An acute bout of unaccustomed eccentric exercise causes prolonged strength loss and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) for several days. Chronic dietary supplementation with polyphenols, from pomegranates, has been shown to accelerate recovery following eccentric exercise, but the optimal dose is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with different doses of pomegranate juice concentrate (PJC) on muscular strength, power, and soreness throughout a 96-hour time period following an acute bout of eccentric exercise. Healthy recreationally active males (n=45) were assigned to one of three treatment groups: Once-daily PJC (1x), twice-daily PJC (2x), or placebo (PLA) supplementation over a period of eight days. A 1x dose of PJC provided approximately 650 mg GAE. On day four of each treatment, subjects performed downhill running intervals (-10% grade) over a 40-minute period followed by 40 repetitions of eccentric elbow flexion at 100% of concentric 1-RM. Muscle soreness of arms and legs, maximal isometric strength of the elbow flexors (EF) and knee extensors (KE), vertical jump height (VJ[subscript height]) maximal cycling power (P[subscript max]), and 10-meter sprint velocity (V[subscript 10m]) were assessed pre-exercise and 2, 24, 48, 72, 96 hours post-exercise. Additionally, maximal instantaneous power (IP[subscript max]), maximal velocity (V[subscript max]), maximal torque (T[subscript max]), and torque at 0° (T0) were assessed on the inertial load power cycle pre-exercise and 24, 48, 72, 96 hours post-exercise. Throughout the 96-hours post-exercise, isometric EF strength was significantly higher in 1x and 2x groups as compared to PLA (main treatment effect, 83.6 ± 2.7% vs. 85.6 ± 1.9% vs. 78.4 ± 1.8%, respectively; p < 0.001). Isometric KE strength was significantly higher in 1x and 2x groups as compared to PLA (main treatment effect, 93.9 ± 1.5% vs. 91.6 ± 1.5% vs. 87.1 ± 1.8%, respectively; p < 0.001). Both VJ and V10m were significantly higher in 1x compared to PLA (main treatment effect, 99.9 ± 0.9% vs. 98.0 ± 1.0%, respectively, p = 0.037; 100.0 ± 0.8% vs. 97.8 ± 0.7%, respectively, p = 0.003). Muscle soreness and Pmax, were similar at all time points between groups. We conclude that dietary supplementation with 1x or 2x PJC results in higher isometric strength values compared to placebo for EF and KE muscles during the 96-hour period after an acute bout of eccentric exercise. / text

published_or_final_version / Nursing Studies / Master / Master of Nursing in Advanced Practice

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Syfte och frågeställningar: Syftet med studien var att beskriva skador och träningsvanor hos löpare som uppsöker sjukgymnast på stora träningscenter i Stockholmsområdet. Frågeställningarna var: Vilka löprelaterade skador förekommer? Hur ser träningsvanor hos dessa löpare ut? Hur många har haft tidigare löprelaterade skador? Hur ser skillnaden i löpmängd ut mellan kvinnor och män samt mellan knäskadade och icke-knäskadade? Metod: En enkät utformades och lämnades ut till 18 sjukgymnaster som arbetar på 12 träningscenter i Stockholmsområdet. Frågorna i enkäten baserades på en tidigare enkät och modifierades och anpassades efter tillgänglig litteratur och studiens syfte. Enkäten var indelad i 4 delar och innehöll frågor om demografi, löpning, andra träningsvanor och skador. Personer 18 år och äldre med smärta i benet som uppkommit i samband med löpning inkluderades i studien. Totalt samlades 40 enkäter in under perioden 2014-01-29 till och med 2014-06-27. Deskriptiv statistik användes i form av antal och procent samt medelvärde och standarddeviation för normalfördelad data och median och interkvartilt avstånd (IQR) för icke-normalfördelad data. Analytisk statistik i form av student t-test för normalfördelad data och Mann Whitney-U för icke-normalfördelad data användes för de jämförande analyserna. Resultat: Av 40 deltagare var 19 st kvinnor och 21 st män. Knäskada var den mest förekommande skadan, vilket totalt 52.5 % angav. Meniskskada var den vanligaste diagnosen vilket 20 % av deltagarna hade följt av löparknä/iliotibialt smärtsyndrom (17.5 %) och achillestendinos (12.5 %). Asfalt var det vanligaste underlaget att springa på. Långdistans var den mest frekventa löpträningen följt av intervall och backträning. De flesta deltagarna styrketränade (78 %). Av de 40 deltagarna hade 23 st (57.5 %) haft en tidigare löprelaterad skada och endast 12 st blev besvärsfria ifrån denna tidigare skada. Det fanns ingen signifikant skillnad i löpmängd mellan knäskadade och icke-knäskadade. Dock fanns en tendens till signifikant skillnad mellan knäskadade och icke-knäskadade gällande löphastighet (p = 0.05). Det fanns en signifikant skillnad mellan kvinnor och män gällande löphastighet (p = 0.02), men inte gällande antal sprungna kilometer per vecka, antal minuter löpning eller antal löptillfällen per vecka. Slutsats: Studien visar att knäskada är den vanligaste skadan och meniskskada den vanligaste diagnosen följt av löparknä/iliotibialt smärtsyndrom och achillestendinos hos löpare som uppsöker sjukgymnast på de utvalda träningscentrena i Stockholmsområdet. Mer än hälften av deltagarna har haft en tidigare löprelaterad skada.  Framtida studier med fler deltagare behövs för att kunna undersöka och dra generella slutsatser om samband mellan löpmängd och olika löprelaterade skador samt om träning såsom styrketräning kan användas i skadeförebyggande syfte. / Aim: The purpose of the study was to describe injuries and training characteristics in runners who consult a physical therapist at a large training center in the County of Stockholm. Research questions: What running related injuries (RRI) do they have? What are the training characteristics of these runners? How many have had earlier RRIs? How does running volume in this sample differ between men and women as well as between knee-injured and non-knee injured runners? Method: A questionnaire was designed and handed to 18 physical therapists who work at 12 different training centers in the County of Stockholm. The questions in the questionnaire were based on a previous questionnaire then modified based on previous studies and adjusted to fit the purpose of the study. The questionnaire was divided into 4 parts with questions about demographics, running, other forms of training and injuries. People, 18 years and older, with pain from the hip down, that started during running were included in the study. A total of 40 questionnaires were collected from 2014-01-29 to 2014-06-27. Descriptive statistics were used as number of observations and percent as well as mean and standard deviation for normally distributed data and median and inter quartile range (IQR) for non-normally distributed data. Statistical analysis was performed using student t-test for normally distributed data and Mann Whitney-U test for non-normally distributed data. Results: There were a total of 40 participants, 19 female and 21 male. Knee injury was the most common injury which 52.5 % of the participants stated. Meniscal injury was the most common diagnosis with 20 % of the participants followed by runner’s knee/iliotibial band syndrome (17.5 %) and achillestendinosis (12.5 %). Asphalt was the most commonly used running surface. Long distance running was the most common type of running followed by interval and hill training. Most of the participants were performing strength training (78 %). 23 (57.5 %) of the 40 participants have had a previous running related injury. There was not a significant difference in running volume between participants with knee injury and non-knee injury. There was a tendency towards a significant difference in running speed between runners with knee injury and non- knee injury (p = 0.05). There was a significant difference between women and men regarding running speed (p = 0.02) but not regarding number of kilometers, number of minutes or number of occasions of running per week.  Conclusions: The study demonstrates that knee injury is the most common running injury and that meniscal injury is the most common diagnosis followed by runner’s knee/iliotibial band syndrome and achillestendinosis in runners diagnosed by a physical therapist at the chosen training centers in the County of Stockholm. More than 50% have had a previous running related injury. Future studies with more participants are needed in order to draw conclusions on relationships between running volume and RRIs and if strength training can be used as prevention of RRIs. / <p>Presenterat vid OMT/FYIM Kongress/Årsmöte Täby Park hotell 20-21 mars 2015</p>

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of prolonged exercise on running economy. Fourteen male long distance runners performed two 90 minute runs on an outdoor 400m track at velocities equal to 65 and 80% of VO$ sb2$max. Prior to and following each 90 minute run, running economy (RE) was measured as the steady-state VO$ sb2$ during treadmill runs at speeds of 188 and 228 m/min. During the 90-min run at 65% of VO$ sb2$max, the mean weight loss was 1.3 kg. The HR was 143 bpm between minutes 5-10 and increased to 150 bpm between minutes 85-90. During the 90-min run at 80% of VO$ sb2$max, the mean weight loss was 1.4 kg. The HR was 161 bpm between minutes 5-10 and increased to 165 bpm between minutes 85-90. When the post RE test was conducted following each 90-min run, there was a significant increase in VO$ sb2$ expressed in both l/min and ml/kg$ cdot$min (a decrease in running economy). The increase in oxygen cost of running following the 90-min run at 80% of VO$ sb2$max was greater than that following the run at 65% of VO$ sb2$max.

Sports have recently been incorporated into international development agendas in a bid to 'empower' women and foster gender equality. Considered a masculine domain, sports are argued to empower women by challenging the status quo and their 'traditional' positions in societies. This thesis examines the use of sport in an athletic training camp for female distance runners located in Arusha, Northern Tanzania. Like other similar camps throughout East Africa, this training camp provides financial support for athletes, recruited from isolated rural areas, to live and train full time in the city. The camp was founded and is run by a Tanzanian couple, known as Gwandu and Mama Gwandu, but it has recently begun receiving financial support from an American development organisation. The director of this organisation, Karl, aims to empower the young women training in the camp by enabling them to use their sporting talent to further their education. This directly contradicts Gwandu and Mama Gwandu's goals, however, and they strive to enable the girls to improve their lives by earning money from running. The girls themselves perceive running as a unique opportunity to migrate to Arusha and distance themselves from their natal villages. The idea of earning money from running is secondary, for the girls, to the aspiration of settling permanently in the city. Although running provides a common link between the goals of the development organisation, those of Gwandu and Mama Gwandu, and those of the female athletes themselves, the overlap between these goals is only partial. Pragmatic constraints in each case mean the goals remain always unattainable and partially unachieved, and are continually readjusted to fit changing constraints and perceptions of what is possible. In discussing the different aspirations held by those involved in the training camp, this thesis highlights the multiple ways in which notions of 'modernity' can be understood and enacted. Modernity is a central theme in contemporary African anthropological literature, as is the notion of 'multiple modernities', often used to refer to the culturally diverse interpretations of the meaning of modernity and subsequent efforts to 'become modern'. Using key authors including Ferguson (1999), Snyder (2002; 2005) and Schneider (1970), this thesis argues that, drawing on different influences to enact different cultural styles, the girls, Gwandu and Mama Gwandu imagine and perform 'modernity' in different ways. Gwandu and Mama Gwandu are shown to draw on notions of maendeleo to construct a localist cultural style, which they attempt to enforce on the athletes in the camp. By contrast, the girls are argued to draw inspiration from what they perceive as the 'city' lifestyle maintained by Malkia – one of Tanzania's most successful female athletes – to construct a cosmopolitan cultural style they gradually gain performative competence in throughout their time in the camp. While both visions emphasise the importance of urbanisation, Gwandu and Mama Gwandu's localism condemns particular practices they conceive of as characteristic of "city life", including the value placed on commodities and modes of consumption that is central to the girls' cosmopolitanism. The clash between Gwandu and Mama Gwandu's goals and those of the girls is most pronounced at the beginning of their time in the camp. The girls’ compliance with camp rules increases with their time spent in the camp, as their vision increasingly overlaps with that of Gwandu and Mama Gwandu. I argue that the clash between their goals is once again pronounced after the girls have left the camp, and attempt to perform the cosmopolitan cultural style in which they have increasingly gained competence during their time in the camp. This discussion raises questions about the ways in which women can be 'empowered' through sports such as running. I argue that it is not running itself that empowers women like Malkia but, rather, the opportunity running affords them to acquire the material resources required, to perform the cosmopolitan style towards which they aspire.

Exercising the leg in a manner similar to running is theorized to have the potential effect of increasing performance and reducing occurrence of injuries in running athletes. Development of an exercise device that can help facilitate this method of specificity training could be beneficial to the sports community and should be investigated. Understanding the trajectory of the foot during the running gait is primary to further pursue this concept. 26 running athletes of varying characteristics participated in this study. Each subjects sex, age, weight, height, leg length, activity level and participation amount in their respective sport was recorded. Retro-reflective cameras captured the three-dimensional trajectory of each subjects right leg while running at speeds of 2, 3.8, 4.52 and 5.36 m/s for 10-15 seconds on a treadmill, respectively. The range of foot movement in each cardinal plane was determined for each speed. An ANCOVA revealed that leg length was the most determinate factor in trajectory range differences among subjects. Subjects were subsequently divided into quartiles based on leg length where further analysis revealed that foot displacement increased vertically and horizontally in the sagittal plane with increases in speed while trajectory in the third plane remained constant and substantially less in magnitude.

INTRODUCTION: Excessive hip adduction (HADD) has been associated with a number of lower extremity overuse injuries, and it has been suggested that it may be the result of reduced strength of the hip abduction musculature. Hip structure has been postulated to influence both hip abduction (HABD) strength and HADD. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between hip structure, HABD strength, and frontal plane kinematics during running. METHODS: Peak isometric HABD strength, lower extremity kinematics, femoral neck-shaft angle (NSA), and pelvis width-femur length (pw-fl) ratio were recorded for 25 female subjects. Pearson correlations (P < .05) were performed between variables. RESULTS: A fair relationship was observed between femoral NSA and HABD strength (r = -.472 P = .017) where an increased NSA was associated with reduced HABD strength. No relationship was observed between HABD strength and frontal plane kinematics or between NSA/pw-fl and frontal plane kinematics. CONCLUSION: Alterations in the femoral NSA have the ability to influence peak isometric hip abduction strength. However, alterations in strength did not result in changes in lower extremity kinematics. Structural deviations at the hip do not appear to influence hip kinematics during running.

Seven highly trained male collegiate distance runners were studied throughout a competitive cross-country season. Common laboratory and field measures were used to assess physiological adaptation and performance capacity. The subjects were tested pre-, mid-, and post-season for maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), running economy (RE), heart rate at 268 m-min…1 (HR268), fractional utilization of the aerobic capacity (%VO2max), fraction utilization of the maximal heart rate (%HRmax), ventilatory threshold (VT), and time to exhaustion (TTE). Prior to each scheduled competition submaximal hear rate (HR) and submaximal blood lactate accumulation (bLa) were determined from a one-mile run on an indoor track. Five subjects ran at 5 min 30 sec per mile pace and two ran at a 6 min per mile pace (mean intensity = 83.14 + 4.44% VO2max). VO2max, RE, % VO2max, %HRmax and TTE all significantly improved over the season (p < 0.05). VT and HR268 remained unchanged. % VO2max and %HRmax exhibited the highest correlations to performance within a given competition (range r = .525 to .722 and .571 to .844, respectively). HR and bLa did not change during the season. These results suggest: 1) % VO2max and %HRmax are the best predictors of cross-country running performance among the variables measured whereas 2) field trials employing single HR and single bLa measurements are not indicators of endurance running performance in highly trained distance runners. / Human Performance Laboratory