The aim of this thesis was to investigate contrasting pasture management strategies on the foraging behaviour, pasture production, carcass characteristics, herbage intake, faecal gas emissions and methane emission by sheep grazing Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) pastures. The experiment was carried out in 2014 and 2015. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replicates and two grazing strategy treatments (traditional rotational stocking method – RT meaning pre- and post-grazing target heights of 25 and 5 cm, respectively and, “rotatinuous stocking” – RN with pre- and post-grazing target heights of 18 and 11 cm, respectively). The grazing management was based on a 1-day strip-grazing regime. Male castrated sheep were used. The actual average sward heights for the RN treatment were 17.9 and 11.1 cm (pre- and post-grazing, respectively) and 27.1 and 7.8 cm for the RT (pre- and post-grazing, respectively). The stocking period in 2014 was 146 and 140 days (RN and RT, respectively) and in 2015 it was 155 and 146 days (RN and RT, respectively). The diurnal animal activities (grazing, ruminating and resting time) did not differ between treatments, with average of 439.6, 166.9 and 85.0 minutes, respectively. The bite rate, feeding station per min and steps per min were greater at the RN than the RT treatment. Grazing time and bite rate were greater in the afternoon than morning in both treatments. Therefore, the daily herbage intake by sheep grazing Italian ryegrass was greater for the RN than the RT treatment (CHAPTER II). The herbage production in the RN was 28% higher than the RT treatment. Individual average daily gain and live weight gain per hectare were greater in the RN than the RT treatment (CHAPTER III). RN treatment presented greater final live weight, carcass and commercial cut weights from grazing sheep than RT treatment (CHAPTER IV). RN treatment had a faecal chemical quality greater than RT treatment, resulting in a greater daily nitrogen excretion per animal and greater faecal CH4 and N2O emissions (CHAPTER VI). The “rotatinuous stocking” (RN) was the better grazing management strategy for mitigation of CH4 emissions by sheep grazing Italian ryegrass, emitting 64% less CH4 per unit area and 170% less CH4 per unit of animal product than the traditional rotational stocking method (RT) (CHAPTER V).

Thesis. 1978. M.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / M.S.

Tung Kwok Wah Henri. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2003-2004, design report." / Chapter 01. --- The Story Line --- p.p.01 - p.06 / Chapter 02. --- The System --- p.p.07 - p.08 / Chapter 03. --- Design Vol. 1 - the fabric --- p.p.09 - p.11 / Chapter 04. --- Design Vol. 2 - 1/2 park + 1/2 plant --- p.p.12 - p.26 / Chapter 05. --- The research part A - Newater plant (Singapore) --- p.p.27 - p.37 / Chapter 06. --- The researh part B - Water Background --- p.p.38 - p.48 / Chapter 07. --- The research part C - Rotomolding --- p.p.49 - p.57

Recentemente, uma mudança de paradigma vem impactando toda a engenharia e manufatura na forma de se planejar, projetar, testar e construir produtos. A forma mais tradicional de desenvolvimento, que se caracterizava pelo processo seriado de múltiplos ciclos de design-construção-teste, vem sendo substituída gradativamente por processos de desenvolvimento guiados por simulação computacional. Decorrentes disso, os primeiros protótipos físicos são freqüentemente capazes de atingir os objetivos quando testados. Esta mudança, chamada também de projeto baseado em simulação, permite reduzir drasticamente o tempo de desenvolvimento de produtos e trazer a inovação para o mercado. Este trabalho apresenta uma forma computacional, via técnica de multicorpos, para se analisar a dinâmica de uma lavadora de eixo vertical. É proposto um protótipo virtual no software ADAMS, para estudo dinâmico de uma lavadora durante o processo crítico de centrifugação. O modelo virtual é posteriormente confrontado com dados experimentais, para sua validação. Uma extensa pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada, com a intenção de capturar as técnicas mais usuais de modelamento e estudo dinâmico em lavadoras, bem como de compreender melhor o papel de seus componentes durante o processo crítico de centrifugação. / Recently a paradigm shift has impacted the engineering and manufacturing in the way of planning, designing, testing and building products. The most traditional way of product development, characterized by multiple cycles of design-build-test, has been substituted by a process based on computational simulation, where the first physical prototypes are capable of delivering the desired performance. This new way of developing products is called simulation based design and allows organizations to reduce drastically the product lead time and bring innovation to the market. This work presents a computational way to analyze the dynamic behavior of a top load washing machine using multibody system (MBS). It\'s proposed a virtual prototype developed in the ADAMS software, for dynamic study of a commercial washing machine during spin cycle. The virtual model is compared to experimental data for validation. An extensive research in the literature has been done in order to find the most usual ways of modeling and analyzing washing machine dynamics during spin.

A utilização de plantas forrageiras em pastagens sem considerar os aspectos básicos relacionados com o crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas leva ao desconhecimento de seus requerimentos em termos de ambiente e limites de resistência ao pastejo e, consequentemente, ao processo de degradação de grandes áreas de pastagens cultivadas. Dentro desse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o padrão de crescimento de pastos de capim-mulato submetidos a estratégias de pastejo rotativo, buscando gerar interpretações fisiológicas importantes para o planejamento e idealização de práticas de manejo do pastejo. Os tratamentos corresponderam às combinações entre duas severidades (alturas pós-pastejo de 15 e 20 cm) e dois intervalos de pastejo (tempo necessário para o dossel atingir 95 e 100% de interceptação de luz durante a rebrotação IL) e foram alocados às unidades experimentais (piquetes de 1200 m2) segundo um delineamento de blocos completos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis-resposta de janeiro de 2008 a abril de 2009:índice de área foliar (IAF), taxa de crescimento da cultura (TCC), taxa assimilatória líquida (TAL), taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR), razão de área foliar (RAF), área foliar específica (AFE) e razão de peso foliar (RPF). No verão 1 o tratamento 100/20 foi o que proporcionou maior TCC relativamente aos demais tratamentos, resultado da combinação entre alto IAF residual da altura pós-pastejo de 20 cm e maior intervalo de pastejo correspondente à meta de 100% de IL. Foi registrada redução na TCC do outono/inverno/início de primavera ao final de primavera. Já no verão 2 o tratamento 95/15 apresentou maiores valores de TCC relativamente aos tratamentos 100/15 e 100/20, resultado da maior TCR e maior IAF residual dos pastos mantidos a 95% de IL. Para os componentes TAL e RPF foi observado apenas efeito de época do ano, imprimindo as variações sazonais no padrão de respostas das plantas ao longo do ano. Com exceção do verão 1, os pastos manejados a 95% apresentaram maior RAF que pastos manejados a 100% de IL, resultado de ajustes morfológicos determinados principalmente em AFE. De forma geral, o intervalo de pastejo foi mais efetivo que a severidade de pastejo na expressão das variáveis-resposta estudadas. Assim, a estratégia de manejo mais efetiva e eficiente para o pastejo rotativo do capim-mulato corresponde ao uso de período de descanso equivalente ao tempo necessário para que o dossel atinja 95% de IL durante a rebrotação, condição que corresponde a uma altura pré-pastejo de 30 cm, e altura pós-pastejo de 15 a 20 cm. / Use of forage grasses on pastures without taking into account basic information related to their pattern of growth and development results in lack of knowledge regarding their morphophysiological limits to grazing, which may result in degradation of large areas of cultivated grasslands. Against that background, the objective of this study was to evaluate the growth patterns of mulato grass subjected to strategies of rotational stocking management, aiming at providing important physiological interpretations for planning and structuring grazing management practices. Treatments corresponded to combinations between two grazing severities (post-grazing heights of 15 and 20 cm) and two grazing intervals (time necessary for swards to intercept 95 or 100% of the incident light during regrowth LI), and were allocated to experimental units (1200m2 paddocks) according to a 2x2 factorial arrangement and a randomised complete block design, with four replications, from January 2008 until April 2009. The following response variables were studied: sward leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilatory rate (NAR), relative growth rate (RGR), leaf area ratio (LAR), specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf weight ratio (LWR). During summer 1, treatment 100/20 resulted in the largest value of CGR, consequence of large remaining LAI associated with the post-grazing height of 20 cm and of the long grazing interval associated with the pre-grazing target of 100% LI. CGR decreased throughout autumun/winter/early spring and late spring. During summer 2, treatment 95/15 showed larger values of CGR than treatments 100/15 and 100/20, consequence of larger values of RGR and residual LAI of swards managed at 95 relative to those managed at 100% LI. NAR and LWR varied only with season of the year. Except during summer 1, swards managed at 95% LI showed larger values of LAR than those managed at 100% LI, a result of morphological adjustments mainly characterised by variations in SLA. Overall, grazing interval was more effective than grazing severity in interfering with most of the response variables studied. Therefore, adequate management of mulato grass under rotational stocking conditions correspond to a pre-grazing height of 30 cm (equivalent to the pre-grazing target of 95% LI) and post-grazing height of 15 to 20 cm.

Finite element models were created in Abaqus 6.14 to characterize the rotational stiffness of shallowly embedded column-foundation connections. Scripts were programmed to automate the model generation process and allow study of multiple independent variables, including embedment length, column size, baseplate geometry, concrete modulus, column orientation, cantilever height, and applied axial load. Three different connection types were investigated: a tied or one part model; a contact-based model; and a cohesive-zone based model. Cohesive-zone modeling was found to give the most accurate results. Agreement with previous experimental data was obtained to within 27%. Baseplate geometry was found to affect connection stiffness significantly, especially at lower embedment depths. The connection rotational stiffness was found to vary only slightly with cantilever height for typical column heights. Results from varying other parameters are also discussed.

Ce travail est constitué de trois études en plus de la revue de la littérature sur le système de l'équilibration, sur les troubles de l'équilibre d'origine vestibulaire périphérique et sur les principes de la rééducation. I. Etude normative et de la reproductibilité des tests vestibulo-spinaux et rotatoires Objectif : déterminer pour chaque tranche d'âge les valeurs normatives aux tests vestibulo-spinaux et rotatoires et vérifier l'effet de la latéralité sur les sens de déviation et de rotation ; et l'effet du sens de déplacement sur l'amplitude de l'angle. Méthodologie : 120 sujets âgés de 20 à 79 ans ont effectué les tests vestibulo-spinaux et rotatoires pour rechercher les valeurs normatives et 31 parmi ces derniers ont refait les épreuves pour vérifier la reproductibilité des résultats. Résultats :- Les tests vestibulo-spinaux augmentent avec l'âge. Il n'y a pas d'effet de la latéralité sur le sens de déviation ou de rotation. Le sens de déviation ou de rotation n'a pas d'influence significative sur l'amplitude de l'angle. Dans les tests rotatoires avec ou sans fixation, les durées de stabilisation dans le sens horaire et anti-horaire ne sont pas significativement différentes. Conclusion : - les résultats augmentent avec l'âge. Les thérapeutes doivent en tenir compte lors de l'évaluation. II. Etude normative et de la reproductibilité d'une échelle du handicap lié aux troubles de l'équilibre et aux vertiges (E.H.T.E.V.) Objectif. - Déterminer les scores normatifs, en fonction de l'âge et vérifier l'effet du sexe sur les résultats et la reproductibilité de l'E.H.T.E.V. Méthodologie : - La recherche des scores normatifs et de l'effet du sexe a été faite sur une population de 120 sujets, âgés de 20 à 79 ans, sans troubles d'équilibre. L'étude de la reproductibilité des résultats a été faite sur 47 sujets. Les résultats.- Les scores à l' E.H.T.E.V augmentent avec l'âge. Il n'y a pas d'influence significative du sexe sur les scores et la reproductibilité est importante. Conclusion.- Les scores sont influencés par l'âge et il n'y a pas d'effet du sexe sur les résultats. La reproductibilité est importante. Cependant la traduction de cette échelle de l'anglais en français nécessite la validation et la vérification de la fiabilité. III. Intérêt du traitement par exercice rotatoire chez les patients atteints du syndrome de Ménière Objectif : L'objectif de notre travail consiste à évaluer l'efficacité du traitement des troubles d'équilibre par des exercices rotatoires chez les patients souffrant du syndrome de Ménière unilatéral. Méthodologie : les patients sont soumis à des stimulations rotatoires visant à symétriser et à diminuer la réponse nystagmique post-rotatoire. Pour évaluer l'efficacité de ce traitement, les résultats pré- et post-thérapeutiques aux épreuves vestibulo-spinales et rotatoires ainsi que l'analyse de la perception des vertiges par les sujets ont été utilisés. Résultats : -Les patients ont eu en moyenne 11 séances de fauteuil rotatoire pour être subjectivement améliorés. Les épreuves objectives et subjectives montrent une amélioration significative. Conclusion : L'étude montre une amélioration des paramètres objectifs et subjectifs./ After literature review on equilibrium system and peripheral vestibular disorders, vestibular and rehabilitation techniques, Three studies are described in this work. I. “Normative and reproductibility study investigating static, dynamic and rotational testing in rehabilitation of peripheral vestibular balance disorders”. Objective: To determine for different age group, the normative values of vestibular rotational and vestibulospinal tests; to verify the effect of handedness on the direction of veering or rotation during dynamic testing ; and to verify the effect of the veering or rotation direction on angle's amplitude. Method: One hundred and twenty healthy volunteers aged from 20 to 79 years underwent vestibulospinal tests and rotational tests. Results:Vestibulospinal and rotational tests results increased significantly with age. We determined the normative values for each age group. The effect of handedness on the direction of the veering or rotation was not significant. The effect of the veering or rotation direction (left, right) on angle's amplitude was also not significant. Response time of stabilization for clockwise and counterclockwise rotational chair testing (with and without optic fixation): all differences were not significant. Conclusion : Age is an important factor in result of vestibulospinal and rotational tests. The handedness (left or right) does not influence vestibulospinal results. II. Normative study and reliability of french version of dizziness handicap inventory. Objective: this prospective study is to determine the normality per age group, secondly to assess the effect of sex on the scores and the reproductibility of the "Echelle du Handicap lié aux Troubles de l'Equilibre et aux Vertiges" (E.H.T.E.V) french version of the "Dizziness Handicap Inventory (D.H.I). Subjects and method.- The normative scores and the effect of the sex have been determined through the study of a group of 120 subjects. without any instability disorder. Reproductibility has been assessed on 47 individuals. The results.- The scores of the instability related handicap increase with age. There is no significant influence of sex. The reproductibility coefficient is higher.Conclusion:- The scores of the E.H.T.E.V increase with age. There is no significant influence of sex on scores and the coefficient of the reproductibility is good. But the translation of this handicap scale, need a study of validity and reliability. III. “ Benefit of rotational exercises for patients with Meniere's syndrome”. Objective: To date, the effectiveness of balance rehabilitation for patients with Meniere's syndrome has not been unanimously acknowledged by all physicians and physiotherapists. The purpose of this study is to assess the therapeutic efficacy of rotational exercises in the treatment of disequilibrium for patients with unilateral Meniere's syndrome. Methodology: Rotational stimuli were used to symmetrize and reduce postrotatory nystagmic response. Three reference sources were used to assess the efficacy of this management: vestibulospinal function tests rotational tests and the self-perceived impact of vertigo. Results: Patients required 11 sessions (mean value) to attain subjective improvement. Rotational tests and dynamic tests of the vestibulospinal function improved. Conclusion: The objective and subjective measures of disequilibrium were significantly improved.

No description available.

Rapid Rotational Foam Molding (RRFM) is a novel patent-pending process that was designed and developed to maximize the synergistic effects resulting from the deliberate combination of extrusion and rotational foam molding and thereby serve as a time-andenergy efficient technology for the manufacture of integral-skin rotationally molded foams of high quality. This thesis presents a thorough study of the scientific and engineering aspects related to the evolution of the RRFM process and its feasibility. This innovative processing technology was assessed and verified through a battery of planned experimental trials conducted utilizing an in-house custom-built industrial-grade lab-scale experimental setup. The experimental trials involved a variety of polypropylene (PP)- based foamable formulations with a chemical blowing agent (CBA) that were compounded and processed by utilizing an extruder and then foamed and injected as a foamed core, instantly, into the cavity of a suitable non-chilled rotationally molded hollow shell made of non-foamed pulverized PP grades. The investigated mold shapes included a cylindrical shaped mold and a rectangular flat shaped mold. The obtained moldings were examined for the quality of the skin surface, the skin-foam interface, and the achieved foam morphologies that were characterized in terms of foam density, average cell size, and average cell density. Optimal processing parameters were successfully determined for three different PP skin-foam formulation combinations. The accomplished reduction in processing time and energy consumption by implementing RRFM were substantial. A variety of processing impediments that hindered the efficiency of the single-charge conventional rotational foam molding practice were resolved by implementing RRFM; these include: the foam/skin invasion into the skin/foam layer of the manufactured article and the premature decomposition of CBA during compounding or subsequent rotational foam molding processing steps. / UOIT

In this study Monte Carlo solutions to the radiative transfer equations are used to model translational and rotational motion seismogram envelopes in random elastic media with deterministic background structure assuming multiple anisotropic scattering. The results of the Monte Carlo radiative transfer theory simulations are verified by comparisons with 3D full wave field finite difference simulations. The observation and modeling of the three additional components of rotational ground motions can provide independent information about seismic wave propagation in the Earth’s structure. Rotational motions around the vertical axis observed in the P-wave coda are of particular interest as they can only be excited by horizontally polarized shear waves and therefore indicate the conversion from P- to SH-energy by multiple scattering at 3D-heterogeneities. Scattering and attenuation parameters in south-east Germany beneath the Gräfenberg array and in the Vogtland region are estimated by comparisons of synthesized multi-component seismogram envelopes to seismic data from local and regional swarm earthquakes and to teleseismic events. In a first step, frequency dependent scattering and attenuation parameters from a local data set are estimated for the Vogtland region using nearby swarm earthquakes. The results from the elastic simulations are compared to outcomes from acoustic radiative transfer simulations. Both methods yield similar results and suggest that intrinsic attenuation dominates scattering attenuation. From the elastic simulations it is observable, that forward scattering is required to explain the data. However, the amount of forward scattering strength remains unresolvable. In a second step scattering and attenuation parameters beneath the Gräfenberg array are estimated using a nonlinear genetic inversion of seismogram envelopes from regional events at high frequencies (4–8 Hz). The preferred model of crustal heterogeneity consists of a random medium described by an exponential auto correlation function with a transport mean free path length of ∼ 420 km. The quality factor for elastic S-wave attenuation Q iS is around 700. In a final step simulations of teleseismic P-wave arrivals, using this estimated set of scattering and attenuation parameters, are compared to observed seismogram envelopes from deep events. Simulations of teleseismic events with the parameters found from the regional inversion show good agreement with the measured seismogram envelopes. This includes ringlaser observations of vertical rotations in the teleseismic P-wave coda that naturally result from the proposed model of wave scattering. The model also predicts, that the elastic energy recorded in the teleseismic P-coda is not equipartitioned, unlike the coda of regional events, but contains an excess of shear energy. The combined results from the three different data sets suggest that scattering generating the seismic coda mainly occurs in the crustal part of the lithosphere beneath the receivers. The observations do not require scattering of high frequency waves in the mantle, but weak scattering in the lithospheric mantle cannot be ruled out. / In dieser Studie werden Monte Carlo Lösungen für die Energietransfergleichungen genutzt, um Seismogrammeinhüllende von Translations- und Rotationsbewegungen zu modellieren. Die Ergebnisse der Monte Carlo Simulationen werden durch einen Vergleich mit 3D finiten Differenzen Simulationen verifiziert. Diese Modellierung findet in einem elastischen Zufallsmedium mit deterministischer Hintergrundstruktur unter Annahme multipler anisotroper Streuung statt. Die Beobachtung und Modellierung der drei zusätzlichen Komponenten der Rotationsbodenbewegungen kann unabhängige Informationen über die Ausbreitung seismischer Wellen im Erdkörper liefern. Rotationsbewegungen um die vertikale Achse in der P-Wellen Koda sind in diesem Zusammenhang von speziellem Interesse, da sie nur von horizontal polarisierten Scheerwellen angeregt werden können. Die gemessenen Rotationsbewegungen deuten folglich auf Konversionen von P- zu SH-Energie durch multiple Streuung an 3D-Heterogenitäten hin. Für die Bestimmung von Streu- und Dämpfungsparametern im Südosten Deutschlands (Gräfenberg Array, Vogtland) werden synthetisch erzeugte, mehrspurige Seismogrammeinhüllende mit Daten lokaler und regionaler Schwarmbeben und teleseismicher Ereignisse verglichen. In einem ersten Schritt werden frequenzabhängige Krustenparameter für die Vogtlandregion mittels eines lokalen Datensatzes von nahen Schwarmbeben bestimmt. Die Resultate mittels elastischer Energietransfertheorie werden mit Ergebnissen aus Simulationen mittels akustischer Energietransfertheorie verglichen. Beide Methoden liefern ähnliche Parameter und sagen einen größeren Einfluss der intrinsichen Dämpfung im Vergleich zur Streudämpfung voraus. Aus den elastischen Simulationen geht hervor, dass für die Beschreibung der Daten Vorwärtsstreung angenommen werden muss, die Stärke dieser lässt sich jedoch nicht auflösen. In einem zweiten Schritt werden die Streu- und Dämpfungseigenschaften der Erdkruste im Untergrund des Gräfenberg Arrays untersucht. Hierzu wird eine nicht-lineare genetische Inversion von Seismogrammeinhüllenden regionaler Ereignisse bei hohen Frequenzen (4–8 Hz) verwendet. Das bevorzugte Modell der Krustenheterogenität wird durch ein exponentielles Zufallsmedium, einer mittleren freien Transportweglänge von ca. 420 km und einem Qualitätsfaktor für S-Wellen Q iS von ca. 700 beschrieben. Ein letzter Schritt vergleicht Simulationen von teleseismischen P-Welleneinsätzen mit beobachteten Seismogrammeinüllenden von tiefen Erdbeben unter der Nutzung der Parameter aus der regionalen Inversion. Die Simulationen der teleseismischen Ereignisse mit den Parametern der regionalen Inversion zeigen eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den gemessenen Seismogrammeinhüllenden. Dieser Vergleich beinhaltet Ringlaserbeobachtungen der Rotationsbewegungen um die vertikale Achse, welche aus dem angenommenen Streumodell resultieren. Das Modell sagt voraus, dass die elastische Energie in der teleseismischen P-Wellen Koda im Gegensatz zur Koda lokaler oder regionaler Ereignisse nicht gleichverteilt ist, sondern einen Überschuss an Scheerenergie beinhaltet. Die Resultate aus den Untersuchungen der lokalen, regionalen und teleseismischen Datensätze zeigen, dass die Streuereignisse, welche die seismische Koda erklären, hauptsächlich in der Kruste unterhalb der seismischen Empfänger stattfinden. Streuung des Wellenfeldes im Mantel wird für die Erklärung der Daten nicht benötigt, schwache Streuung im lithosphärischen Mantel kann jedoch nicht ausgeschlossen werden.