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L’incertitude est présente dans toute innovation. Dans le domaine des nanotechnologies, l’incertitude qui entoure les risques sanitaires et environnementaux dont ces technologies pourraient être porteuses est si importante que la question de leur succès se pose.En partie du fait du manque de données cohérentes, il n’existe qu’une littérature empirique limitée sur les déterminants de la diffusion des nanotechnologies. Dans le cadre d’un programme de recherche sur les nanotechnologies, cette thèse a pour but d’investiguer les déterminants de l’adoption d’innovations dans une situation d’incertitude sur les risques environnementaux et sanitaires. Dans cette optique, nos travaux visent dans un premier temps à fournir une meilleure compréhension de la diffusion d’un produit qui est présent sur le marché depuis longtemps. Nous avons choisi une substance chimique très utilisée, le bisphénol A (BPA). Différentes méthodes économétriques sont appliquées afin de mieux comprendre la relation entre la consommation, la croissance économique, les nouvelles connaissances scientifiques concernant le risque et d’autres variables utilisant les données relatives au BPA. Les résultats illustrent un ensemble de facteurs qui influencent la consommation de BPA au niveau international.Dans un second temps, nous montrons dans quelle mesure cette étude permet d’éclairer la réflexion initiée sur la diffusion des nanotechnologies, notamment le nano-argent.Le comportement des différents acteurs en réponse à la production de connaissances scientifiques nouvelles sur les risques est étudié, ce qui nous permet d’aboutir à une compréhension approfondie de “développement nanoresponsable”. / Uncertainty is immanent in every innovation. Uncertainty about environmental and health risks that surround nanotechnology raises the questions of innovation success. Due in part to a lack of consistent data, there is limited empirical literature on determinants of the diffusion of nanotechnology. As part of a research program on nanotechnology, this research aims to investigate determinants of uptake of innovation in a situation of uncertainty about environmental and health risks. With this goal, as a first step, this work seeks to provide better understanding of the diffusion of a product that has been on the market for a long time. We have chosen a chemical, bisphenol A (BPA), because of the lack of historical data on nanomaterials. As a second step, we compare the results of the BPA study to nanosilver. We apply different econometric methods to gain insights into the relationship between consumption, economic growth, new scientific knowledge about risk and other variables using the data on BPA. The results illustrate a set of factors that influences the consumption of BPA at international level. The comparative study between BPA and nanosilver helps to refine the interpretation of main results and to obtain additional insights into the determinants of uptake of nanosilver. An explanatory analysis sheds light on the actions that different stakeholders undertake in response to new scientific knowledge about risk and deepens our understanding of “nanoresponsible development”.Keywords: Innovation, diffusion of innovation, product life cycle, nanotechnology, bisphenol A, risk, uncertainty, environment, health, precautionary principle, Safer by Design, responsible development

À partir du milieu des années 2010 s’observe, dans les milieux festifs de la scène musicale montréalaise, l’émergence d’initiatives pour faire face aux oppressions multiples qui ont cours dans ses espaces. La lutte contre les violences sexuelles, les discriminations et les micro-agressions sexistes, racistes, homophobes, transphobes et capacitistes devient le cheval de bataille d’activistes impliqué·es dans la scène. Cette thèse s’attèle à expliquer l’apparition et étudier la mise en œuvre de nouvelles pratiques dites anti-oppressives dans la scène musicale montréalaise à partir de deux points de vue : celui de la scène alternative de musique électronique dansante, comportant les espaces clandestins de la scène rave et les petits festivals de niche, et celui de la scène commerciale incluant les grands festivals de renom montréalais. C’est à partir de la littérature sur la sociologie des mouvements sociaux, qui offre des approches analytiques nous informant sur l’émergence de l’action collective, que je propose une étude détaillée de l’activisme sur la scène musicale. Cette étude a été rendue possible grâce à une collecte de données qualitative par entrevues auprès d’une trentaine d’acteurs et d’actrices de la scène (artistes, promoteur·rices, directeurs d’entreprises, travailleur·euses communautaires et employé·es). Dans la scène alternative, l’émergence des initiatives repose sur une alliance entre son éthos discursivement construit, ses pratiques culturelles spécifiques et la politisation radicale de quelques initié·es activistes. Ces dernier·ères souhaitent mettre en pratique leurs idéaux d’espace plus sûr (safer space) à travers une implication formelle dans deux organisations, le Collectif d’intervention contre les oppressions (CICLOP) et l’Association pour la réduction des risques (ARéR). Ces militant·es développent des savoirs qu’iels diffusent sur la scène à l’aide de techniques pédagogiques qui sont étudiées dans la thèse. Dans la scène commerciale, l’émergence des pratiques s’explique par une structure d’opportunités politiques favorable, dynamisée par le mouvement #MoiAussi et ses corollaires, conjuguée à des efforts de diffusion par des passeurs individuels, institutionnels et politiques. / Since mid-2010, we can observe on the Montreal nightlife and music scene the emergence of initiatives trying to break multiple oppressions going on in its spaces. The struggle against sexual violence, sexist, racist, homophobic, transphobic and ableist discriminations and microaggressions has become the key issue of activists acting in those spaces. This thesis wishes to explain the emergence and implementation of new anti-oppressive practices on the Montreal music scene from two perspectives: one from the alternative electronic dance music scene, including niche festivals and rave scene’s underground spaces; the other from the mainstream scene, including big festivals. The literature concerning social movements sociology, offering analytical models that inform on the emergence of collective action, helped me propose a detailed study of activism on the music scene, being possible due to a qualitative data collection with about thirty scene actors (artists, promoters, business directors, community workers, and employees). The results indicate that, on the alternative scene, initiatives’ emergence is explained by the alliance between its discursively constructed ethos, its specific cultural practices and some insiders radical politization processes. Those insiders wish to put into practice their safer space ideals through their participation into two formal organizations: Collectif d’intervention contre les oppressions (CICLOP), and Association pour la réduction des risques (ARéR). These activists develop knowledge that they diffuse on the scene through diverse pedagogical technics. On the mainstream scene, practices’ emergence is explained by a favourable political opportunities’ structure, dynamized by the #MeToo movement and its corollaries, combined with the diffusion efforts carried by individual, institutional et political brokers whose roles are closely studied in the thesis.

Comprehensive sex education is a determinant of sexual health outcomes and healthy sexual/reproductive behaviors. The need for engaging, accessible, inclusive sex education conducted by community health workers is necessary to combat larger national issues such as the rising rates of sexually transmitted infections. After conducting summer research where I interviewed health educators about what makes health education programs successful, I planned, implemented, and created a sex education program at Scripps College. The event covered the topics of female anatomy, sexually transmitted infections, safer sex/barrier methods, and consent/communication in sexual relationships. The presentation mainly consisted of a PowerPoint that was supplemented with an interactive activity, a raffle and giveaway items, demonstrations of various barrier methods, and a question-and-answer session at the end. Through an evaluative survey, I received an overwhelming amount of positive feedback that indicated that many students learned new information and were likely to make concrete changes to their sexual/reproductive choices because of the program. The most common critical feedback requested that this program be repeated in more depth and cover additional topics such as conception and female orgasm.

Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka platsens betydelse för arbete med kvinnors deltagande i offentliga rum i stadsdelen Vårberg; vilka strategier som studiens urval av verksamheter använ-der samt vilka värden som verksamheterna arbetar utifrån. Urvalet består av totalt åtta stycken respondenter: en privatperson samt sju stycken representerar från sex stycken olika verksam-heter. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats med fallstudie som forskningsmetod. Empirin har samlats in genom semistrukturerade enskilda intervjuer och analyserats med hjälp av tematisk analys.Studiens resultat har analyserats genom tidigare forskning kring trygghetsskapande arbete istorstäder, samt genom teorier om social exkludering, intersektionalitet samt förtroende ochtillit. Resultatet visar att fördomar om platsen bidrar till social exkludering, samt att kvinnor haren särskilt utsatt position i Vårberg. Kvinnor är både en målgrupp och verktyg för såväl socialinkludering som trygghetsskapande arbete i stadsdelen. Den sociala inkluderingen syftar delstill kvinnors deltagande i offentliga rum, dels till kunskapshöjande och sociala aktiviteter fördeltagande i en mer abstrakt samhällsgemenskap, exempelvis arbetsliv och sociala nätverk. / The aim for this study is to investigate the significance of location as well as which strategies and values the organizations used in the study strive for in relation to women’s participation inpublic spaces in the district of Vårberg. The sample consists of a total of eight respondents: one individual and seven representatives from six different organizations. The study has a qualitative approach with case study as a research method. The empirical data has been collected through semi-structured one-on-one interviews and analyzed using a thematic analysis. The study's results have been analyzed through previous research on safer cities as well as sociological theories of social exclusion, intersectionality and trust. The results show that prejudices surrounding the place contribute to social exclusion, and that women have a particularly vulnerable position in Vårberg. Women are both a target group and a tool for both increasing general social inclusion as well as safety-work in the district. The work of social inclusion seeks to affect women’s participation in public spaces and to broaden their participation in a more ab-stract social community.

The Navajo tribe reports extraordinarily high number of cases of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among men who have sex with men (MSM) and heterosexual populations. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the cultural value of adil' idli (self-respect) and how this cultural practice might influence health behaviors in sexual activity, condoms use, and acquiring of STDs among Navajo men. The Health Belief Model (HBM) was the theoretical foundation for providing a deeper understanding of the social, environmental, and cultural factors of condom use among Navajo men. Research questions focus on understanding whether condoms affected sexual activity, its protective role against STDs/HIV, and acceptability concerns pertaining to adil' idli (self-respect). A purposeful criterion-based sampling was used to select and interview 20 Navajo men ages 20 to 39 who lived in or near Shiprock, New Mexico and Gallup, New Mexico. I used a grounded approach and categorizing strategy to code and analyze the transcripts. Key findings revealed that the positive components of adil' idli (self-respect) have influenced Navajo men to protect themselves by wearing condoms. Recommendations include identifying strategies to address condom errors and failures and to develop tactful approaches to promote correct condom use in order to decrease the rates of STDs and HIV among Navajo men. The positive social change implications include health professionals' use of findings to improve STD and condom use prevention behavior among Navajo men by integrating the cultural beliefs of adil' idli (self-respect), specifically emphasizing the positive aspects of staying healthy in health messages.

The purpose of this qualitative research study was to understand the facilitators and/or barriers to safer drug use and sexual practices among a sample of young female injection drug users (IDUs) who live in small towns/rural communities in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. This study examined how economic status, relationships, social roles, small town/rural living, and stigma function as facilitators and/or barriers to safer practices. Eight female IDUs aged 20-31, living in small towns/rural communities in Cape Breton, engaged in face-to-face, semi-structured interviews. The women described what day-to-day life is like for female IDUs living in small towns/rural communities. They spoke about managing drug addiction, their understanding of safer and unsafe injection drug use and risky and safer sexual practices, as well as their experiences with services/supports. The information obtained from this study will help to inform harm reduction policy and program initiatives.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2017-05-29T16:53:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rodolfo Fernandes Mussi - 2017.pdf: 3719460 bytes, checksum: 543908dad281bc75d477959bbfede662 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-30T10:42:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rodolfo Fernandes Mussi - 2017.pdf: 3719460 bytes, checksum: 543908dad281bc75d477959bbfede662 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-30T10:42:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rodolfo Fernandes Mussi - 2017.pdf: 3719460 bytes, checksum: 543908dad281bc75d477959bbfede662 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Sugarcane is the main irrigated crop in Brazil (more than 25% of all irrigated areas in the country), requiring cumulative rainfall during its 1,000 mm year-1 cycle. Thus, evapotranspiration is a fundamental information for planning, hydro-hydraulic design, water management along the cycle and management of water resources for culture. Irrigation planning based on empirical values of the crop coefficient (Kc) can increase production costs, reduce product quality and yield. The use of remote sensing associated with orbital images and algorithms, aid in the estimation of evapotranspiration when combined with physical models. The SAFER is a simplified algorithm when compared to the others that are also used to determine the current evapotranspiration of the crop, since it is based on the Penman-Monteith equation to obtain the evapotranspiration, being this factor the main one to choose this algorithm for its use . In this way, the objective of this study was to determine the evapotranspiration of the sugarcane crop (first cycle), as well as the respective crop coefficients (Kc) for the region of the São Patrício Valley in Goiás, by energy balance (Using the remote sensing allied to the SAFER algorithm) and water balance (monitoring the atmosphere and water in the soil). Thus, this study had the objective of estimating crop evapotranspiration (ETa) of the variety IAC 91-1099 of sugarcane by the SAFER (Simple Algorithm for Evapotranspiration Retrieving) energy balance model using images from Landsat 8 OLI / TIRS, and comparison with soil water balance method (ETBHS) using soil moisture sensors (EC-5) and reference evapotranspiration (ETo Penman-Monteith). The study was carried out at Esplanada Farm, in Goianésia / Goiás, from June / 2015 to July / 2016, in medium texture soil with conventional tillage and transplanting of seedlings in irrigated areas of 100 ha (central pivot). In addition, plant height, stem diameter, leaf temperature, yield and juice quality were monitored. The water status of the soil and the plant revealed that there was no water deficit during the cycle of 398 days. The results also showed that for the estimation of sugarcane evapotranspiration the SAFER method overestimated the ETBHS in 22.89%. Despite of the ETa estimated by the SAFER method to present a significant correlation with the water balance method (R2 = 0.7778), other studies must be conducted before being recommended for estimation of sugarcane ETa in the region. / A cana-de-açúcar é a principal cultura irrigada no Brasil (mais de 25% de toda área irrigada no país), necessitando de uma precipitação acumulada durante seu ciclo de 1.000 mm ano-1. Assim, a evapotranspiração é uma informação fundamental para se realizar o planejamento, o projeto hídráulico, o manejo da água ao longo do ciclo e a gestão dos recursos hídricos para cultura. O planejamento de irrigação baseado em valores empíricos do coeficiente de cultivo (Kc) pode aumentar os custos de produção, reduzir a qualidade do produto e o rendimento. O uso do sensoriamento remoto associado com imagens orbitais e algoritimos, auxiliam na estimativa da evapotranspiração quando aliado a modelos físicos. O SAFER é um algoritimo simplificado quando comparado com os outros que também são utilizados para determinar evapotranspiração atual da cultura, pois ele é baseado na equação de Penman-Monteith para obter a evapotranspiração, sendo esse fator o principal para a escolha deste algoritmo para sua utilização. Dessa maneira, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a evapotranspiração da cultura da cana-de-açúcar (primeiro ciclo), bem como os respectivos coeficientes de cultura (Kc) para a região do Vale do São Patrício em Goiás, por balanço de energia (utilizando o sensoriamento remoto aliado ao algoritimo SAFER) e por balanço hídrico (monitorando a atmosféra e a água no solo). Assim, este estudo teve o objetivo de estimar a evapotranspiração atual da cultura (ETa) da variedade IAC 91-1099 de cana-de-açúcar pelo modelo de balanço de energia SAFER (Simple Algorithm for Evapotranspiration Retrieving) utilizando imagens do satélite Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS, e comparação com método de balanço de água no solo utilizando sensores de umidade do solo (EC-5) e evapotranspiração de referência (ETo Penman-Monteith). O estudo foi realizado na Fazenda Esplanada, no município de Goianésia/Go, no período de Junho/2015 a Julho/2016, em solo de textura média com preparo convencional e transplantio de mudas em are irrigada por pivô central de 100 ha (manejo de irrigação plena). Além disso, foi monitorado altura de planta, diâmetro de colmo, temperatura foliar, produtividade e qualidade de caldo. O status hídrico do solo e da planta revelaram que não ocorreu déficit hídrico ao longo do ciclo de 398 dias. Os resultados mostraram ainda, que para estimativa da evapotranspiração de cana-de-açúcar o método SAFER superestimou o ETBHS em 22,89 %. E apesar da ETa estimada pelo método do SAFER apresentar significante correlação com o método de balanço hídrico (R2 = 0,7784), outros estudos precisam ser conduzidos antes de ser recomendado para estimativa da ETa da canade- açúcar na região.

Introduction: Women’s household decision autonomy is a significant part of women’s empowerment and has, in previous studies, been shown to affect the possibility of negotiating for safe sex practices. Women in sub-Saharan Africa face difficulties in refusing sex from their partners due to stigmatization, which puts them at risk for both unwanted pregnancies and STIs. The aim of this thesis is to assess the association between participation in household decision-making and married women’s ability to refuse sex in Mali. Methods: It is a cross-sectional study using data from the 2018 Mali Demographic and Health Survey. The final study sample included 7681 married or women living in union, and the analysis used descriptive statistics and univariate- and multivariate logistic regression. Results: This study found that women who participate in household decisions are significantly more likely to be able to refuse sexual intercourse with their partners. Additionally, uneducated women and women living in rural areas were significantly less likely to be able to refuse sex, while women who have access to some sort of media on a weekly basis were more likely to be able to refuse. Age, sex of head of household, and partner’s education showed no impact on the ability to refuse sex. Conclusion: The results corroborate with existing literature and highlight the need for improved efforts to specifically address social and cultural barriers that may aid women’s ability to practice safe sex negotiations in their relationships.