Orientador: Jane Maria Bertocco Ezequiel / Banca: Leandro das Dores Ferreira da Silva / Banca: Leonardo de Oliveira Fernandes / Banca: Mauro Dal Secco de Oliveira / Banca: Ricardo Andrade Reis / Resumo: Foram realizados três experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de bovinos submetidos a diferentes estratégias de suplementação e seus efeitos sobre o desempenho. No primeiro experimento foram utilizados 24 bovinos da raça Nelore, machos,castrados com aproximadamente 14 meses de idade, com peso médio aproximado de 320 kg de PV distribuídos em três lotes de oito animais cada e mantidos em três piquetes providos de bebedouros e cochos. A suplementação protéica (24%PB) foi fornecida diariamente na quantidade de 1 kg/animal/dia para avaliar o efeito, sobre o desempenho dos animais, das variáveis comportamentais em pé (EP), em pé ruminando (EPR), comendo o suplemento (C) e pastejando (P). Os animais foram acompanhados em cinco períodos diários contínuos de 8 h (das 9 às 17h), usando-se a coleta instantânea, com intervalo amostral a cada cinco minutos. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas para as variáveis comportamentais nos diferentes lotes e dias de observação, sendo obtidas as médias EPR= 0,84; 0,82 e 1,10; EP= 1,26; 1,02 e 1,3; C = 1,06; 1,26 e 1,26; P = 3,14; 3,2 e 2,96 h, por período de observação diário, e os ganhos médios foram 0,23, 0,19 e 0,18 kg/animal respectivamente para os lotes 1, 2 e 3. Concluiu-se que as variáveis comportamentais não influenciaram o ganho de peso, que deve ter sido atribuído a fatores de ordem social e características qualitativas da pastagem. No segundo experimento foram utilizadas trinta novilhas mestiças... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Were conducted three experiments with the objective to evaluate the ingestive behaviour of bovines submitted different strategies of supplementation and its effect on the performance .In the first experiment were used 24 Nelore steers, males castrated approximately 14 months, and medium weight of 320 kg BW The animals were designated to three groups of eight animals each and maintained in three provided pickets of drinking fountain and hod. The daily proteic (24%PB)supplementation being the supplement supplied in the amount of 1 Kg/animal/day for evaluate the effect in performance animals recording the behavioural categories standing up an still(EP),standing up and ruminating(EPR)eating the supplement( C) and grazing( P ). For this study the animals were accompanied in three continuous periods of 8 h (9:00 the 17:00), totaling 40 hours of visual observations with continuous assessment and focal sampling, with interval every five minutes for the recording the behavioural categories. There was no significant difference for the behavioural categories in differents groups and daily period of observation the means obttid were EPR= 0,84; 0,82 e 1,10; EP= 1,26; 1,02 e 1,3; C = 1,06; 1,26 e 1,26; P = 3,14; 3,2 e 2,96 h in period of observation, in weight gain on the animal performance in the different groups were as 0,230, 0,195 and 0,183 kg/animal/day respectively in the groups 1,2 e 3 ist must have the factors of social order and qualitative characteristics in the pasture. In second were used thirty crossbred heifers, with age and corporal weight average initials of 10 months and 234 kg PV. All the experimental animals daily received the supplement in the amount from 0,5%PV in individual pens of 8 m2 (4x2 m), containing concrete hod and drinking fountain. / Doutor

<div>The chemical complexity of hydrocarbon fuels and the fast-expanding list of potential plantderived biofuels pose a challenge to the scientific community seeking to provide a molecular understanding of their combustion. More refined spectroscopic tools and methodologies must be developed to selectively detect and characterize the widening array of fuel components and combustion reactive intermediates. The direct relationship between molecular structure and rotational frequencies makes rotational spectroscopy highly structural specific; therefore, it offers a powerful means of characterizing pyrolysis ntermediates. This thesis describes experimental work using broadband microwave spectroscopy to address a number of challenging problems in the spectroscopy of gas complex mixtures.</div><div><br></div><div>Usually, the observed rotational spectra contain contributions from many distinct species, creating a complicated spectrum with interleaved transitions that make spectral assignment challenging. To assist with the process, a protocol called “strong-field coherence breaking” (SFCB) has been developed. It exploits multi-resonance effects that accompany sweeping the microwave radiation under strong-field conditions to output a set of transitions that can confidently be assigned to a single component in a mixture, thereby reducing the spectral assignment time.</div><div><br></div><div>The broadband chirped pulse Fourier transform microwave (CP-FTMW) spectra of guaiacol, syringol, 4-methyl guaiacol, 4-vinyl guaiacol were recorded under jet- cooled conditions over the 2-18 GHz frequency range. Using data from the 13C isotopomers the r0 structure of guaiacol was determined by means of a Kraitchman analysis. The tunneling due to OH hindered rotation was observed in syringol and the V2 barrier was deduced to be 50% greater than phenol’s barrier. This is due to the intramolecular H-bonding between the hydroxy and the methoxy groups. The internal rotation barrier for the methyl group for 4-methyl guaiacol was also determined. Moreover, the spectral assignment of the two conformers of 4-vinyl guaiacol was sped-up by using SFCB. The main structural insight from these lignin-related molecules was that polar substituents dictate the magnitude and type of structural shift that occurs relative to that of the unsubstituted aromatic ring.</div><div><br></div><div>In the next part of my work, the pyrolysis of 2-methoxy furan was carried out over the 300-1600 K temperature range, with microwave detection in the 2-18 GHz frequency range, using hightemperature flash pyrolysis micro-reactor coupled with a supersonic expansion. The SFCB technique was used to analyze and speed up the line assignment. The 2-furanyloxy radical, a primary, resonance-stabilized radical formed by loss of a methyl group in the pyrolysis of 2-methoxy furan, was detected and its molecular parameters were determined.</div><div><br></div><div>Finally, a unique setup that combines the high-resolution spectroscopic data provided by chirped pulse Fourier transform microwave (CP-FTMW) spectroscopy with photoionization mass spectra from a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS) was used to find optimal conditions to detect reactive intermediates and make full assignments for the microwave spectra of phenoxy radical and o-hydroxy phenoxy radical over the 2-18 GHz range. Phenoxy radical was generated through the pyrolysis of anisole and allyl phenyl ether. Using a combination of data from 13C isotopomers and fully deuterated phenoxy radical, in combination with high level ab initio calculations, a near-complete r0 structure for the radical was obtained. The structural data point to the radical being a primarily carbon-centered rather than oxygencentered radical. Using guaiacol as precursor, we studied the spectroscopy of the o-hydroxy phenoxy radical, whose structural data is compared with that of phenoxy to understand the role played by the hydroxyl group in modifying the resonance stabilization of the radical.</div><div><br></div>

Orientador: Othon Cabo Winter / Coorientador: Ernesto Vieira Neto / Banca: Rafael Sfair / Banca: Tadashi Yokoyama / Banca: Nelson Calegari / Banca: Rodney Gomes / Resumo: Realizamos dois diferentes estudos envolvendo o acoplamento spin-_orbita. Um deles foi sobre a origem da obliquidade de Urano, que ainda permanece desconhecida. Algumas teorias de formação foram publicadas nas ultimas décadas, sendo que as duas mais citadas: por meio de uma colisão (Urano sofreu uma grande colisão tangencial); e por meio de um efeito ressonante entre a rotação de Urano e um satélite. Focamos nosso estudo no modelo de ressonância. Baseado num artigo de Boué & Laskar (2010), no qual os autores estudam a origem da obliquidade de Urano por meio de uma ressonância que só ocorre na presença de um satélite de grande porte (Satélite X). Fizemos um estudo numérico do problema em questão. Utilizando _orbitas já integradas do Modelo de Nice, estudamos a possibilidade de obter a atual obliquidade de Urano devido a perturbações dos planetas gigantes, Sol e o Satélite X. Nossos resultados mostram que o Satélite X ocasiona crescimento na obliquidade de Urano, podendo assim ser o responsável pela atual configuração do eixo de rotação de Urano, onde esse crescimento da obliquidade ocorre somente para determinadas configurações de semi-eixo maior e massa do Satélite X, sendo máximo quando o ângulo ressonante ( ���� _) (longitude do equador de Urano menos a longitude do nodo ascendente do Satélite X) é zero e mínima quando é 180 graus. Porém, assim como no estudo anterior, só foi possível reproduzir a atual obliquidade de Urano com Satélite X com massas excessivamente grandes, da ordem de 0; 01 da massa de Urano. As simulações mostraram também que o Satélite X causa instabilidade no sistema de satélites internos desestabilizando-os a ponto de extingui-los. Outro estudo realizado foi sobre a origem de sistemas binários de asteroides por meio de ruptura rotacional. O processo de fissão rotacional de asteroides ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: We conducted two different studies about the spin-orbit coupling. One of them was about the origin of Uranus obliquity, that still remains unknown. Some theories of formations have been published in the last decades, the two most cited is: by collision (Uranus suffered a great tangential collision) and by a resonance between Uranus rotation and a satellite. We focused our study on the resonance model. Based on article of Boué & Laskar (2010), in which the authors study the origin of Uranus obliquity by a resonance that occurs only in the presence of a large satellite (Satellite X). We did a numerical study of this problem. Using orbits previously integrated by Nice Model, we studied the possibility of obtaining the current Uranus obliquity due to disturbances of the giant planets, the Sun and the Satellite X. Our results show that the Satellite X causes growth in Uranus obliquity and so may be the responsible for the current configuration of the Uranus rotation axis. And this growth of obliquity occurs only for certain configurations of semi-major axis and mass of the Satellite X, and maximum when the resonant angle ( ���� _) (Uranus's equator longitude less the longitude of the ascending node of the Satellite X) is zero and minimal when it is 180 degrees. However, as in the previous study, it was only possible to reproduce the current Uranus obliquity with Satellite X with excessively large masses, about 0:01 mass of Uranus. The simulations also showed that Satellite X causes instability in the satellite with internal orbits until extinguishing them. Another study was about the origin of binary asteroid systems through rotational fission. The process of rotational fission of asteroids has been studied theoretically Scheeres (2007) and numerically Jacobson & Scheeres (2011) with simplified models restricted to planar motion. However, the observed physical configuration of contact ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2014-08-29T18:40:14Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) DissertaçãofinalMarcostulio.pdf: 1325302 bytes, checksum: 282aebfee90d1ca1fcbbe83021300b0f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-29T18:40:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) DissertaçãofinalMarcostulio.pdf: 1325302 bytes, checksum: 282aebfee90d1ca1fcbbe83021300b0f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-25 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Inthiswork,basedonthearticlesMariaLuízaLeiteandOscasPalmas,wepresentedthe classificationofthecompleterotationhypersurfaceswithconstantscalarcurvature,inRn eHn withn>3. / Neste trabalho, baseado nos artigos de Maria Luíza Leite e Oscas Palmas, classificamos as hipersuperfícies de rotação completas, com curvatura escalar constante, emRn eHn comn>3.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Neste trabalho apresentamos uma classificaÃÃo das hipersuperficies rotacionais com curvatura escalar constante nas formas espaciais devida a M. Leite / In this work we present a classification theorem for the rotational hypersurfaces with constant scalar curvature in the space forms due to M.Leite

Nesta tese investigaram-se relações de causa-efeito em curto prazo entre a estrutura do pasto e parâmetros do comportamento ingestivo de bovinos. Criaram-se contrastes de estruturas de pasto com uma espécie temperada e outra tropical e métodos de pastoreio (contínuo e rotativo). Os experimentos com Cynodon sp. cv. Tifton 85 (1 e 2) foram conduzidos entre janeiro e março de 2011. Os com Avena strigosa cv. Iapar 61 (3 e 4), entre julho e setembro de 2011. A altura de pasto que proporcionou a máxima taxa de ingestão (TI) no pastoreio contínuo foi considerada como altura pré-pastejo nos Experimentos 2 e 4, que simulavam o pastoreio rotativo. A esta altura impôs-se níveis de rebaixamento de 20; 40; 60 e 80%. O delineamento utilizado em todos os experimentos foi o de blocos completos casualizados com quatro repetições. O consumo foi estimado pela técnica da dupla pesagem. Os animais foram equipados com aparelhos registradores de movimentos mandibulares. As máximas TI foram observadas em 20 cm em Cynodon sp. e em 30 cm em A. strigosa. Animais não gastaram tempo adicional para tomar um bocado de equivalente massa no pasto alto em relação ao pasto baixo. No pastoreio rotativo a TI, manteve-se constante, até que 31 e 18% da altura inicial fossem removidos da pastagem alta e baixa, respectivamente. A A. strigosa permitiu maior TI potencial. Os animais gastaram mais tempo por bocado para consumir uma equivalente massa de bocado em Cynodon sp. em relação à A. strigosa, em ambos os métodos de pastoreio. / This thesis investigated cause-effect relationships between sward structure and short-term ingestive behavior of cattle. Contrasting sward structures were created with one temperate and one tropical species combined with two grazing methods (continuous and rotational). The experiments with Cynodon sp. cv. Tifton 85 (1 and 2) were carried out between January and March 2011. Those with Avena strigosa cv. Iapar 61 (3 and 4) took place between July and September 2011. The sward height that provided the highest short-term intake rate in continuous grazing, was regarded as pre-grazing in Experiments 2 and 4, which simulated rotational grazing. For this sward height, four intensities of herbage removal by grazing were imposed, namely 20, 40, 60 and 80%. A randomized complete block design was used in all experiments with four replicates. Intake was estimated by the double-sampling technique. Animals were equipped with IGER behavior recorder. The maximum short-term intake rates were observed at 20 cm for Cynodon sp. and 30 cm for A. strigosa. There was no difference in time required for a single bite between short and tall pastures. Under rotational grazing, intake rate was constant until 31 and 18% of the original tall and short sward heights were removed, respectively. A. strigosa was conducive to a higher short-term intake rate. Animals spent longer time per bite to ingest equivalent masses of Cynodon sp. in comparison to A. strigosa in both grazing methods.

No description available.

Shallow embedded steel column connections are widely used in steel buildings; however, there is insufficient research about this connection type to understand the actual rotational stiffness that the connection provides. Shallow embedded steel columns are when a steel column is anchored to the foundation slab and then unreinforced concrete is poured around the base plate and the base of the column. This thesis seeks to further quantify the rotational stiffness available in this type of connection due to the added concrete and improve an existing model in order to represent the rotational stiffness. Existing data from two series of experiments on shallow embedded columns were used to validate and improve an existing rotational stiffness model. These two data sets were reduced in the same manner so that they could be compared to one another. In addition, the rotational stiffness for each test column was determined so they could be evaluated against the outputs of the model. The existing model was improved by evaluating each parameter in the model: the modulus of subgrade reaction, exposed column length, modulus of concrete for the blockout and the foundation slab, flange effective width, embedment depth, and effective column depth. It was determined that the model was sensitive to the subgrade reaction, modulus of concrete, embedment depth and effective column depth. The exposed length was not a highly sensitive parameter to the model. Flange effective width was determined to not be needed, especially when the other parameters were altered.

O manejo do pastejo e a plasticidade fenotípica das plantas forrageiras determinam a estrutura do dossel que, associados a fatores edafoclimáticos, definem o padrão de acúmulo de forragem da pastagem. Estudos observaram que o critério de 95% de interceptação luminosa (IL) durante a rebrotação para interrupção do crescimento do dossel forrageiro e entrada dos animais no pasto propicia o maior acúmulo líquido de folhas e reduzido acúmulo de colmo e de material morto. Segundo o mecanismo de compensação tamanho/densidade populacional de perfilhos, o dossel forrageiro pode atingir o índice de área foliar crítico (IAF crítico) e interceptar 95% da luz incidente sob diferentes alturas de manejo e tamanho de perfilho, o que poderia gerar flexibilidade para as metas de entrada nos pastos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as características estruturais, a compensação tamanho/densidade de perfilhos e o acúmulo de forragem em pastos de Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu manejados com alturas pré-pastejo inferiores ou igual a 25 cm, esta última associada aos 95% de IL em trabalhos anteriores, para verificar a possibilidade de flexibilização do manejo dessa planta forrageira. O experimento foi conduzido no Departamento de Zootecnia da USP/ESALQ entre maio de 2017 e abril de 2018. Esse período foi dividido em fase de adaptação, verão e outono. Os tratamentos foram determinados por alturas pré-pastejo de 25, 22, 19 e 16 cm com severidade de pastejo moderada, caracterizada por uma altura pós-pastejo equivalente a 50% daquela de entrada (12,5; 11,0; 9,5 e 8,0 cm; respectivamente). O delineamento experimental foi de blocos completos casualizados, com quatro repetições, totalizando 16 unidades experimentais (piquetes de 1.200 m2). Foram avaliadas as variáveis-reposta intervalo de pastejo; massa de forragem pré e pós-pastejo; composição morfológica pré e pós-pastejo; índice de área foliar pré e pós-pastejo; densidade populacional de perfilhos; peso seco por perfilho; área foliar por perfilho; volume por perfilho; peso específico por perfilho; relação área foliar:volume do perfilho; interceptação luminosa em pré e pós-pastejo; ângulo médio da folhagem em pré e pós-pastejo; taxa de acúmulo de forragem; taxa de acúmulo de folhas, de colmos e de material morto. O capim-marandu demonstrou alta plasticidade fenotípica associada à compensação tamanho/densidade populacional de perfilhos plena entre as alturas pré/pós-pastejo de 19/9,5 cm e 25/12,5 cm. Não houve variações em IAF e em taxa de acúmulo de forragem, de folhas, de colmo e de material morto entre os tratamentos. Os perfilhos apresentaram padrão de crescimento isométrico, não havendo variações na relação área foliar:volume do perfilho e densidade aparente. Dessa forma, é possível flexibilizar as metas pré-pastejo do capim-marandu em sistemas rotativos com alturas de entrada variando de 19 a 25 cm desde que a severidade de desfolhação seja moderada (redução de 50% da altura pré-pastejo). / Grazing management and phenotypic plasticity of perennial forage grasses determine sward structure, which defines the pattern of herbage accumulation depending on edaphoclimatic conditions. Different studies have indicated that the 95% canopy light interception (LI) criteria for interrupting regrowth allows for maximum leaf dry matter accumulation and reduces stem and dead material accumulation. According to the tiller size/density compensation mechanism it is possible that the sward reaches the critical leaf area index (critical LAI) and intercepts 95% of the incident light at different grazing heights and tiller sizes, a condition that could generate flexibility for the pre- grazing targets of rotational grazing. The objective of this study was to evaluate structural characteristics, tiller size/density compensation and herbage accumulation in Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu (Palisade grass) managed with pre-grazing heights lower than or equal to 25 cm, the last associated with the 95% LI in previous experiments, to verify the possibility of generating flexibility in grazing management. The experiment was carried out at \"Luiz de Queiroz\" College of Agriculture, Piracicaba - SP, from May/2017 to April/2018. The period was divided into adaptation phase, summer and autumn. Treatments corresponded to four pre-grazing heights (25, 22, 19 and 16 cm) associated to moderate defoliation characterized by a post-grazing height equivalent to 50% of the pre-grazing height (12,5; 11,0; 9,5 e 8,0 cm; respectively). The experimental design was a complete randomized block with four replications (1.200 m2 paddocks). The response variables evaluated were: grazing interval; pre and post-grazing herbage mass; morphological composition; pre and post-grazing leaf area index; tiller population density; tiller dry mass; tiller leaf area; tiller volume; tiller density; tiller leaf area:volume ratio; pre and post-grazing light interception; pre and post-grazing mean foliage angle; rates of total dry matter, leaf, stem and dead material accumulation. Palisade grass showed high phenotypic plasticity associated with full tiller size/density compensation within the 19/9,5 cm and 25/12,5 cm treatments. There was no difference in LAI and rate of total dry matter, leaf, stem and dead material accumulation. Tillers showed an isometric pattern of growth with no differences in tiller leaf area:volume ratio and aparent density. Thus, it is possible to flexibilize the pre-grazing height targets of palisade grass with pre- grazing heights varying from 19 to 25 cm, provided that the defoliation severity is moderate (post-grazing height equivalent to 50% of the pre-grazing height).

The performance of the century-old irrigation system of Pakistan (i.e. warabandi) has been evaluated using socio-economic data gathered by the author in multiple farmers?? surveys (n=278) conducted in Indus Basin of Pakistan. In the surveyed regions, the warabandi system was performing poorly. In-built rigidity in water allocations was found as main reason behind its poor performance. The results from the farmers?? surveys also revealed that the objective of increasing irrigation water productivity would never be attained under the warabandi arrangements. Hence, a completely new concept that could replace the warabandi system and improve the productivity of limited irrigation water should be introduced. My aim was to find a better way to allocate the scarce water resource between farmers. In this study, I have introduced a new concept for determining water allocations among the farmers, which is based on a multicriterion decision making (MCDM) approach. The consideration of multiple criteria in irrigation water allocations would improve irrigation water productivity. Upon an extensive survey of well-known MCDM methods, I concluded that all previously existing MCDM methods were using subjective inputs, usually from a single modeller, to establish priorities of alternatives and therefore, a predetermined solution could easily be obtained. I have developed an approach based on conjoint analysis which removes that subjectivity from the chosen MCDM method (i.e. ELECTRE). Interval scales and relative importance criteria weights, two usually subjective inputs in ELECTRE, are objectively estimated from the conjoint analysis study. For that purpose, the author designed a conjoint questionnaire and administered it to 62 farmer respondents in face-to-face interviews. Conjoint analysis, which does not appear to have been previously used in water resources or allocation studies, is a method for creating the interval scales and the relative criteria weights objectively from the respondents?? judgements on the importance of conjoint objects. The objective estimation of these two important factors is a completely new development which can assist in the unbiased determination of the best division or allocation of scarce water resources between farmers. The approach is applied, as a demonstration, to a region with nine distributary watercourses to determine which of the distributaries should have the highest priority for allocation of the regional water.