Combiné à une demande en énergie croissante, les ressources limitées de pétrole et de gaz naturel nous obligent à rechercher des alternatives plus propres et de plus en plus efficaces pour la production d'énergie. L'hydrogène (H2) est considéré comme un vecteur énergétique prometteur. Cependant, il existe plusieurs problèmes liés à l'utilisation de H2, depuis son transport jusqu'à sa distribution. La transformation de la molécule de H2 peut s’effectuer par la synthèse d’un composé contenant du carbone, à savoir du méthane (CH4), offrant ainsi la possibilité d'utiliser le réseau de transport existante. En effet, la réaction de Sabatier, qui est fortement exothermique, implique la réaction du dioxyde de carbone (CO2) et du dihydrogène afin de produire du méthane et de l’eau. Ce procédé, appelé méthanation, représente une approche réalisable contribuant à la réduction des émissions de CO2 dans l'atmosphère, à travers un cycle fermé du carbone impliquant la valorisation du CO2. Cependant, en dessous d’une température de 200 °C, la conversion devient proche de zéro, tandis qu’à des températures plus élevés (>300 °C), des réactions secondaires favorisant la formation du CO et d’H2 apparaissent. C’est une des raisons pour laquelle de nouveaux types de catalyseurs doivent être étudiés dans le but de maximiser la sélectivité du méthane à des basses températures et à pression atmosphérique. Par conséquent, en utilisant des catalyseurs associés aux plasmas DBD, l’activation de la réaction de méthanation peut ainsi être améliorée. Plusieurs catalyseurs contenant du Ni ont donc été synthétisés en utilisant différents oxydes de Ce-Zr en tant que supports, avec un ratio Ce-Zr variable. Les résultats obtenus dans des conditions adiabatiques à basses températures (comprises entre 120 et 150 °C), en présence de catalyseurs activés par plasma, sont prometteurs. La conversion du CO2 en CH4 est d’environ 85 % avec une sélectivité proche de 100 %. En l’absence de catalyseurs activés par plasma, cette même conversion est observée à 350 °C, tandis qu’à basses températures et sans plasma, celle-ci est presque nulle. Ce système à basse consommation d’énergie permet donc de diminuer le coût de production du méthane synthétique avec une durée de vie du catalyseur prolongée. / The limited resources of oil and natural gas, together with an increasing energy demand, forces us to seek more and more efficient and cleaner energy production alternatives. Hydrogen has been recently considered as a promising energy carrier. However, there are several inherent problems to the utilization of H2, from its transportation to its distribution. Transformation of the H2 molecule by fixing into a carbon-containing compound, i.e. CH4, will offer the possibility of using the conventional transportation network. Indeed, the Sabatier reaction, which is highly exothermic, involves the reaction of carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas in order to produce methane and water. This process, called methanation, represents a feasible approach contributing to the reduction of the CO2 emissions in our atmosphere, through a closed carbon cycle involving the valorization of CO2, i.e. from capture. However, below a temperature of 250 °C, the conversion becomes practically close to 0 %, whereas at higher temperatures, i.e., (>300 ºC), the co-existence of secondary reactions favours the formation of CO and H2. This is the reason why new catalysts and process conditions are continuously being investigated in order to maximize the methane selectivity at low reaction temperatures at atmospheric pressure. Therefore, by using catalysts combined to Dielectric Barrier Discharge plasmas (DBD), the activation of the methanation reaction can be enhanced and overcome the drawbacks of existing conventional processes. Several Ni-containing catalysts were prepared using various ceria-zirconia oxides as supports, with different Ce/Zr ratios. The results obtained in the adiabatic conditions at low temperatures (ranging between 100-150 °C), in the presence of catalysts activated by plasma, are promising. Indeed, the conversion of CO2 to CH4 is about 85 % with a selectivity close to 100 %. The same conversion in the absence of the plasma activation of the catalyst is observed at 350 °C. At low temperatures (120-150 °C) and without plasma, conversion is almost close to zero. This low consumption energy system helps reduce the cost of production of synthetic methane together with an extended life of the catalyst.

Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) is a low-carbon fuel source that is derived from the anaerobic digestion (AD) or thermal gasification (TG) of biomass, or produced using renewable electricity through the methanation of carbon dioxide. This thesis uses a thermodynamic balance to determine the total technical potential of RNG in the United States, as well as the future technical potential of methanation-derived RNG based on growth curves for renewable electricity. Furthermore, this work establishes an analytic decision-making framework for determining on a rolling basis, from an economic standpoint, whether to sell electricity directly to the grid, or produce and sell methanation-derived RNG. This framework is used to establish the economic potential of RNG, based on Texas wind resources. This work details the formulation of a model that determines which production option generates more marginal profit, based on fluctuating electricity and gas prices. The model also aggregates the total amount of electricity and RNG sold, assuming that the main objective is to maximize the marginal profit of integrated wind- and methanation facilities. This work concludes that the annual technical potential of methanation-derived RNG nationally was 1.03 Quads in 2011. The technical potential of biomass-derived RNG was 9.5 Quads. Thus, the total 2011 technical potential of RNG in the United States was 10.5 Quads, or equal to roughly 43% of the total US consumption of natural gas that year. Assuming a constant, 80% electrolyser efficiency, the technical potential of methanation-derived RNG is expected to rise at an average rate of 1.4% per year, following growth curves for renewable power, until the year 2040, when it will be 1.54 Quads. The 2011 economic potential of methanation-derived RNG in Texas was between 2.06×10⁷ MMBTU and 3.19×10⁷ MMBTU, or between 19.4% and 30.1% of the corresponding annual technical potential. Furthermore, the total marginal profit increase from introducing the option of producing and selling methanation-derived RNG was around $366 million, given a ‘best case scenario’ for the state of Texas. / text

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Master thesis discusses the growing need of electric energy storage and its effectivity and capacity. It describes an overview of possible technologies with their advantages and disadvantages. Greater attention is paid to the storage of energy in gas, so-called Power to Gas, which combines the electrolytic production of hydrogen from water and the Sabatier reaction to produce synthetic methane. This technology is introduced in the so-called SIT Brno cycle of Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery company. The main part of the thesis is focused on the description of this cycle and on the calculation of the steam-gas turbine (high-pressure and low pressure module). This thesis describes the methodology of turbine calculation and the composition of the steam gas mixture after combustion of methane. The carbon dioxide formed by combustion in the steam-gas mixture generator was replaced by steam. Part of the diploma thesis are drawings of cross-section of individual turbine modules.