Considerable attention has been given to housing issues in the countryside over recent years. The 1980s and early 1990s have witnessed a whole host of academic publications, policy reports and media articles, with the focus predominantly on the issue of housing affordability. In many ways, the enquiry adds to this burgeoning literature on rural housing issues in conventional terms. In other ways, however, it attempts to provide a broader view of the rural housing market, by considering rural housing issues alongside wider processes of socio-economic restructuring within the Welsh countryside, and also by incorporating in the research methodology elements of housing theory developed predominantly outside the rural arena. Consideration is given to some key aspects of housing and socio-economic change within rural Wales generally and in two case study areas in particular. A detailed examination of the local housing market in each study area then follows based on a series of individual surveys and interviews. Attention is given to state intervention within the market and to the changing nature of social rented housing provision and allocation. In addition, the operations and interests of key agents involved in the supply and distribution of private housing are considered. Finally, the consumption of housing within each study area is investigated, based on a survey of 400 households. The linkages between the local housing market and population in- and out-movement, and the incidence and nature of housing need are examined, together with respondents' attitudes to further residential development and housing need within the community.

This thesis explores the importance of caravan parks as a provider of long term housing in rural areas. Previous research on caravan parks in the Australian housing system focused on the metropolitan and coastal regions, with little analysis given over to parks in rural areas. There is a similar dearth of research on rural housing in Australia. In previous housing studies rural housing has been discussed as a residual of that in the capital cities. In many instances, rural areas are absorbed into broader metropolitan/non-metropolitan constructs. This is despite the complexity and range of housing issues in rural places. This research has brought these two fields together, particularly to determine whether the problems in the rural housing market are a factor for people living in caravan parks. Previous studies on caravan parks have demonstrated that caravan park residents have socio-economic characteristics that would make it difficult for them to access housing. They have low incomes, a reliance on government benefits and higher mobility rates compared to the general population. Caravan park residents have a greater propensity to poverty. Thus for these residents, caravan parks offer housing that is affordable and accessible. In many instances it is housing of last resort, or housing used in times of crisis. Previous research into rural housing has found that rural areas have greater incidences of after housing poverty as a result of lower incomes. There are also problems of housing accessibility, particularly for specific groups, such as the aged, youth, and the disabled. Rural areas also are encountering the migration of 'urban refugees'. This group has high levels of need which creates a further strain on a market. The Shires of Chinchilla and Murilla in Queensland were selected as case studies because they they have a stable caravan park industry and they are rural without being remote. Interviews were undertaken with a variety of individuals representing a range of organisations. This included a large sample of long-term caravan park residents. The residents who participated in the research were, similarly to the general profile of park residents, disadvantaged. They also had low incomes with a reliance on government benefits. The majority of the residents had located to the case study region from the South-East of the State. It was also found that the majority of residents migrated to the area and immediately moved into a caravan park. Interestingly, there were no family households in the park, and very few young people. Also, caravan parks were not utilised as crisis accommodation. This is attributed to the discriminatory practices of the park operators as a form of 'risk management'. This research found that caravan parks play an important role in the housing system of rural areas. Specifically, they are not a residual form of the dominant tenures, but are a separate component of the housing market. Many residents did not consider the broader housing market, and immediately moved into the park. Residents did not explicitly consider their housing choice within the context of the broader market. While housing related issues did arise, the majority of residents individualised their experiences; that is, their housing experience is related to their own individual situation and not because of any problems in the market.

Thesis (M.S.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Community Agriculture Recreation Resource Studies, 2008. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Aug. 5, 2009) Includes bibliographical references (p. 68-70). Also issued in print.

The provision of housing in rural areas has been identified as crucial for the long term sustainability of rural communities. However, there are questions about how rural developers are responding to legislative requirements to reduce carbon emissions, whether the fulfilment of a need for affordable housing in rural areas can be reconciled with higher energy performance and whether higher energy performance will affect thermal comfort when climate change is taken into account. To understand these issues a review of published and monitored case studies in rural areas of the UK was undertaken which highlighted a number of development models that might be applied by house builders in the Welsh context. An analysis of two exemplar projects in Pembroke Dock, West Wales, examined the following: the social, economic and legislative context of rural development; the significance of energy and carbon used to construct rural houses; and the quantity of energy required to keep rural dwellings at a comfortable temperature in a typical year. Dynamic thermal modelling was then used to investigate a number of design approaches highlighted in the earlier studies as significant including: increasing thermal mass; increasing south facing glazing; adjusting building form and the layout of the site; and higher levels of insulation. The application of these approaches on a housing scheme in West Wales established the benefits of incorporating thermal mass into the building fabric, maintaining a compact form and, where reasonable, using passive solar gain, to reduce heating load. This study identified that these approaches, if carefully combined, could achieve significant (i.e. 16.4%-29.8%) reductions in heating load without compromising the affordability of the original scheme. However, the study also identified that one possible consequence of improving the energy performance would be a reduction in thermal comfort as a result of higher internal temperatures. To gain a better understanding of this further modelling examined the potential for overheating using the following: current and future climate files; an algorithm based on window opening behaviour; detailed simulation of airflow; and bivariate data analysis techniques. The results from this study identified that thermal mass and ventilation techniques could be employed to address the issues of overheating.

Submitted by MARIA BEATRIZ SARTOR ORLANDO null (biasartor@hotmail.com) on 2016-03-29T02:03:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Entrega final - Dissertacao Mestrado - Bia23.03.2016.pdf: 8455319 bytes, checksum: c784bb4e3ccacec60977bc5ea7ef0d9e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-29T19:31:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 orlando_mbs_me_bot.pdf: 8455319 bytes, checksum: c784bb4e3ccacec60977bc5ea7ef0d9e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-29T19:31:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 orlando_mbs_me_bot.pdf: 8455319 bytes, checksum: c784bb4e3ccacec60977bc5ea7ef0d9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O crescente aumento dos custos energéticos e ambientais no setor da construção civil tem levado ao surgimento e à adoção de materiais e soluções construtivas que ofereçam menor impacto ambiental e menores gastos na produção das edificações. Considerando-se a importância progressiva que sistemas construtivos não convencionais vêm adquirindo, frente aos elevados custos da energia e da produção, torna-se importante analisar a eficiência energética como mais um indicativo da eficácia dos sistemas de produção de edificações. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo mensurar os conteúdos energéticos dos materiais utilizados na construção de modelos arquitetônicos habitacionais propostos pelo Programa Nacional de Habitação Rural (PNHR) e implantados nos municípios de Itararé e São Miguel Arcanjo, interior do estado de São Paulo, para obter uma estimativa da energia empregada na construção de uma moradia que apresente condições adequadas de ambiência aos trabalhadores rurais e agricultores familiares. Para tal, a execução da unidade de habitação foi dividida em cinco etapas de construção a serem analisadas: fundação, piso, fechamento (alvenaria), revestimento e cobertura. Informações e dados sobre os projetos, técnicas construtivas e os materiais empregados na execução das unidades habitacionais foram obtidos em visitas realizadas a campo, diretamente com os técnicos responsáveis pelas obras e através de material disponibilizado pela Federação dos Trabalhadores na Agricultura Familiar do Estado de São Paulo (Fetaesp), entidade responsável pela implantação das unidades estudadas em Itararé e São Miguel Arcanjo. Ao realizar a avaliação energética dos materiais de construção utilizados, verificam-se os níveis de dependência energética das etapas construtivas e, assim, compreendem-se as necessidades de adequação do projeto do modelo arquitetônico habitacional proposto pelo PNHR. Para mensurar o consumo da energia dos materiais de construção foram empregados coeficientes energéticos encontrados na literatura, utilizados e calculados por autores que estimaram a energia empregada na construção de diferentes tipologias de edificação. Foram consideradas a energia embutida nos materiais de construção e o dispêndio energético do trabalho humano nos processos construtivos de execução da unidade de habitação. O trabalho analisou as condições da ambiência oferecidas pelo modelo habitacional sob o olhar da proposta do projeto arquitetônico em conformidade com as especificações e diretrizes mínimas exigidas pelo Programa. A unidade habitacional implantada em Itararé consumiu um total de 271.011,52 MJ, enquanto o modelo de São Miguel Arcanjo apresentou um consumo energético de 262.980,99 MJ. Da energia total empregada na construção das unidades os itens fundação, piso, fechamento, revestimento e cobertura representaram 32,47, 0,38, 20,29, 8,29 e 38,57%, respectivamente, no modelo de Itararé e, 37,46, 0,43, 19,85, 7,39 e 34,87% na unidade de São Miguel Arcanjo. O aço e o forro de PVC foram os materiais com os maiores índices energéticos. A análise da ambiência, realizada a partir das soluções adotadas no projeto arquitetônico, demonstrou que ambos os modelos habitacionais implantados foram desenvolvidos com preocupação em atender às expectativas quanto aos aspectos de ambiência, conforme diretrizes mínimas exigidas pelo Programa Nacional de Habitação Rural. Foram sugeridas algumas alterações no layout com o objetivo de melhorar o aproveitamento dos espaços das unidades habitacionais, aumentando a funcionalidade dos ambientes e o conforto e bem estar do usuário. / The ongoing increase of energetic and environmental costs of the civil construction sector has been promoting the development and use of environmentally friendly materials and constructive solutions that may yield lesser expenses during construction. Given the increase of importance that these alternative systems has been gaining, and taking into consideration the increase of energy and production costs, it becomes important to analyze the energetic efficiency as an indicator of effectiveness of the edification production system. Given this, this present work aims to measure the energetic content of the materials used in the construction of a housing architectonic model proposed by the National Program of Rural Housing (NPRH) implemented in the counties of Itararé and São Miguel Arcanjo, in the state of São Paulo, to obtain an estimative of energy used during the construction of a house that presents the adequate conditions of ambience to the rural employees and familiar farmers. For such, the execution of this housing unit was divided in five steps of construction to be analyzed: foundation, floor, finishing, coverings and coverage. Information and data of the project, constructive techniques and the materials used during the execution of the housing units were obtained during visits to the field, directly with the responsible technicians for the constructions and through materials supplied by the Federation of Workers in Family Farming of the state of São Paulo (Fetaesp), responsible entity for the NPRH implementations in Itararé and São Miguel Arcanjo. While carrying out energetic analysis of the materials used during the construction, the level of energetic dependence was analyzed during the constructive steps and, therefore, the need of a project adequacy of the architectonic housing model proposed by the National Program of Rural Housing is comprehended. To measure the energetic consumption of the materials used in the construction, energetic coefficients were used found in the literature, used and calculated by the authors that had estimated the used energy in the construction of different typology of edifications. The embedded energy of the materials used in the construction and the energetic cost of human labor in the constructive process were considered. This work has analyzed the ambience conditions offered by the housing model under the proposal of the architectonic project in accordance with the minimum specifications and guidelines demanded by the program. The housing unit located in Itararé consumed a total of 271,011.52 MJ while the model of São Miguel Arcanjo had an energy consumption of 262,980.99 MJ. Of the total energy used in the construction of the units, the items foundation, floor, masonry, finish coating and coverage represented 32,47, 0,38, 20,29, 8,29 e 38,57%, respectively, in the unit of Itararé, and 37,46, 0,43, 19,85, 7,39 e 34,87% in the unit of São Miguel Arcanjo. The steel and the PVC lining were the materials with the highest energy contents. The analysis of the ambience, held from the solutions adopted in architectural design, showed that both implanted housing models were developed with concern to meet the expectations of the ambience aspects, according to the minimum guidelines required by the National Program of Rural Housing. Some changes were suggested in the layout in order to improve the use of spaces housing units, increasing the functionality of the environments and the comfort and welfare of the user.

A dissertação tem como objetivo estudar os avanços e entraves da Política Pública de Habitação Rural para as faixas de renda mais baixas no Brasil a partir da análise dos programas habitacionais rurais em curso no País desde o ano 2000. Para tanto, foi elaborada uma caracterização do mundo rural, de seus sujeitos sociais e de seu novo paradigma, o desenvolvimento rural, bem como das políticas públicas implementadas nestes territórios, para por fim, realizar um levantamento dos programas de habitação rural para os agricultores familiares pobres existentes no País desde o ano 2000. A análise dos avanços e entraves da Política Pública de Habitação Rural para as faixas de renda mais baixa da população brasileira se dá através da comparação do Programa Nacional de Habitação Rural, ou Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida Rural, lançado em 2009, com o Programa Moradia Rural desenvolvido pelo Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária, em parceria com a Caixa Econômica Federal nos assentamentos rurais de Reforma Agrária do estado de São Paulo em 2006. A investigação conclui, considerando todas as discussões desenvolvidas e os programas apresentados, com possíveis diretrizes para políticas e programas de habitação rural para as faixas de renda mais baixa tendo em vista a superação da pobreza e a dotação de cidadania a esses territórios rurais, historicamente menosprezados no percurso de desenvolvimento do País. / The thesis aims to address the progress and obstacles of the Public Policy for Rural Housing for low-income groups in Brazil by analyzing ongoing rural housing programs in the country since 2000. To this end, we developed a characterization of the rural world, of its social subjects and its new paradigm, rural development, as well as of public policies implemented in these territories. Finally, we conducted a survey of rural housing programs for poor family farmers existing in the country since 2000. In order to analyze the progress and obstacles of the Public Policy for Rural Housing for Brazilian low-income groups, we compare the National Rural Housing Program, or Minha Casa Minha Vida Rural, launched in 2009, and the Rural Housing Program developed by the National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform, in partnership with Caixa Economica Federal, in rural settlements of agrarian reform of the state of São Paulo in 2006. The research concludes, considering all the discussions and programs presented, with possible guidelines for policies and for rural housing programs for low- income groups aiming to overcome poverty and provide citizenship to these rural areas, historically overlooked in the development path of the country.

This thesis explores the experience of young people on the Isle of Mull and whether and how institutional innovation could help to alleviate housing market constraint for young people living in rural areas. The research identified that young people were particularly constrained in housing markets due to lack of finance and being in the early stages of employment with difficulty accessing housing compounded by the 2007/08 economic downturn. A review of the literature on rural housing markets revealed that challenging supply and demand issues impacted upon the development of housing and constrained rural markets restricted the housing market for young people, limiting choice. The research explored the agency of young people in rural areas and the structure of the housing market, specifically the institutional actors involved in rural housing markets including, but not limited to, the construction industry, land owners, planners, government and third sector organisations. The research focused on the Isle of Mull, off the west coast of Scotland, to explore the experiences of young people living in a remote rural environment and the problems associated with rural housing markets. Questionnaires were completed by young people who were at school on the Isle of Mull and thirty-three semi-structured interviews were conducted with institutional actors involved in rural housing markets and young people living on the Isle of Mull. The research adopted Clapham's (2005) housing pathways approach to explore the choices of young people in the rural housing market, and Williamson's (2000; 1998) New Institutional Economics framework (Economics of Institutions) to examine the structure of the housing market on the Isle of Mull. The research highlighted that third-sector organisations could help to bring institutional actors together in the rural housing market and therefore help to alleviate housing constraint for young people on the Isle of Mull.

A dissertação tem como objetivo estudar os avanços e entraves da Política Pública de Habitação Rural para as faixas de renda mais baixas no Brasil a partir da análise dos programas habitacionais rurais em curso no País desde o ano 2000. Para tanto, foi elaborada uma caracterização do mundo rural, de seus sujeitos sociais e de seu novo paradigma, o desenvolvimento rural, bem como das políticas públicas implementadas nestes territórios, para por fim, realizar um levantamento dos programas de habitação rural para os agricultores familiares pobres existentes no País desde o ano 2000. A análise dos avanços e entraves da Política Pública de Habitação Rural para as faixas de renda mais baixa da população brasileira se dá através da comparação do Programa Nacional de Habitação Rural, ou Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida Rural, lançado em 2009, com o Programa Moradia Rural desenvolvido pelo Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária, em parceria com a Caixa Econômica Federal nos assentamentos rurais de Reforma Agrária do estado de São Paulo em 2006. A investigação conclui, considerando todas as discussões desenvolvidas e os programas apresentados, com possíveis diretrizes para políticas e programas de habitação rural para as faixas de renda mais baixa tendo em vista a superação da pobreza e a dotação de cidadania a esses territórios rurais, historicamente menosprezados no percurso de desenvolvimento do País. / The thesis aims to address the progress and obstacles of the Public Policy for Rural Housing for low-income groups in Brazil by analyzing ongoing rural housing programs in the country since 2000. To this end, we developed a characterization of the rural world, of its social subjects and its new paradigm, rural development, as well as of public policies implemented in these territories. Finally, we conducted a survey of rural housing programs for poor family farmers existing in the country since 2000. In order to analyze the progress and obstacles of the Public Policy for Rural Housing for Brazilian low-income groups, we compare the National Rural Housing Program, or Minha Casa Minha Vida Rural, launched in 2009, and the Rural Housing Program developed by the National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform, in partnership with Caixa Economica Federal, in rural settlements of agrarian reform of the state of São Paulo in 2006. The research concludes, considering all the discussions and programs presented, with possible guidelines for policies and for rural housing programs for low- income groups aiming to overcome poverty and provide citizenship to these rural areas, historically overlooked in the development path of the country.

Após vários anos da implementação do Programa Nacional de Habitação Rural (PNHR), pode se perceber uma preocupação na redução do déficit habitacional no campo, com uma meta física de 120.000 unidades habitacionais, das quais 70.000 correspondem ao Programa Nacional de Reforma Agraria (PNRA). Isto pode se considerar como um avanço, porem na maioria dos assentamentos rurais do país verificam-se soluções que nem sempre atendem de forma suficiente os condicionantes básicos e a organização das famílias. Por outro lado, no que se refere especificamente às moradias no aspecto arquitetônico e tecnológico, são construídas habitações a partir de um projeto padrão com área mínima, como alternativa para a redução de custos de produção das unidades. Neste contexto, este projeto tem como objetivo analisar o processo de produção de moradias do PNHR nos assentamentos rurais do estado de São Paulo seguindo duas abordagens, a qualidade do projeto arquitetônico, que procurará caracterizar, 1) os projetos na dimensão funcional (dimensionamento e flexibilidade), o nível de habitabilidade; e principalmente, 2) a adequação das características da habitação às condições particulares da vida no campo; e a qualidade construtivatecnológica, que visa compreender: 1) materiais, sistemas e componentes construtivos que têm sido empregados, 2) o regime de construção e 3) a articulação e participação dos agentes envolvidos nas etapas de projeto e produção das moradias nos empreendimentos escolhidos. A estratégia de pesquisa utilizada no trabalho consiste no estudo de quatro casos, buscando desenvolver uma análise de tipo qualitativa, por meio de fontes de evidência como documentação; registros em arquivos; entrevistas semiestruturadas; e observações diretas aos participantes e artefatos físicos. / After several years of implementation of the Programa Nacional de Habitação Rural (PNHR), is seen a concern in the reduction of the rural settlements deficit with a physical target of 120,000 housing units, 70,000 of which correspond to the Programa Nacional de Reforma Agraria (PNRA). This fact could be considered as an improvement, however, in the majority of the rural settlements of the country, are found solutions that do not always meet sufficiently the basic conditions and the organization of the families. Moreover, with specific reference to the housings architectonical and technological aspects-, are built housings from a standard project with a minimum area, as an alternative to the reduction of production costs of the units. Because of this context, this project aims to analyze the production process of housings of the PNHR in the rural settlements of the state of São Paulo according two approaches, quality of the architectural design, which seeks to characterize: 1) the projects in a functional dimension (dimension and flexibility), the level of habitability; and mainly 2) the adequacy of the characteristics of the housing to the particular conditions of the rural life; and the constructive-technological quality, which aims to understand: 1) materials, systems and constructive components that have been employed, 2) he construction scheme and 3) the articulation and participation of the agents involved in the stages of the project and the production of the housings in the selected cases. The research strategy used in the work was the study of four cases, seeking the development of a qualitative analyze through evidenced sources as documentation; records in files; semi-structured interviews; and direct observations to the participants and physical artifacts.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo, primeiramente, compreender e fazer o registro de duas questões fundamentais. A primeira é a territorialização do campesinato no Brasil, como se deu ao longo da história, e as políticas públicas que definiram e definem o desenho do espaço rural. O segundo registro insere-se num breve levantamento da demanda e produção habitacionais no país. A pesquisa parte também de uma experiência concreta de construção de moradias populares, em regime de mutirão e autogestão, no assentamento Fazenda Pirituba, Itapeva, São Paulo. A observação do modo de vida camponês, durante a implantação do Programa de Subsídio Habitacional Rural (PSH-Rural), aparece como um dos caminhos para entender os diversos ajustes e desajustes do mutirão. Por se tratar de um assentamento de mais de 20 anos, a Fazenda Pirituba se consolida como um território digno da manifestação camponesa, que se identifica desde a maneira como se espacializa o cotidiano dessas famílias, (re)definindo e (re)inventando o desenho do assentamento concebido via Estado, até a mediação com técnicos para organização do canteiro. A partir da observação do modo de vida do camponês, da relação dele com o trabalho, o tempo, a terra, a família e vizinhos e ainda a maneira como se espacializam essas relações, como a casa-quintal e o seu entorno, o sítio, é possível vislumbrar a formulação de políticas publicas condizentes com o seu modus vivendi. / The aim of this paper is at first, to understand and to register two fundamental issues. The first is the territorialization of the peasantry in Brazil as it happened through history, and the public policies which defined and define the design of the rural space. The second report is a brief survey of the housing demands and production in the country. The research is also based on a concrete experience of the construction of popular houses, in a kind of self management and getting together to build each others house in the settlement Fazenda Pirituba, Itapeva, São Paulo. The observation of the peasants way of life during the implantation of the Rural Housing Subsidy Program (PSH-Rural), appears as one of the ways to understand the several adjustments and disagreements of this method. Since it is a more than 20 years old settlement, the Fazenda Pirituba consolidates as a territory worthy of peasant manifestation that is identified from the way these families organize their daily activities redefining and reinventing the design of the settlement given by the state to the mediation with technicians for the organization of the place. Through the observation of the peasants way of life, their relation with the work, the time, the land, the family and neighbors and also how these relations happen, such as the house- backyard and its surroundings, the small farm; it is possible to visualize the formulation of public policies that are appropriate to their modus vivendi.