This essay aims to investigate the contemporary context in which Bibelns lära om Kristus, authored by Viktor Rydberg in 1862, was written and received. By claiming the human nature of Christ, he evoked massive response. By performing a literal study, I have examined the 19th century society in Sweden; infrastructural alteration, the origin and spread of popular movements such as revivalism, liberalism and Enlightenment, to inquire in what way (if at all) Rydberg is to be considered influenced by their conceptions. The essay emanates from the assumption that the Lutheran reformation in the late 19th century experienced a revival in Sweden. This revival is to be called the new reformation. In my result and reflection, I have come to the conclusion that Viktor Rydberg did not in fact criticize his contemporary church to annihilate it. He was, apart from inspired by the liberal thought of individual, religious and political freedom, simply trying to alter it. The cause for his success is in this essay claimed to be three: the fact that he was the “perfect combination” of radical theology and political liberalism; that he played the role as a spiritual guide; and finally, that he, in the light of his earlier authorship, was by the Swedish nation perceived as a trustworthy authority.

The work of this thesis focuses on the interaction of high Rydberg states of hydrogen molecules and atoms with various doped Si semiconductor surfaces with the results compared with those obtained with an atomically flat gold surface. The major part of the thesis was carried out using para-H₂ molecular Rydberg states with principal quantum number n = 17 - 21 and core rotational quantum number N⁺ = 2. Subsequently, this study was continued using H atomic Rydberg states with principal quantum number n = 29 - 34. The high Rydberg states have been produced using two-step laser excitation. For close Rydberg surface separation (< 6 n² a.u.), the Rydberg states may be ionized due to an attractive surface potential experienced by the Rydberg electron, and the remaining ion core may be detected by applying an external electric field. An efficient ion detectability method is introduced to compare the many surface ionization profiles quantitatively. The p-type doped Si surfaces enhance the detected ion-signal more than the n-type doped Si surfaces due to the presence of widely distributed positive dopant charge fields in the p-type doped Si surfaces. As the dopant density increases, the area sampled by the resultant ions becomes effectively more neutral, and the decay rate of the potential from the surface dopant charge with distance from the surface becomes more rapid. Therefore, the minimum ionization distance is also reduced with increasing dopant density. It is found that the detected ion-signal decreases with increasing dopant density of both p- and n- type doped Si surfaces. The higher-n Rydberg states have shown higher ion detectability than that of lower-n Rydberg states and this variation also becomes smaller when increasing the dopant density. Experiments involving H2 Rydberg molecules incident on various doped Si surfaces in the presence of a Stark field at the point of excitation are also presented here. The surface ionization profiles produced via both electron and ion detection schemes are measured by changing the Stark polarization. Positive surface dopant charges oppose production of backscattered electrons and negative surface dopant charges enhance the electron-signal. For the electron detection scheme, lightly doped n-type Si surfaces show higher detectability but in the case of p-type Si surfaces the more heavily doped Si surfaces give a higher detected signal. This different behaviour of the detected ion or electron signal implies a different production mechanism. Theoretical trajectory simulations were also carried out based on a new 2D surface potential model. The results qualitatively agree with the experimental results and explain the changes of the surface ionization profiles between the various dopant types and dopant densities of the Si surfaces.

Cette thèse consacrée à l'étude de collisions réactives dans les gaz d'intérêt énergétique a porté sur deux aspects. D'une part, la théorie du défaut quantique multi-voies (Multichannel Quantum Defect Theory : MQDT) [Giusti 1980, Nakashima 1987]a été utilisée pour étudier la recombinaison dissociative (RD), l'excitation vibrationnelle (EV) et la désexcitation vibrationnelle (dEV) de l'ion BeH+ et ses isotopomères dans leurs quatre plus bas niveaux vibrationnels initiaux (X1Σ+,v i+ =0,1,2,3). Les données moléculaires récemment calculées par nos collaborateurs [Roos 2009] ont été utilisées pour calculer les sections efficaces et taux de RD, EV et dEV en considérant les états des trois symétries moléculaires de BeH (2Π, 2Σ+ et 2∆ ). La dépendance vibrationnelle et l'effet isotopique sur les taux de processus collisionnels compétitifs ont été mis en évidence (Fig. V. 7). Une comparaison avec les résultats théoriques de Roos et al. 2009 obtenus à l'aide de la méthode des paquets d'ondes (Wave packets : WP) est effectuée. De cette comparaison, il ressort qu'il y a un bon accord entre les deux méthodes aux énergies intermédiaires. Ainsi, ce travail de thèse est en partie une extension de travail précédent de [Ross 2009]. L'approcheMQDT, capable de traiter complètement les capture temporaires d'électrons dans les éttats de Rydberg liés, ainsi que le couplage vibronique entre les voies d'ionisation, permet d'obtenir les premiers résultats (fiables) à basses énergies [Niyonzima 2013]. Ces taux de processus collisionnels sont utiles dans la modélisation du plasma de bord des machines à fusion [Celiberto 2012]. D'autres parts, nous avons fourni une formulation analytique approximative des sections efficaces de RD, EV, et dEV, utile pour la prédiction et l'interprétation des résultats du calcul numérique. Elle nous permet de comprendre les différentes interactions intramoléculaires et la sensibilité des taux de réaction par rapport aux interactions dominantes. / This thesis devoted to the study of reactive collisions in gases of energetic interest concerns two aspects. Firstly, a Multichannel-Quantum-Defect-Theory-type approach [Giusti 1980, Nakashima 1987] is used in the treatment of the dissociative recombination (DR), vibrational excitation (VE), and vibrational de-excitation (VdE) of BeH+ in their four lowest vibrational states (X1Σ+,v i+ =0,1,2,3). The molecular structure data previously computed [Roos 2009] have been employed in the calculations of cross sections and rate coefficients of DR, VE and VdE including three electronic symmetries of BeH (2Π, 2Σ+ et 2∆ ). The vibrational dependence [Niyonzima 2013] and the isotopic effects in these collisional processes are highlighted – Figure (V.7) – in order to be used in the modeling of the edge fusion plasma [Celiberto 2012]. Satisfactory agreement with results computed with the wave packet method [Roos 2009] is reached at intermediate energies [Niyonzima 2013]. Thereby, this part of the thesis work extends the previous study of [Roos 2009]. The MQDT-based approach, able to fully account for the temporary captures of electrons in Rydberg bound states, as well as the vibronic coupling between ionization channels, provides the first results (reliable) at low energies [Niyonzima 2013]. Lastly, an approximate analytical formulation of DR, VE and VdE cross section for the prediction and interpretation of results of numerical calculations has been provided. This formulation is usefull in the understanding of different intramolecular interactions and explains the sensibility of rate coefficients with respect to dominant interactions.

O presente trabalho procura investigar alguns dos processos colisionais de átomos de Rydberg ultrafrios. Utilizando uma armadilha magneto-óptica (MOT), foi possível aprisionar átomos de 85Rb, um elemento alcalino metálico, numa região da ordem de lmn a temperaturas da ordem de poucas centenas de ?K, regime chamado de \"ultrafrio\" na literatura. Os átomos de 85Rb são então excitados para estados de alto número quântico principal, também chamados de estados de Rydberg, através de um laser pulsado. Nesses estados, os átomos apresentam propriedades exageradas devido ao tamanho da órbita do elétron de valência, sendo uma delas os potenciais de longo-alcance. Em nossos experimentos, após a excitação, são detectados átomos em estados vizinhos ao originalmente excitado, evidenciando a existência de transições. Como esses estados são muito próximos em energia, a presença de potenciais de longo alcance pode fazer a energia de um par de átomos de Rydberg no seu estado inicial ficar ressonante com a energia do mesmo par numa combinação de outros estados, tornando então possível transições para esses estados. Nosso estudo visa quantificar de certa forma essas observações, assim como estimar a importância do movimento desses átomos nas transições observadas. / This dissertation seeks to address some of the characteristics of collisional processes in ultracold Rydberg atoms. With a Maqneto-Optical Trap (MOT), we trapped a sample of 85Rb, an alkaline metal element, in a region of about lmm at a temperature of a few hundreds of ?K, known in the literature as the \"ultracold\" regime. The 85Rb atoms are then excited to high principal quantum number states, also known as Rydberg states, with a pulsed laser. In these states, the atoms present exaggerated properties due to the large valence electron orbit, such as long-range potentials in our experiments, after excitation, we have detected atoms in neighboring states to the originally excited state, an evidence of atomic transitions. Since these states have similar energy, the presence of long-range potentials can make the energy of a pair of atoms in the initial state be resonant with the energy of the same pair in a combination of different states, making it possible to have transitions to these nearby states. Our work tries to quantify these observations, as well as to gauge the role of atomic movement in these transitions.

O presente trabalho procura investigar alguns dos processos colisionais de átomos de Rydberg ultrafrios. Utilizando uma armadilha magneto-óptica (MOT), foi possível aprisionar átomos de 85Rb, um elemento alcalino metálico, numa região da ordem de lmn a temperaturas da ordem de poucas centenas de ?K, regime chamado de \"ultrafrio\" na literatura. Os átomos de 85Rb são então excitados para estados de alto número quântico principal, também chamados de estados de Rydberg, através de um laser pulsado. Nesses estados, os átomos apresentam propriedades exageradas devido ao tamanho da órbita do elétron de valência, sendo uma delas os potenciais de longo-alcance. Em nossos experimentos, após a excitação, são detectados átomos em estados vizinhos ao originalmente excitado, evidenciando a existência de transições. Como esses estados são muito próximos em energia, a presença de potenciais de longo alcance pode fazer a energia de um par de átomos de Rydberg no seu estado inicial ficar ressonante com a energia do mesmo par numa combinação de outros estados, tornando então possível transições para esses estados. Nosso estudo visa quantificar de certa forma essas observações, assim como estimar a importância do movimento desses átomos nas transições observadas. / This dissertation seeks to address some of the characteristics of collisional processes in ultracold Rydberg atoms. With a Maqneto-Optical Trap (MOT), we trapped a sample of 85Rb, an alkaline metal element, in a region of about lmm at a temperature of a few hundreds of ?K, known in the literature as the \"ultracold\" regime. The 85Rb atoms are then excited to high principal quantum number states, also known as Rydberg states, with a pulsed laser. In these states, the atoms present exaggerated properties due to the large valence electron orbit, such as long-range potentials in our experiments, after excitation, we have detected atoms in neighboring states to the originally excited state, an evidence of atomic transitions. Since these states have similar energy, the presence of long-range potentials can make the energy of a pair of atoms in the initial state be resonant with the energy of the same pair in a combination of different states, making it possible to have transitions to these nearby states. Our work tries to quantify these observations, as well as to gauge the role of atomic movement in these transitions.

The ionization of xenon Rydberg atoms at metallic surfaces is examined. The data show that, when the effects of stray electric "patch" fields present on the surface are taken into account, ionization is well described by a simple over-the-barrier model. The patch fields are determined from direct measurements of the potential variations across the target surfaces using Kelvin probe force microscopy. Monte Carlo techniques are used to model the atom-surface interaction. The results confirm the important role that patch fields can play during Rydberg atom-surface interactions and suggest that such interactions can provide a sensitive probe of stray fields at surfaces. To demonstrate this, measurements of the threshold conditions required to observe ions resulting from surface ionization are used to estimate how large such stray fields can be. The data show that the stray fields can be sizable, as large as ∼ 10 3 V · cm -1 100 nm from the surface and ∼ 10 V · cm -1 500 nm from the surface, and illustrate the potential of Rydberg atoms for detecting and characterizing surface electric fields. Methods to enhance the surface ionization signal using electrode arrays patterned on a surface are investigated. Simulations show that bias voltages applied to a series of parallel wires comprised of two interleaved comb-shaped electrodes can have a dramatic impact on ion collection efficiency. It is suggested that such a surface can be used to efficiently collect low- n Rydberg atoms ( n [Special characters omitted.] 10). Significant progress towards fabrication of a functioning surface of 1 μm wide wires with 1 μm spacing is documented.

High angular momentum Rydberg wave packets are studied. Application of carefully tailored electric fields to low angular momentum, high- n ( n ∼ 300) Rydberg atoms creates coherent superpositions of Stark states with near extreme values of angular momentum, [cursive l]. Wave packet components orbit the parent nucleus at rates that depend on their energy, leading to periods of localization and delocalization as the components come into and go out of phase with each other. Monitoring survival probability signals in the presence of position dependent probing leads to observation of characteristic oscillations based on the composition of the wave packet. The discrete nature of electron energy levels is observed through the measurement of quantum revivals in the wave packet localization signal. Time-domain spectroscopy of these signals allows determination of both the population and phase of individual superposition components. Precise manipulation of wave packets is achieved through further application of pulsed electric fields. Decoherence effects due to background gas collisions and electrical noise are also detailed. Quantized classical trajectory Monte-Carlo simulations are introduced and agree remarkably well with experimental results.

Cette thèse porte sur l'étude de la production d'une source d'ionsCes travaux de thèse ont consisté à étudier la faisabilité d'une source d'ions césium brillante et de faible dispersion énergétique à partir d'atomes froids dans le but de la coupler à une optique de faisceau d'ions focalisés (FIB).Il s'agit de produire une source ionique continue, de fort courant et de plus faible dispersion en énergie que les sources actuellement utilisées. Un schéma expérimental innovant a donc été imaginé.Un flux continu d'atomes de césium est issu d'un four à recirculation. Les atomes sont ensuite collimatés et compressés en se basant su les techniques de refroidissement d'atomes par laser. Des simulations de la mélasse optique pour la collimation et du MOT-2D pour la compression sont présentées. Issus d'un jet effusif de césium produit par un four à recirculation, la collimation grâce à une mélasse optique et la compression effectuée en en utilisant un MOT-2D des atomes de césium a été étudiée. Le schéma d'ionisation des atomes de césium passe par une excitation vers un état de Rydberg puis par une ionisation par champ électrique. Les propriétés remarquables des atomes pour ces niveaux d'énergie permettent d'obtenir une ionisation des atomes en champ électrique quasi-instantanée qui permet la minimisation de la dispersion énergétique. Nous avons développer une simulation permettant d'étudier les propriétés du champ électrique nécessaire pour l'ionisation afin de choisir le niveau de Rydberg approprié. Des simulations complémentaires ont permis de définir et de concevoir les électrodes nécessaires à la production du champ électrique d'excitation et d'ionisation. Une première étude des effets coulombiens de la source d'ions lors de l'ionisation des atomes de Rydberg est présentée. Enfin, l'étude théorique du couplage de la source obtenue avec une optique de faisceaux d'ions focalisés est réalisée.Un montage expérimental vient compléter ces diverses études et a permis d'obtenir les premiers résultats.

A system suitable for studying interactions between ⁸⁷Rb Rydberg atoms and metal surfaces has been constructed. This thesis describes the design and construction of the apparatus, and some test results. Atoms in a vapor cell magneto-optical trap are transferred to a macroscopic Ioffe-Pritchard trap, where they will be RF evaporatively cooled and loaded into a magnetic microtrap (atom chip). Confinement of cold clouds at controllable distances (5–200 μm)} from a metal surface is possible. The effects of atom-surface interactions can be studied with Rydberg atom spectroscopy. Some functionality of the apparatus has been demonstrated. Approximately 1.5×10⁷ atoms were loaded into a mirror MOT, and about 6×10⁶ atoms were optically pumped to the |F=2, m_F=2> hyperfine ground state and confined in a macroscopic Ioffe-Pritchard trap. The temperature of the cloud in the trap was 42 ± 5 μK, and the 1/e lifetime is 1–1.5 s. Forced RF evaporation has been used to measure the magnetic field at the trap minimum, but RF evaporative cooling has not yet been demonstrated.

A system suitable for studying interactions between ⁸⁷Rb Rydberg atoms and metal surfaces has been constructed. This thesis describes the design and construction of the apparatus, and some test results. Atoms in a vapor cell magneto-optical trap are transferred to a macroscopic Ioffe-Pritchard trap, where they will be RF evaporatively cooled and loaded into a magnetic microtrap (atom chip). Confinement of cold clouds at controllable distances (5–200 μm)} from a metal surface is possible. The effects of atom-surface interactions can be studied with Rydberg atom spectroscopy. Some functionality of the apparatus has been demonstrated. Approximately 1.5×10⁷ atoms were loaded into a mirror MOT, and about 6×10⁶ atoms were optically pumped to the |F=2, m_F=2> hyperfine ground state and confined in a macroscopic Ioffe-Pritchard trap. The temperature of the cloud in the trap was 42 ± 5 μK, and the 1/e lifetime is 1–1.5 s. Forced RF evaporation has been used to measure the magnetic field at the trap minimum, but RF evaporative cooling has not yet been demonstrated.