field. The final aim of the image analysis is to estimate the volume of dead and living roots in the soil. Since the roots and the soil have a broad and overlapping range of colours the fundamental problem is to find the roots in the images. Earlier methods for analysis of root images have used methods based on thresholds to extract the roots. To use a threshold the pixels of the object must have a unique range of colours separating them from the colour of the background, this is not the case for the images in this project. Instead the method uses a neural network to classify the individual pixels. In this paper a complete method to analyse images is presented and although the results are far from perfect, the method gives interesting results</p>

<p>Decomposition of organic matter is a critical process in the ecosystem, which involves many essential biotic and physical parts. Decomposition is therefore an important process both above and below ground. The rate of decomposition is dependent of many environmental factors for example: pH, moisture and supply of oxygen. The decomposition can therefore be affected by large scaled environmental influences, such as acidification and climatic changes. The root litter in the forest is in different ways affected by acidification, liming and manuering. Because of the important role the root system has to the whole forest ecosystem, it can be of importance to gain knowledge about how roots are affected by external environmental influences. </p><p>In the forest ecosystem fertilise the soil has become a common practice in forest management to optimise tree production. Experiments with nitrogen fertilisation have shown that the volume growths of the tree and litter supply have increased after fertilisation. There are also reports about the negative effects nitrogen fertilisation has on decomposition, which results in a decreased decomposition of organic matter. </p><p>The aim of this study is to investigate how the decomposition of organic matter, in this case roots, is affected by a large addition of ammonium sulphate. The study concentrates on to statistically evaluate important aspects on how addition of ammonium sulphate affects the decomposition of organic matter below ground in different soil layers and root diameters, and investigate the possibilities that addition of ammonium sulphate could lead to a decreasing potential of carbon mineralisation. </p><p>The study was conducted is in Skogaby, which is located in southwest Sweden in the community of Halland. Samplings of roots were made in the experimental area from the humus and mineral layer. Roots used for this study varied from less than 2mm up to 2-5mm. Decomposition of root litters were made with litterbags, which were placed in the soil in the humus and mineral layer in the original place of were the roots were collected. The results from this study showed that there appear significant differences in some of the cases between the control and ammonium sulphate treatments. The conclusion that can be drawn by this study is that the addition of ammonium sulphate, under certain conditions depending on root diameter and soil layer, comes to affect the decomposition of root litter. The addition of ammonium sulphate seems to have a positive effect on the decomposition in the initial phase, for then come to decrease in the later phases and be similar to the control areas. It can also be determined that decomposition does not seem to vary within treatments with regards to root diameter and soil layer. Regarding the question about how carbon mineralisation is affected by addition of ammonium sulphate it is probable that the addition would come to increase the mineralisation in the initial phases of the decomposition, compared with the control plots.</p>

<p>Abstract</p><p>This study has two aims:</p><p>[X] to create an analytical framework consisting of factors that might trigger terrorism</p><p>[X] to apply the analytical framework on the case of IRA, in order to be able to examine</p><p>which factors that exist behind the appearance of terrorism in the current case</p><p>To reach the first aim the author has studied the theoretical discourse on the complexed issue</p><p>of terrorism. This has constituted the point of departure for the creation of an own analytical</p><p>framework. The purpose of the framework is to bring clearness to why terrorism appears. The</p><p>analytical framework is not only suited for application on the case of IRA, but for application</p><p>on terrorismcases in general. To reach the second aim the framework was applied on the case</p><p>of IRA.</p><p>The aims of this study have been fulfilled through the method of qualitative text analysis. The</p><p>research method has been applied on the theoretical discourse on terrorism as well as on the</p><p>empirical texts that deal with the conflict in Northern Ireland and the NorthernIrish society in</p><p>general.</p><p>The results of the study suggest that factors triggering terrorism Favourable surroundings,</p><p>Resources, Possibility to recruit members, Protracted armed conflict, Occupation, Strive for</p><p>autonomy, Diplomatic deadlock, Poverty, and Specific events, or actions from the opponent</p><p>all exist in the case at hand. The author would particularly like to highlight the importance of</p><p>the Diplomatic deadlock and Poverty as terrorismtriggering factors.</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 77-80).

Thesis (M. Sc.) -- Lincoln University, 2009. / Also available via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (D.M.A.)--University of Oklahoma, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references.

published_or_final_version / Chinese Medicine / Master / Master of Philosophy

More than 50 percent of the land area of the Nordic countries Finland, Norway, and Sweden are covered by dense forests and they are among the most important producers of forest products in the world. Forestry in these countries is based on sustainable management principles – reforestation follows harvesting. Furthermore, increasing demands for more gentle techniques and technologies with less negative impact on the environment ask for development and implementation of new processes and new machine solutions. The increasing interest in developing forest management approaches that are based on gentleness to the environment requires better understanding of the interaction between the forestry machines and the terrain in the harvesting process. / <p>QC 20150827</p> / Gentle Forest Machines

This dissertation is an analysis of two types of nominal compounds in Turkish, primary compounds and synthetic compounds within the framework of Distributed Morphology. A nominal primary compound is formed by two nouns, and its meaning is largely determined by world knowledge. A synthetic compound, on the other hand, is formed by a noun and a derverbal noun, such that the former is a true argument of the latter. The meaning of such compounds is always compositional. In many languages, the structural difference between these two types of compounds is not immediately observable. However, in Turkish, a primary compound would be obligatorily marked with the compound marker, -(s)I(n) while a synthetic compound would never be marked as such. In this dissertation, I claim that primary compounds in Turkish are underlyingly possessive phrases, a claim that has been previously made by several others. My analysis differs from those previous analyses in that it maintains that -(s)I(n) figures in a morphological component that follows syntax but precedes PF. Such a post-syntactic analysis has a number of advantages as it can account for a wide range of descriptive observations about the behavior of -(s)I(n). I claim that -(s)I(n) and an agreement marker never form a sequence at any stage in the grammar. I test this claim in an experiment conducted with Turkish-speaking individuals with aphasia, and show that only a vanishingly rare number of -(s)I(n)-agreement sequences are attested in aphasic speech. My analysis of synthetic compounds in Turkish is based on three types of nominalizers and the types of categories they can select. I show that only event-denoting nominals can form true synthetic compounds. I also show that nominals that are derived directly from roots can never form true synthetic compounds, which casts doubts on roots as projecting categories. I also consider a third group of seemingly synthetic compounds, which have an overt complex verbal stem, and yet, fail to derive true synthetic compounds. Following Marantz (2013), I claim that such pseudo-synthetic compounds, in fact, have semantically null verbalizing morphemes, and therefore, the root and the nominalizing head are semantically adjacent at LF.