Le marché des dispositifs optoélectroniques (écrans, capteurs tactiles, cellules solaires…) transparents flexibles est en pleine expansion. Traditionnellement l’oxyde d’indium-étain (ITO) est utilisé comme électrode transparente, mais son importante fragilité mécanique couplée à une disponibilité future incertaine de l’indium (matériau classé comme critique par la commission européenne) nécessite de trouver des alternatives. Les nanofils métalliques, notamment à base d’argent, font partie des développements les plus avancés avec des performances optoélectroniques excellentes, ainsi qu’une mise en œuvre simple et des techniques d’impression bas coût compatibles avec les substrats flexibles. A l’aube d’une utilisation massive probable de ce nanomatériau, des questionnements émergent quant à leur toxicité potentielle, notamment en raison de leur facteur de forme rappelant celui de l’amiante. Ces travaux de thèse se déclinent selon trois axes : synthèse, propriétés et toxicité. L’optimisation du procédé polyol pour la synthèse des nanofils d’argent a conduit au contrôle indépendant des dimensions (diamètre et longueur). La détermination des performances optoélectroniques a permis un adressage précis des performances visées, en identifiant les morphologies adaptées à chaque domaine d’application. Le contact cutané et l’inhalation ayant été identifiés comme les principales voies d’exposition des nanofils d’argent durant leur mise en œuvre, des études de toxicité sur des fibroblastes et macrophages ont été réalisées. Ceci a permis l’identification de mécanismes biologiques différents selon la morphologie des nanofils mais également selon le type cellulaire. Ces nanofils apparaissent peu toxiques, notamment en comparaison à d’autres nanomatériaux connus. Cette approche dite « safer by design » permet in fine d’orienter la sélection des meilleurs nanofils en fonction de l’application ciblée. / The market for flexible transparent optoelectronic devices (displays, touch screens, solar cells, etc.) is expanding rapidly. Traditionally indium tin oxide (ITO) is used as a transparent conductive layer material, but its high mechanical fragility coupled with an uncertain future availability of indium (material classified as critical by the European Commission) requires alternatives material to be found. Metal nanowires, especially silver-based, are among the most advanced developments with excellent optoelectronic performances, as well as simple processing and printing techniques compatible with flexible substrates. At the dawn of a probable massive use of this nanomaterial, questions are emerging regarding to their potential toxicity, in particular because of their shape factor reminiscent of that of asbestos. This thesis is based on three axes: synthesis, properties and toxicity. The optimization of the polyol process for the synthesis of silver nanowires led to the independent control of dimensions (diameter and length). The determination of the optoelectronic performances allowed to determine the targeted performances, by identifying the morphologies adapted to each field of application. Since dermal contact and inhalation were identified as the main routes of exposure for silver nanowires during their implementation, toxicity studies on fibroblasts and macrophages were conducted. This allowed the identification of different biological mechanisms according to nanowire morphology but also according to cell type. These nanowires appear to have a low toxicity, especially when compared to other known nanomaterials. This "safer by design" approach makes possible to orient the selection of the safer nanowires according to the required performances of targeted application.

I denna rapport tas ett problem till sjöss upp, nämligen alkohol. Alkoholgränsen i ‰ (promille) på sjön går vid 1,0 ‰ och med bil går gränsen vid 0,2 ‰. Detta ämne är aktuellt då det figurerat tv-program såsom Kustbevakarna som visat hur alkoholpåverkade människor tagits om hand av Kustbevakningens personal (www.kanal5.se). Med detta i åtanke ges här ett designförslag på en alkolåsmodul att ha i fritidsbåtar. Modulen ska vara enkel att använda och inte vara till belastning. Meningen med alkolåset är att förhindra att alkoholpåverkade människor ska kunna skadar sig själva eller någon i sin omgivning på grund av ouppmärksamhet eller vårdslöshet. Alla ombord borde ha sin egen uppgift för att harmonin ”Happy Ship” (”glatt skepp”) ska infinna sig. Studien om alkolåsmodulen innefattar enkäter och intervjuer med användare för att få en så oberoende syn på både design och funktion som möjligt. Till vår hjälp hade vi ett teoretiskt ramverk som kallas Aktivitetsteori (AT). Resultatet blev ett designförslag på ett alkolås kombinerat med förarintyg. Förarintyget sätts i alkolåsmodulens kortläsare och ska sitta där under hela resans gång. Detta designförslag kan ge bättre förutsättningar för en säkrare sjöfart då föraren måste blåsa i alkolåset, samt inneha ett giltigt förarintyg för att få klartecken att starta båten. Har föraren alkohol i utandingen kommer farten regleras med hänsyn till vilken promillehalt föraren hade. Försäkringspremien kan också komma att antingen sänkas, om inloggningarna varit utan alkohol, eller höjas om inloggningar visar att alkohol funnits i utandningen eller ej. Denna premieåtgärd gjordes för att båten vid extrema väderförhållanden eller vid eventuell olycka, måste kunna flyttas. Till alkolåsmodulen gavs också ett förslag på hur inloggningen kom att fungera med sina olika rutor i administrationen. / In this report we address a problem at sea, namely alcohol. The limit at sea measured in ‰ (permille) is at 1,0 ‰ but in a car the limit is 0,2 ‰. This topic is relevant and it has also been brought up in a TV-show that showed people under the influence of alcohol being taken care of by the coastguard (www.kanal5.se). With this in mind we're presenting a design proposal of an alcolock module to install in pleasure boats. The module should be simple to use and not to be seen as a burden. The purpose of this alcolock is to prevent people under the influence of alcohol from hurting themselves or others in their environment due to inattention or recklessness. Everyone onboard should have their own assignments to create the harmony of “Happy Ship”. The study of the alcolock module consists of surveys and interviews with the users to get as close to an independent view as possible regarding design and function, without our influence. To aid us, we used a theoretic framework called Activity Theory (AT). The result was a design proposal of an alcolock combined with a drivers license. The drivers license is inserted in the card reader of the alcolock module and will remain there for the duration of the trip. This design proposal might result in a safer environment at sea, since the operator has to breathe in the alcolock, and possess a valid drivers licence to be able to start the boat. If the operator has alcohol on his/her breath the speed will be reduced with consideration of the amount of alcohol. The insurance policy might also either be reduced or increased, depending on if there were alcohol on the operators breath or not. The reason for this is that the boat has to be movable in case of bad weather or an accident. There was also a suggestion to how the log on process would work with the different administrational pages.

Processing facilities are normally designed with sufficient flexibility to handle nominal variations. When the process features planned changes in feedstock and products, scheduling is often used to optimize process operation. The objective of this dissertation is to develop a new approach to design and scheduling with economic, environmental, heat integration and inherently safer design objectives. Specifically, this work introduces a systematic framework and the associated mathematical formulation for simultaneous process design and scheduling while simultaneously addressing economic, environmental, heat integration and inherently safer design objectives. Therefore, more than one type of proper tradeoffs are established between these objectives. The environmental issues pertaining to the parameterized process retrofitting, scheduling, and operation strategies are simultaneously considered along with the environmental impact of these changes. Similarly, the design synthesis of heat-exchange networks (HENs) is addressed in the context of optimizing energy consumption under scheduling scenarios. Finally, the goal of inherently safer design is simultaneously considered with the expected schedules of the process. Several optimization formulations are developed for the projected schedules while allowing design modifications and retrofitting changes. The modifications and changes include new environmental management units, synthesis of flexible and optimal HENs, and design of an inherently safer process. Process models with the appropriate level of relevant details are included in the formulations. A discretization approach has been adopted to allow for a multiperiod optimization formulation over a given time horizon. The resulting framework identifies opportunities for synergism between the economic, environmental, heat integration and inherently safer design objectives. It also determines points of diminishing return beyond which tradeoffs between the above mentioned objectives are established. The devised procedure is illustrated with case studies.

The integration of the safety parameter into process design and optimization is essential. However, there is no previous work in integrating the fire and explosion index (F&EI) into design and optimization. This research proposed a procedure for integrating safety into the design and optimization framework by using the safety parameter as optimization constraint. The method used in this research is Dow’s Fire and Explosion Index which is usually calculated manually. This research automates the calculation of F&EI. The ability to calculate the F&EI, to determine loss control credit factors and business interruption, and to perform process unit risk analysis are unique features of this F&EI program. In addition to F&EI calculation, the F&EI program provides descriptions of each item of the penalties, chemicals/materials databases, the flexibility to submit known chemical/material data to databases, and material factor calculations. Moreover, the sensitivity analyses are automated by generating charts and expressions of F&EI as a function of material inventory and pressure. The expression will be the focal point in the process of integrating F&EI into process design and optimization framework. The proposed procedure of integrating F&EI into process design and optimization framework is verified by applying it into reactor-distillation column system. The final result is the optimum economic and inherently safer design for the reactor and distillation column system.

Diplomarbeit Hochschule für Angewandte Psychologie Zürich, 2005.

<p>I denna rapport tas ett problem till sjöss upp, nämligen alkohol. Alkoholgränsen i ‰ (promille) på sjön går vid 1,0 ‰ och med bil går gränsen vid 0,2 ‰. Detta ämne är aktuellt då det figurerat tv-program såsom Kustbevakarna som visat hur alkoholpåverkade människor tagits om hand av Kustbevakningens personal (www.kanal5.se). Med detta i åtanke ges här ett designförslag på en alkolåsmodul att ha i fritidsbåtar. Modulen ska vara enkel att använda och inte vara till belastning. Meningen med alkolåset är att förhindra att alkoholpåverkade människor ska kunna skadar sig själva eller någon i sin omgivning på grund av ouppmärksamhet eller vårdslöshet. Alla ombord borde ha sin egen uppgift för att harmonin ”Happy Ship” (”glatt skepp”) ska infinna sig.</p><p>Studien om alkolåsmodulen innefattar enkäter och intervjuer med användare för att få en så oberoende syn på både design och funktion som möjligt. Till vår hjälp hade vi ett teoretiskt ramverk som kallas Aktivitetsteori (AT).</p><p>Resultatet blev ett designförslag på ett alkolås kombinerat med förarintyg. Förarintyget sätts i alkolåsmodulens kortläsare och ska sitta där under hela resans gång. Detta designförslag kan ge bättre förutsättningar för en säkrare sjöfart då föraren måste blåsa i alkolåset, samt inneha ett giltigt förarintyg för att få klartecken att starta båten. Har föraren alkohol i utandingen kommer farten regleras med hänsyn till vilken promillehalt föraren hade. Försäkringspremien kan också komma att antingen sänkas, om inloggningarna varit utan alkohol, eller höjas om inloggningar visar att alkohol funnits i utandningen eller ej. Denna premieåtgärd gjordes för att båten vid extrema väderförhållanden eller vid eventuell olycka, måste kunna flyttas. Till alkolåsmodulen gavs också ett förslag på hur inloggningen kom att fungera med sina olika rutor i administrationen.</p> / <p>In this report we address a problem at sea, namely alcohol. The limit at sea measured in ‰ (permille) is at 1,0 ‰ but in a car the limit is 0,2 ‰. This topic is relevant and it has also been brought up in a TV-show that showed people under the influence of alcohol being taken care of by the coastguard (www.kanal5.se). With this in mind we're presenting a design proposal of an alcolock module to install in pleasure boats. The module should be simple to use and not to be seen as a burden. The purpose of this alcolock is to prevent people under the influence of alcohol from hurting themselves or others in their environment due to inattention or recklessness. Everyone onboard should have their own assignments to create the harmony of “Happy Ship”.</p><p>The study of the alcolock module consists of surveys and interviews with the users to get as close to an independent view as possible regarding design and function, without our influence. To aid us, we used a theoretic framework called Activity Theory (AT).</p><p>The result was a design proposal of an alcolock combined with a drivers license. The drivers license is inserted in the card reader of the alcolock module and will remain there for the duration of the trip.</p><p>This design proposal might result in a safer environment at sea, since the operator has to breathe in the alcolock, and possess a valid drivers licence to be able to start the boat. If the operator has alcohol on his/her breath the speed will be reduced with consideration of the amount of alcohol. The insurance policy might also either be reduced or increased, depending on if there were alcohol on the operators breath or not. The reason for this is that the boat has to be movable in case of bad weather or an accident. There was also a suggestion to how the log on process would work with the different administrational pages.</p>

Water scarcity is an issue faced across the globe that is only expected to worsen in the coming years. We are therefore in need of methods for treating non-traditional sources of water. One promising method is desalination of brackish and seawater via reverse osmosis (RO). RO, however, is limited by biofouling, which is the buildup of organisms at the water-membrane interface. Biofouling causes the RO membrane to clog over time, which increases the energy requirement of the system. Eventually, the RO membrane must be treated, which tends to damage the membrane, reducing its lifespan. Additionally, antifoulant chemicals have the potential to create antimicrobial resistance, especially if they remain undegraded in the concentrate water. Finally, the hazard of chemicals used to treat biofouling must be acknowledged because although unlikely, smaller molecules run the risk of passing through the membrane and negatively impacting humans and the environment. It is, therefore, integral to investigate techniques for prevention of biofouling and removal of mature biofilms that are effective, less damaging to the membrane, and safe for humans and the environment. A common experimental setup is biofilm antimicrobial microdilution susceptibility tests. To acquire meaningful data from these tests, however, appropriate organisms must be tested. Manuscripts 1 investigates, via semi-systematic reviews, the question of what organisms are appropriate to represent the complexity of a biofilm in antimicrobial tests. Ultimately, we recommend utilizing the model biofilm-forming, pioneer organism, Pseudomonas aeruginosa for these studies. Biofouling studies also must present data in a useful manner to the many disciplines that are interested in preventing or removing biofouling. Our goal is to investigate both via antimicrobial microdilution susceptibility tests. In Manuscript 2 we investigate the metrics of each discipline with an interest in anti-biofouling studies. Ultimately we recommend utilizing both crystal violet stain to assess total biomass removal and the LIVE/DEAD BacLight stain to assess cell vitality (including log reduction and MIC, BPC, MBIC, MBC, BBC, and MBEC), to satisfy the metrics of all interested disciplines. Finally, in Manuscript 3 we implement the recommendations from Manuscripts 1-2 for biofilm prevention and biofilm removal antimicrobial microdilution susceptibility tests. In this manuscript, we work with a subset of safer preservatives including, methylisothiazolinone, phenoxyethanol, and sodium benzoate. We found that methylisothiazolinone was the most effective antimicrobial, however, it was not the safest. Additionally, we investigated the relationship between MBIC and BPC, which was found to vary between the preservatives. Ultimately, we have provided recommendations for biofilm antimicrobial susceptibility tests that produce widely applicable and useful metrics, as well as utilized these recommendations to investigate the efficacy of safer antimicrobials. All of this work provides a framework for which even safer and effective novel antimicrobials can be investigated. / Graduate / 2021-07-22

The aims of this study are threefold. First, the study aims to understand the main reasons that stop 18-24-year-olds from communicating condom use and safer sex. Based on findings supported by empirical studies in the literature and interviews with sexual health researchers in Canada, this study describes how a collaborative serious game integrates the principles of serious games with practices of safer sexual communication and negotiation. Finally, it includes an analysis of how 18- to 24-year-olds report practicing safer sexual communication and negotiation skills through participation in the collaborative serious game and what insights (a) 18-24-year-old participants and (b) sexual health experts share about the game that can inform future design iterations of this game. Forty participants aged 18-24 played the game and reported enhanced communication and language skills, raised awareness and reduced stigma around safer sex communication and condom use. The potential of the game in enhancing the participants' language skills (i.e., learning the language such as words, phrases, expressions) of communication and negotiation showed the highest frequency. Language skills and communications skills together comprised 28.5% of the overall feedback. The second most frequent theme was about the efficiency of the game in normalizing conversations around sex and condom use and removing the awkwardness around such topics. The game seemed to allow participants to practice dialogue and scenarios that extend beyond what they experienced in formal sex education in school. Participants also provided a range of recommendations for the next iteration of the game. To design the serious game, I followed a process of Design-Based Research (DBR) (Anderson & Shattuck, 2012) model and followed the four phases of DBR proposed by Reeves (2006). The study's findings aid other researchers in the field and offer insights to enhance sexual health education. With the increasing STIs in Canada, COVID-19's impact, and young people's reliance on online resources for answers, this research is timely. Moreover, the study contributes to the scarce research on collaborative serious games to improve 18-24-year-olds' sexual communication and negotiation skills. Limitations and implications of the design and of the game, as experienced by participants are discussed.

Inqueeries of Space is an artistic research project that explores queering as a practice to create intersectionally inclusive and safer spaces. Queering is both the research object and method. The project examines how spaces can be queered, by means of focusing on public spaces in Kalmar. Experimental practices of queering conducted the research process, like queer city walks, visual alterations of space, or using space in non-normative ways. Queering is investigated as a change agent that dismantles, resists, and disturbs discriminative structures of heteropatriarchy within spaces. Queer aesthetics are being discussed as something non-universal that challenges norms within design, often including transgressiveness and maximalism. The project brings out the need for queer spaces and demonstrates how queering bears the duality of both disturbing norms and celebrating marginalized experiences. The complexity of queerness, inclusion, safety, and visibility is highlighted instead of promoting simplified solutions.

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