ITC/USA 2012 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Eighth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 22-25, 2012 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / A new common aperture autotracking C-band feed, specifically designed to accurately track fast moving targets such as the Lance missile, is reviewed. Measured data demonstrates exceptional tracking modulation required for good tracking performance while simultaneously providing excellent data channel performance for high G/T over the entire 4.40-5.25 GHz band. The new patent applied for feed design allows users to maintain existing L/S-band capability with a cost effective field upgrade which adds high performance C-band capability to an existing telemetry tracking system.

Software defined radio (SDR) introduces endless possibilities for future communication technologies. Instead of being limited to a static segment of the radio spectrum, SDR allows RF front-ends to be more flexible by using digital signal processing (DSP) and cognitive techniques to integrate adaptive hardware with dynamic software. We present the design and implementation of an innovative RF front-end transceiver architecture for application into a SDR test-bed platform. System-level requirements were extracted from the Space Network User Guide (SNUG). Initial system characterization demonstrated image leakage due to poor filtering and mixer isolation issues. Hence, the RF front-end design was re-implemented using the Weaver architecture for improved image rejection performance.

Zugl.: Dresden, Techn. Univ., Diss., 2009

<div>Surface soil moisture is one of the few direct hydrological variables which can be measured. It plays a crucial part in the water cycle, agriculture, drought development, runoff generation, and many other phenomena. Satellite observations from active and passive microwave radiometers are best suited for the retrieval of soil moisture. The relationship between soil dielectric constant and water content is direct and is used to determine the surface soil moisture levels. Active microwave remote sensing techniques measure the energy reflected from target surfaces (ocean, soil, biomass) after transmitting a pulse of microwave energy, whereas passive microwave sensors measure the self-emissions of the target surfaces. The passive missions by ESA's SMOS and NASA's SMAP have demonstrated this technology for remote sensing on a global scale. Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) is an alternative approach to the remote sensing of soil moisture, as demonstrated through several airborne and ground-based experiments. The new technique of Signals of Opportunity (SoOp) uses a bistatic radar configuration in which the non-cooperative transmitter already transmits signals designed for communication or navigation. The receiver reuses the reflected energy from the target surface (ocean, soil, biomass), thereby making the digital communication and navigation signal spectrum useful to the remote sensing science community. Several airborne and ground-based experiments have been conducted on the use of digital communication signals, a range of frequencies from P-band to Ku-band, for measurement of ocean surface roughness, wind speed, and soil moisture. </div><div> </div><div>This thesis presents the preliminary results obtained for reflectivity retrievals for the 2017 and 2018 S-band tower-based SoOp field experiment conducted at Purdue's Agronomy Center for Research and Education (ACRE). XM signals were recorded by a sky-facing antenna and an Earth-facing antenna mounted atop a tower. The line-of-sight (direct) signal is captured by the sky-facing antenna and reflected signal from the soil captured by the Earth-facing antenna was used for the ambiguity function of XM transmission. A link budget was used to determine the received signal to noise ratio (SNR). The cross-correlation between the direct and the reflected XM signals was used to estimate reflectivity values. The reflectivity retrievals were compared with the in-situ soil moisture content at 5 cm depth obtained by the HydraProbes. The reflectivity values were also verified by a Signals of Opportunity (SoOp) Coherent Bistatic (SCoBi) simulated model.</div>

Modern RF and millimeter-wave communication links call for high-efficiency front end systems with high output power and high linearity to meet minimum transmission requirements. Advanced modulation techniques, such as orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) require a large power amplifier (PA) dynamic range due to the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). This thesis provides the analysis, design, and experimental verification of a high-efficiency, high-linearity S-band Doherty power amplifier (DPA) based on the Class F PA. Traditional Class F PAs use harmonically tuned output matching networks to obtain up to 88.4% power-added efficiency (PAE) theoretically, however the amplifier experiences poor linearity performance due to switched mode operation, typically yielding less than 30dB C/I ratio [1]. The DPA overcomes this linearity limitation by using an auxiliary amplifier to boost output power when the amplifier is subject to a high input power due to its limited conduction cycle. The DPA also provides improved saturated output power back-off performance to maintain high PAE during operation. The DPA presented in this thesis optimizes PAE while maintaining linearity by employing harmonically tuned Class F amplifier topology on a primary and an auxiliary amplifier. A Class F PA is first designed and fabricated to optimize output network linearity – this is followed by a DPA design based on the fabricated Class F PA. A GaN HEMT Class F PA and DPA operating at 2.2GHz are implemented with the PAs measuring 40% and 45% PAE respectively while maintaining a 30dB carrier-to-intermodulation (C/I) ratio on a two-tone test. The PAE is characterized at maximum 21dBm input power per tone and 20MHz tone spacing. When subject to a single 24dBm continuous wave input tone, the Class F PA and DPA output 37dBm and 35.5dBm respectively. The PAs presented in the thesis provide over 30dB C/I ratio up to 21dBm input tones while maintaining over 40% PAE suitable for base station applications.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 17-20, 1994 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California / Embedded "Card-Based" receivers are one of the latest innovations in telemetry reception. These products provide substantial power and flexibility in a small form factor (one slot, PC or VME). In many applications they are a cost effective alternative to conventional telemetry receivers. This paper analyzes currently available products with regard to their features, capabilities, and performance, as well as highlighting typical applications.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 28-31, 1996 / Town and Country Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California / Several different kinds of signal are transmitted through only one carrier in microwave unified telemetry tracking & control system(MUTTCS), which has replaced separate system to accomplish all TT&C functions, and has been widely used now. This paper analyses the advantages and disadvantages of general subcarrier frequency-division MUTTCS, then the principle and performances of advanced spread spectrum MUTTCS(SS-MUTTCS) are discussed in detail. The inherent ranging ability of PN code and the speciality of spread spectrum modulation realize the complete unification including measurement of range, velocity and angle as well as telemetry, telecontrol and communication functions. At the same time, the contradiction between range and velocity measurement in precision, resolution and measuring range can be solved. With CDMA technology, the signal and equipment of multi-target or multi-station TT&C can be unified easily. SS-MUTTCS operates under low S/N, low threshold, low power spectrum density and wide spectrum range, so it meet the requirements of electronic warfare and ECM, with high performance of safety, security, anti-intercept and anti-interference. Therefore, SSMUTTCS is becoming an important trend of modern vehicle TT&C system.

Este é o primeiro trabalho no Brasil a estudar os processos de intensificação orográfica da precipitação. A região enfocada é a Serra do Mar, especificamente nas proximidades da Baixada Santista, São Paulo, onde o total de chuva acumulado no ano ultrapassa 4000 mm. O conjunto de dados utilizados constou de registros pluviométricos a cada 30 minutos, mapas CAPPI a cada 10 minutos do radar de Ponte Nova, imagens de satélite, observações de estações meteorológicas de superfície, campos sinóticos de pressão e vento e informações de temperatura da superfície do mar. As informações referem-se ao período de março de 1991 a março de 1995. Todo o período foi demarcado em grande escala pela presença do fenômeno El Niño/Oscilação Sul. Os resultados revelaram que os fenômenos de intensificação são comuns na região ao longo de todo o ano, em especial na primavera. A maioria dos 144 eventos analisados teve acumulação máxima inferior a 50 mm precipitados em até 12 horas com taxa média tipicamente de natureza estratiforme. Estas características variam sazonalmente e de acordo com a localidade na encosta da Serra do Mar. Os eventos costumam ser de origem pós-frontal com vento de sudeste e altos índices de umidade relativa à superfície, muita nebulosidade na faixa leste de São Paulo e pouca no interior do Estado. Este estudo conclui que predominam os casos de seeder-feeder, seguidos pelos eventos mistos (seeder-feeder/convecção disparada), os de convecção disparada e por fim os de autoconversão. O impacto de maior interesse dos processos de intensificação orográfica da precipitação nessa região é o escorregamento de encostas, pois geram significativos prejuízos econômicos e sociais. Nem todos os episódios de escorregamento de encostas na região, durante o período estudado, foram provocados por fenômenos de intensificação. Contudo, estes foram contribuintes fundamentais para o desenvolvimento do quadro de iminência de risco de acidentes na montanha. O risco maior é representado pelas chuvas de acumulação muito grande, duração muito longa e taxa de precipitação de natureza estratiforme, aspectos comuns na parte mais próxima do topo da Serra do Mar. / This is the first Brazilian study on processes of orographic rainfall enhancement. The studied mountain range is Serra do Mar in the southeastern coast region of the São Paulo State, where the average annual accumulation exceeds 4000 mm. The used data set was composed by 30-minute recording raingauge network, 10-minute CAPPI maps from the Ponte Nova S-band radar, satellite imageries, sea surface temperature fields and synoptic and local surface meteorological observations. The temporal coverage was March 1991 through March 1995. El Niño/Southern Oscillation occurred during all this period. Results showed orographic enhancement processes are common all year long, specially in spring. Most part of 144 analyzed events spent less than 12 hours accumulating until 50 mm in a stratiform rain rate. These features have seasonal and spatial variations. The orographic enhancement events are usually associated to post frontal conditions, southeast surface winds, high surface relative humidity, cloudy conditions in São Paulo eastern region and clear sky inland. This study has concluded that the seeder-feeder mechanism was responsible for the majority of observed orographic enhancement cases, followed by seeder-feeder/triggered convection occurring simultaneously and then by triggered convection mechanism and finally by autoconvertion. The most interesting impact of these phenomena in this region is the land slides along the hill steep slope due to their social and economical losses. Some accident occurences were associated to orographic enhancement cases. The greatest accident risks lie in high precipitation accumulations with long duration and small rainfall rates. All of them are frequent near the top of Serra do Mar.

Este é o primeiro trabalho no Brasil a estudar os processos de intensificação orográfica da precipitação. A região enfocada é a Serra do Mar, especificamente nas proximidades da Baixada Santista, São Paulo, onde o total de chuva acumulado no ano ultrapassa 4000 mm. O conjunto de dados utilizados constou de registros pluviométricos a cada 30 minutos, mapas CAPPI a cada 10 minutos do radar de Ponte Nova, imagens de satélite, observações de estações meteorológicas de superfície, campos sinóticos de pressão e vento e informações de temperatura da superfície do mar. As informações referem-se ao período de março de 1991 a março de 1995. Todo o período foi demarcado em grande escala pela presença do fenômeno El Niño/Oscilação Sul. Os resultados revelaram que os fenômenos de intensificação são comuns na região ao longo de todo o ano, em especial na primavera. A maioria dos 144 eventos analisados teve acumulação máxima inferior a 50 mm precipitados em até 12 horas com taxa média tipicamente de natureza estratiforme. Estas características variam sazonalmente e de acordo com a localidade na encosta da Serra do Mar. Os eventos costumam ser de origem pós-frontal com vento de sudeste e altos índices de umidade relativa à superfície, muita nebulosidade na faixa leste de São Paulo e pouca no interior do Estado. Este estudo conclui que predominam os casos de seeder-feeder, seguidos pelos eventos mistos (seeder-feeder/convecção disparada), os de convecção disparada e por fim os de autoconversão. O impacto de maior interesse dos processos de intensificação orográfica da precipitação nessa região é o escorregamento de encostas, pois geram significativos prejuízos econômicos e sociais. Nem todos os episódios de escorregamento de encostas na região, durante o período estudado, foram provocados por fenômenos de intensificação. Contudo, estes foram contribuintes fundamentais para o desenvolvimento do quadro de iminência de risco de acidentes na montanha. O risco maior é representado pelas chuvas de acumulação muito grande, duração muito longa e taxa de precipitação de natureza estratiforme, aspectos comuns na parte mais próxima do topo da Serra do Mar. / This is the first Brazilian study on processes of orographic rainfall enhancement. The studied mountain range is Serra do Mar in the southeastern coast region of the São Paulo State, where the average annual accumulation exceeds 4000 mm. The used data set was composed by 30-minute recording raingauge network, 10-minute CAPPI maps from the Ponte Nova S-band radar, satellite imageries, sea surface temperature fields and synoptic and local surface meteorological observations. The temporal coverage was March 1991 through March 1995. El Niño/Southern Oscillation occurred during all this period. Results showed orographic enhancement processes are common all year long, specially in spring. Most part of 144 analyzed events spent less than 12 hours accumulating until 50 mm in a stratiform rain rate. These features have seasonal and spatial variations. The orographic enhancement events are usually associated to post frontal conditions, southeast surface winds, high surface relative humidity, cloudy conditions in São Paulo eastern region and clear sky inland. This study has concluded that the seeder-feeder mechanism was responsible for the majority of observed orographic enhancement cases, followed by seeder-feeder/triggered convection occurring simultaneously and then by triggered convection mechanism and finally by autoconvertion. The most interesting impact of these phenomena in this region is the land slides along the hill steep slope due to their social and economical losses. Some accident occurences were associated to orographic enhancement cases. The greatest accident risks lie in high precipitation accumulations with long duration and small rainfall rates. All of them are frequent near the top of Serra do Mar.

ThomX, un démonstrateur de source Compton compacte de rayons X d’énergie réglable entre 45 et 90 keV, est en construction sur le campus de l'Université Paris-Saclay à Orsay. La thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre de l’upgrade du linac de ThomX qui consiste à réaliser une section accélératrice compacte à fort gradient en bande S (3 GHz) pour porter les faisceaux de ThomX de 50 MeV à 70 MeV. Un accord de collaboration R&D est signé entre LAL et PMB-Alcen pour développer une structure accélératrice en cuivre (OFHC) compacte en bande S à fort gradient. Une étude électromagnétique, thermique et dynamique de faisceau a été effectuée au LAL pour proposer une géométrie optimale de la section accélératrice pour atteindre des gradients accélérateurs très élevés. PMB est en charge d’améliorer les processus de fabrication en commençant par la réalisation des prototypes pour valider les choix technologiques et ensuite fabriquer la section finale pour répondre aux spécifications demandées. Dans un premier temps une étude couplée électromagnétique-thermique-structurelle du canon HF a été effectuée en utilisant le Logiciel d'analyse des éléments finis 3D (ANSYS). Ensuite l’étude électromagnétique et l’optimisation de la géométrie des cellules accélératrices ainsi que la conception des coupleurs de puissance pour constituer les prototypes à impédance constante avec un certain nombre de cellules réduit et la section accélératrice compacte à gradient constant ont été effectuées en utilisant les logiciels CST MWS et HFSS. Puis une étude thermomécanique de la structure accélératrice a été réalisée avec ANSYS pour concevoir et optimiser le circuit de refroidissement pour extraire la chaleur générée par la puissance HF dissipée dans les parois de la structure et garantir une répartition uniforme de la température au long de la structure. Les simulations du vide ont été également réalisées avec le code Monte Carlo pour envisager la meilleure solution de pompage pour le prototype de cuivre et la section finale. En outre, les principales étapes suivies dans la fabrication du Canon HF au LAL et le prototype en aluminium à 7 cellules chez PMB-Alcen ont été présentées. Des tests HF bas niveau du prototype ont été effectués afin de valider la géométrie « processus d’usinage ». Compte tenu des résultats expérimentaux, des problèmes techniques et des contraintes technologiques ont été abordées et certaines solutions ont été proposées pour la fabrication des prototypes en cuivre et de la section finale. Les simulations de la dynamique des faisceaux du Linac de ThomX ont été effectuées en utilisant le code ASTRA. Le but est de réduire autant que possible la dispersion en énergie et l’emittance transverse du paquet d’électrons au point d’interaction avec les impulsions laser, pour préserver la pureté spectrale de rayons X produits. Un modèle aussi proche que possible des caractéristiques des composants réels, tels que le canon HF, la section accélératrice à onde progressive (OP) et les solénoïdes a été pris en compte dans les simulations. Des résultats importants ressortent de ces simulations concernant les paramètres du laser (taille et durée du spot), le champ magnétique maximal des solénoïdes pour la compensation de l'effet de charge espace, le déphasage entre l’onde RF et le laser et l'effet du champ électromagnétique sur la dynamique des électrons. Différentes options pour les paramètres de fonctionnement de la machine et une nouvelle configuration de la position des solénoïdes ont été proposées. L’optimisation des caractéristiques du paquet d’électrons a été obtenue en utilisant un algorithme génétique et les performances finales du faisceau d’électrons ont été mises en évidence. / The ThomX source should provide quasi-monochromatic high-quality X-rays (range 45-90 keV). The framework of the thesis is the electron beam linac energy upgrade from 50 MeV to 70 MeV necessary to achieve X-rays of 90 keV. For this purpose, the development of a compact high-gradient S-band electron accelerating structure is needed. It implies a research and development (R&D) activity at LAL in partnership with a French company (PMB-Alcen) in the High-Gradient (HG) technology of accelerating structures. The LAL-PMB-Alcen collaboration aims at the fabrication of a normal-conducting HG S-band structure by tackling the technological aspects that limit the achievement of high-gradient acceleration mostly due to vacuum RF breakdown and pulsed heating fatigue. Basically, the electromagnetic and thermal design of the HG S-band accelerating section has been performed at LAL. Meanwhile, PMB-Alcen was in charge to perform the fabrication, tuning and low power tests of prototypes and the final accelerating section. In this work, a fully coupled electromagnetic-thermal-structural finite element analysis on the THOMX RF gun has been performed with Ansys workbench. The HG accelerating section final regular cell dimensions and the power coupler design have been optimized. In particular, the electromagnetic simulation techniques and outcomes have been applied to constant impedance (CI) TW prototypes and also to a constant gradient (CG) final accelerating section. This allowed to verify the geometry choice, validate the fabrication procedure and check the fulfilment of the normal operating conditions. Moreover, a coupled thermo-mechanical study on a CI copper prototype has been performed. The water cooling system has been simulated to validate the capability to extract the heat generated by the dissipated power on the walls of the structure and guarantee a uniform temperature distribution along the section. Also, vacuum simulations have been performed on a 16-cells CI copper prototype and also on the final CG accelerating section. In addition, the main steps for the fabrication of the RF gun at LAL and a 7-cells aluminium prototype at PMB-Alcen have been presented. RF low power tests on the prototype have been performed in order to validate the 3D geometry design and the machining process. Taking into account the experimental results, mechanical problems and technological constraints have been tackled and some solutions have been proposed for the future copper prototype fabrication. Finally, beam dynamics simulations of the ThomX linac has been carried out by ASTRA code. The aim is to reduce as much as possible the energy spread and the transverse emittance to preserve the spectral purity of the produced X-rays, at the electron-photon interaction point. A model as close as possible to the characteristics of the real components, such as RF gun, TW section and solenoids has been considered. Important results came out from these simulations regarding laser parameters (spot size and duration), the maximum magnetic field of solenoids for high space charge effect compensation, dephasing between the RF and laser in the gun and effect of the travelling wave electromagnetic field on the particle dynamics. Different options for the parameter settings of machine operation and a new configuration of the solenoids position have been proposed. An optimization of the beam dynamics properties has been obtained by using a genetic algorithm and the ultimate performances of the electron beam have been highlighted.